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Recent debate has focused on the importance of corporate governance, localization of headquarters, foreign direct investments, externalities and key actors in national innovation systems and productivity. This study explores whether foreign-owned multinational firms differ systematically from domestic firms in terms of R&D-investments, transmission...
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Context 1
... has also the largest values in all the economic and innovation performance variables. Swedish, Anglo-Saxon and European and other multinational firms are more intensive in human capital (21-22 %) than uninational firms (18%) and Nordic multinational companies (14%) Table 4 shows the distribution of manufacturing and service firms of different technology intensities. The table shows a large similarity in distribution of technology intensities among domestic and foreign-owned firms, with the exception of high medium manufacturing technology which is more prevalent among foreign-owned firms) and knowledge intensive service which is most prevalent among domestic firms. ...
Context 2
... the occurrence of product innovations is higher the larger the firm, innovation input, defined as innovation expenditures per employee, decreases with firm size. See Table 14, column 1 (selection equation), and Table 17 (multistep model). This is also consistent with the results presented by Janz et al (2004) and Lööf and Heshmati (2004). ...
Citations
... Related to this, Both Kaiser et al. (2015) and Braunerhjelm et al. (2014) found a positive association between labour mobility and innovation (measured as patent applications). Multinational firms, however, serve as examples where the transfer of technology takes place within the institution (Keller and Yeaple 2009), and it has been shown that such firms are more innovative than independent corporations (Ebersberger and Lööf 2005). However, recent UK surveys indicate that the contributions from UK university researchers to problem solving and socioeconomic impact are significant (Tijssen et al. 2017). ...
In this study, we use a unique dataset covering all higher education institutions, public research Institutions and private companies that have applied for funding to the European Framework Programs for Research and Innovation in the period 2007–2017. The first aim of this study is to show the composition of R&D performing actors per country, which to the best of our knowledge has never been done before. The second aim of this study is to compare country profiles in R&D composition, so that we may analyse whether the countries differ in concentration of R&D performing institutions. The third aim of this study is to investigate whether different R&D country profiles are associated with how the R&D systems perform, i.e. whether the profiles are associated with Research and Innovation performance indicators. Our study shows that the concentration of R&D actors at country-level and within the sectors differ across European countries, with the general conclusion being that countries that can be characterized as well-performing on citation and innovation indicators seem to combine (a) high shares of Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D as percentage of GDP with (b) a highly skewed R&D system, where a small part of the R&D performing actors account for a very high share of the national R&D performance. This indicates a dual R&D system which combines a few large R&D performing institutions with a very large number of small actors.
... However the value of the coefficients obtained in this study are larger than those obtained in other studies. Examples of such studies include but are not limited to Crépon, Duguet and Mairesse (1998), , Lööf et al. (2003), Ebersberger and Lööf (2005), Janz, Lööf and Peters (2004), and Janz, Lööf and Peters (2004). All these studies have elasticity within the range of 0.01-0.40, ...
In this paper, we describe the submission guidelines for preparing papers for the Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Studies (AJHSS). Use this document as a template with Microsoft Word 6.0 or later. Define all symbols used in the abstract. Do not cite references in the abstract. The abstract body is typed in Times New Roman, 10 pt. italic and in bold face. The plethora of research on Creative industries speaks to the importance of this sector of the knowledge-based economy. Creative industries worldwide have witnessed rapid growth in the past decade and this has prompted more interest in this sector. Research on innovation in creative industries on the other hand has been rather limited, although several studies have indicated useful approaches to the management and organization of innovation relevant to the creative industries, however empirical studies in this respect are still far from comprehensive, hence prompting this empirical research on the impact of innovation on productivity in Creative Industries with a focal point on China Online Game Industry. This paper empirically studies the links between innovation and productivity at the firm level in Creative Industries using Chinese Online Game Industry as the focal point of its analysis. This study bases its analysis on the recommendations of the Oslo Manual, this approach provides a means to achieve a high level of comparability within the Industry, it also provides standard definitions and indicators of innovation. The paper further adopted the scoring matrix approach in order to capture and delineate the various dimensions, dynamics and key features of online gaming enterprises in China. Indicators adopted in the analysis were selected based on literature review and statistical analysis. The scoring matrix adopted is based on data obtained from descriptive innovation indicators utilized in an innovation survey that outlined innovation in the Chinese online game industry. It ranks the firms in the industry based on their innovation intensity as deduced from the indicators. The empirical approach is based on micro data obtained from enterprise-based surveys of innovative activity in Chinese online game firms. The paper applied an econometric model of Research and Development, innovation and productivity interrelations at a firm level similar to that of Crépon, Duguet, and Mairesse (1998) for France, to the micro data obtained for China online gaming industry. The methodology comprises of: (i) An econometric model comprised of recursive equations that explains productivity by innovation output, and innovation output by research investment;(ii) Micro data of Chinese Online Game firms; (iii) Estimation of the model with econometric methods which corrects for selectivity and simultaneity. Through the course of the empirical analysis it became evident that the biases that arise from simultaneity and selectivity should be corrected for together because they tend to interact.
... Empirical studies have shown that firms within these types of networks are, in fact, more innovative than independent corporations (e.g. Ebersberger and Lööf 2005;Johansson and Lööf 2008). ...
This paper explores the patterns of innovation and collaboration by using unique regional survey data on more than 600 Swedish firms. The data also include the smallest firms, which have been largely neglected in the existing literature on innovations. In the context of collaboration, however, small firms are of particular interest because external interactions and joint projects can be expected to play a very central role in innovation processes in firms where internal resources are very limited. The results show that the probability of innovation is higher among collaborating firms, yet not all types of collaborations matter. Extra-regional collaborations appear as most important in promoting firm innovation, and collaboration seems to be most favourable when the partners involved have some organizational or knowledge relatedness. Small firms, in particular, seem to gain from such extra-regional linkages.
... Multinational firms are often considered to be more aggressive in innovation in their quest for market shares across the globe. The theoretical literature explains that firms invest in research and development (R&D) activities abroad due to the opportunities to exploit technological activities created within the home country (Narula, 1995;Zanfei, 2000;Ebersberger & Lööf, 2004;Johansson & Lööf, 2006). A second consideration is with respect to the exploitation of technological advantages of the host country. ...
... Multinational firms are often considered more aggressive in innovation in their quest for market shares across the globe. (Ebersberger & Lööf, 2004;Castellani, 2006) and FDI investments are closely associated with multinational involvement in R&D for foreign affiliates (Serapio & Dalton, 1999). The theoretical literature explains that firms invest in R&D activities abroad due to the opportunities to exploit technological activities created within the home country. ...
Innovation is the rallying call of the day for firms to remain competitive and grow in an increasingly competitive global marketplace. However, innovation is still poorly understood beyond the buzzword, and this is especially so in the case of the service sector. This article has two aims: first, it explains innovation in the service sector; then, using data from the Community Innovation Survey III, it analyzes the impact of multinationality in the propensity of innovation in services in Portugal. The indicators of innovation propensity—our dependent variables—are two sets of variables: input innovation variables (intramural and extramural research and development), and output innovation variables (patents). We find that multinational firms indeed affect the propensity to innovate in the services sector, possibly because these firms are part of a network, and these linkages can have spillover effects, making innovation diffusion more efficient. Our results show that size matters and that medium and large firms have a better propensity to innovate.
... A comparison of pairwise foreign and domestic export oriented firms and foreign and domestic non-export oriented firms respectively as in rows 7-9, shows that sales per employee, value added per employee and innovation sales (sales income from new products per employee) are the highest among the foreign owned enterprises. This finding is consistent with the literature, which shows that within countries, foreign-owned firms generally have higher productivity than local firms (see Ebersberger and Lööf 2005). The literature suggests some alternative explanations for the observed difference in performance between domestic and foreign firms, for instance, (i) only firms with superior technology or superior productivity are candidates for mergers and acquistions (M&A) through inward FDI, (ii) inward FDI is oriented toward high productivity sectors, and (iii) M&A have a positive impact on firm efficiency per se. ...
This paper estimates the knowledge spillovers to multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Sweden via domestic and foreign R&D collaboration.
Applying an augmented generalized method of moments-estimator that accounts for selectivity and simultaneity bias on data
from 1,249 MNEs, our research has resulted in five distinct conclusions. First, we find that the knowledge spillovers via
R&D collaboration typically take place as a network phenomenon rather than a process between the local firm and a single innovation
partner. Second, successful collaboration is conditional on the presence of foreign innovation partners in the network. Third,
output is found to be an increasing function of R&D-collaboration only among non-export oriented firms. Fourth, foreign MNEs,
selling mainly to local and regional markets in Sweden, benefit more from R&D collaboration than do other firms. Overall,
the results show that demand-driven motives that require entrepreneurial knowledge to adapt products to local consumers and
markets are more important for successful R&D-collaboration than supply-driven motives.
... Source: Ebersberger and Lööf (2004), , Ebersberger, Lööf & Oksanen (2005), Dachs (2006) and Dachs and Ebersberger (2006) Descriptive statistics may give hints to the question addressed in this paper, but cannot tell the whole story. The effects of foreign ownership can be distorted by other enterprise characteristics that influence innovative behaviour such as size, sectoral affiliation or export orientation. ...
This paper calculates indices of central bank autonomy (CBA) for 163 central banks as of end-2003, and comparable indices for a subgroup of 68 central banks as of the end of the 1980s. The results confirm strong improvements in both economic and political CBA over the past couple of decades, although more progress is needed to boost political autonomy of the central banks in emerging market and developing countries. Our analysis confirms that greater CBA has on average helped to maintain low inflation levels. The paper identifies four broad principles of CBA that have been shared by the majority of countries. Significant differences exist in the area of banking supervision where many central banks have retained a key role. Finally, we discuss the sequencing of reforms to separate the conduct of monetary and fiscal policies. IMF Staff Papers (2009) 56, 263–296. doi:10.1057/imfsp.2008.25; published online 23 September 2008
... A second hypothesis concerns the exploitation of technological advantages of the host country. A third hypothesis emphasises the increasing complexity and specialisation of technology.' (Ebersberger and Lööf, 2004). "(1) Innovation activities can be used strategically to enhance the company's competitive advantages. ...
In this paper, using standardised data for over 7000 service sector firms, we test different hypotheses to understand to what extent innovation output and activity in financial sector firms is different from other service firms. An intriguing result for the service sector as a whole is that the effect of a firm being part of a multinational group is negative for product innovation but positive for process innovation. Comparing the innovation behaviour of financial and non-financial services firms, we obtain four very interesting and significant differences. Firstly, we find that financial services have a lower probability of introducing product innovations, but a higher probability of introducing process innovations. Secondly, we find that financial services firms are not particularly good pioneer innovators, but they are quite good as innovation imitators. Thirdly, for the financial services firms, being part of a multinational group increases the probability of the firm being both a pioneer innovator and a product innovator. Finally, we find differences in innovation behaviour due to firm size.
... What does the literature say about the effects that FDI firms have on the local economy in which they are integrated? According to the review in Lipsey (2002) and Ebersberger and Lööf (2004)., a large number of studies report on empirical regularities that are relevant for this question. First, there is robust evidence that within countries, foreign-owned firms almost always pay higher wages than domestically-owned firms. ...
We introduce a new hybrid approach to joint estimation of Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) for high quantiles of return distributions. We investigate the relative performance of VaR and ES models using daily returns for sixteen stock market indices (eight from developed and eight from emerging markets) prior to and during the 2008 financial crisis. In addition to widely used VaR and ES models, we also study the behavior of conditional and unconditional extreme value (EV) models to generate 99 percent confidence level estimates as well as developing a new loss function that relates tail losses to ES forecasts. Backtesting results show that only our proposed new hybrid and Extreme Value (EV)-based VaR models provide adequate protection in both developed and emerging markets, but that the hybrid approach does this at a significantly lower cost in capital reserves. In ES estimation the hybrid model yields the smallest error statistics surpassing even the EV models, especially in the developed markets.
... In-house R&D, employing science graduates and engaging in training and investment for innovation all have positive and significant effects on both innovation output measures (Tables 3 and 4). Being part of a multi-plant group is also positively related to both the probability of innovation and innovation success, potentially reflecting the intra-group sharing of internal resources (Ebersberger 2004;Pearce 1999). Note that this more general advantage of group membership arises independently of the direct innovation-based links to group members, which is allowed for separately in the estimation. ...
Discussion of open innovation has typically stressed the benefits to the individual enterprise from boundary-spanning linkages and improved internal knowledge sharing. In this paper we explore the potential for wider benefits from openness in innovation and argue that openness may itself generate positive externalities by enabling improved knowledge diffusion. The potential for these (positive) externalities suggests a divergence between the private and social returns to openness and the potential for a sub-optimal level of openness where this is determined purely by firms private returns. In other words without public intervention innovation strategies may be more closed than the socially optimal level. Evidence from the UK CIS4 provides strong support for the benefits of openness for the innovation performance of individual firms. It also provides strong support for the externalities of openness at a regional level although no sectoral effects can be identified. The results suggest that public intervention to promote openness in innovation is a valid element of regional strategies designed to create regional innovation advantages.
... Source: Ebersberger and Lööf (2004), , Ebersberger, Lööf & Oksanen (2005), Dachs (2006) and Dachs and Ebersberger (2006) Descriptive statistics may give hints to the question addressed in this paper, but cannot tell the whole story. The effects of foreign ownership can be distorted by other enterprise characteristics that influence innovative behaviour such as size, sectoral affiliation or export orientation. ...
... Source: Ebersberger and Lööf (2004), , Ebersberger, Lööf & Oksanen (2005), Dachs (2006) and Dachs and Ebersberger (2006) Once a company decides to take up innovative activity, however, ownership status does not explain innovation expenditure, including R&D expenditure, per employee (Table 4, second row). This pattern is fairly consistent across the countries; the only exception is Norway, where we find significant negative deviation for NC-owned enterprises and a positive effect of Anglo-Saxon ownership. ...
... Effects of foreign ownership on embeddedness and information sourcesNC denotes neighbouring countries (DE, LI and CH for Austria and the other Nordic countries for DK, FI, NO and SE). AS denotes Anglo-Saxon owned companies, EU denotes ownership from all European countries not included in NC and AS.Source:Ebersberger and Lööf (2004),, Ebersberger, Lööf & Oksanen ...
This paper compares ,the innovative performance ,of foreign-owned and ,domestically owned enterprises in five European countries. We look at innovation inputs, outputs, and examine how strong foreign-owned ,enterprises are embedded in ,the innovations systems ,of their ,host countries. We find that foreign ownership causes no differences in innovation input, but yields a higher innovation output and higher labour productivity. In four of the five countries, affiliates of foreign multinationals show a similar or even a higher propensity to co-operate with domestic partners than domestically owned,enterprises.,
