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Wood anatomy of five Cola species was investigated to identify and describe anatomical features in search of distinctive characters that could possibly be used in the resolution of their taxonomy. Transverse, tangential and radial longitudinal sections and macerated samples were prepare...
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... gigantea, however, had a greater number of vessels compared to C. acuminata and C. nitida and more crystal sands than any of the species studied ( Figure 2a); it had a mean fibre length of 2050 µm (Figures 2e and 2f) and the secretory canals were the largest of all species studied. C. hispida had radial multiple vessels of not more than three pores (Figure 3b), the longest rays, the most abundant fibre content and average fibre length of 1925 µm (Figure 3e & f) radialmultiple vessels were rarely not more than two pores in C. millenii and wood from this species was futher characterized by the presence of square or rectangular shaped crystals, fibre extension following that of C. hispida and an average fibre length of 1650 µm (Figures 4e and 4f). Wood of C. nitida was characterised by the presence of scanty druses in the pith parenchyma cells (Figure 5a) and had a mean fibre length of 1375 µm (Figures 5e and 5f). ...
Context 2
... gigantea, however, had a greater number of vessels compared to C. acuminata and C. nitida and more crystal sands than any of the species studied ( Figure 2a); it had a mean fibre length of 2050 µm (Figures 2e and 2f) and the secretory canals were the largest of all species studied. C. hispida had radial multiple vessels of not more than three pores (Figure 3b), the longest rays, the most abundant fibre content and average fibre length of 1925 µm (Figure 3e & f) radialmultiple vessels were rarely not more than two pores in C. millenii and wood from this species was futher characterized by the presence of square or rectangular shaped crystals, fibre extension following that of C. hispida and an average fibre length of 1650 µm (Figures 4e and 4f). Wood of C. nitida was characterised by the presence of scanty druses in the pith parenchyma cells (Figure 5a) and had a mean fibre length of 1375 µm (Figures 5e and 5f). ...
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Citations
... The importance of wood anatomical studies has been demonstrated in the classification and identification of plants based on certain diagnostic characteristics (Carlquist 2001;Akinloye et al. 2012;Macedo et al. 2014;Elamin 2018). Wood is identified by examining its anatomical features to determine its species, genera, or family. ...
This study examined the anatomical features of Anacardiaceae from Malaysia. A total of 31 species from 13 genera of the family Anacardiaceae in Malaysia were obtained from Kepong Xylarium (KEPw), Forest Research Institute Malaysia. The genera in Anacardiaceae were distinguished based on anatomical features. The diagnostic anatomical features that were used to separate the genera are scalariform perforations plates present in Campnosperma, larger rays in Pentaspadon and Spondias, and radial canals in some genera. Mineral inclusion, i.e., crystals and silica also could be diagnostic features to distinguish the genera in Malaysian Anacardiaceae; silica was observed in Gluta, Parishia, and Swintonia. Anatomical features could be used as indicators to the other wood properties and lead to potential usage of timber in Anacardiaceae. However, the presence of druses in individual Toxicodendron succedaneum indicated its adaptation to the local microclimatic conditions.
... For maceration of tissues, slices of each wood sample were put in a beaker containing Schulz's fluid (obtained by mixing equal volume of 10% chromic acid and 10% nitric acid as described by Ogbonnaya et al. (1997), Akinloye et al. (2012), and Oladipo and Oyaniran (2013). The macerated specimens were rinsed in water about five times and later preserved in 50% ethanol. ...
The present study examined the wood micro-characters of 18 species of the tribe Dalbergieae across 4 genera in Nigeria, following previously described methods by other authors. The species are distributed across all geo-ecological zones of the country but more abundant in the southern area which is characterized by higher precipitation. Findings clearly showed that members of the tribe Dalbergieae have more generic/tribal characteristics than delimiting characters. The species have certain unifying characters such as diffuse pore porosity, simple perforation plates, oblique to orthogonal vessel transverse wall inclination, prismatic/styloid crystals, and non-septate fibres. Vessels were longest and widest in D. saxatilis, about 197.89x104.23µm. On the contrary, the shortest was observed in D. hostilis - 67.62 µm while the narrowest was in D. oligophylla (28.4 µm). While fibre length was highest in P. mildbraedii (331.22 µm±7.5) and smallest in D. saxatilis (0.69 µm±0.0), the ray cells were longest in D. saxatilis (185µm) and shortest in P. santalinoides (41.82µm) respectively. We confirm here that anatomical studies should not be neglected in plant systematics, even though molecular approaches have been the focus in recent times.
... While empirical data on wood anatomy have been successfully used to diagnose many medicinal and non-medicinal plants (e.g. [47][48][49][50], available literature seems to be poor in pharmacognostic studies of these three medicinal plants from Ogbomoso Nigeria from the point of view of their wood anatomy. By and large, the results of this study are confirmatory of the view that qualitative and quantitative characteristics of wood anatomy are reliable in pharmacognostic evaluation of medicinal plants. ...
Maloff-HB is a documented traditional oral powdered herbal drug in Ogbomoso, Nigeria whose botanical constituents, ascorbic acid and mineral elements composition have been quantified but there is inadequate information on the pharmacognostic properties of the nine herbal materials for its formulation. This study therefore sought to elucidate the bark and wood anatomy of eight of the nine herbs used in the formulation, and identify the diagnostic markers for their authentication. The conventional anatomical techniques of transverse sectioning (TS) and tissue maceration (TIM) were used to draw out 21 characteristics from the root barks of the eight woody species studied. In addition, 41 features of the wood in the roots of three of the species were drawn using TS, transverse longitudinal sectioning (TLS), radial longitudinal sectioning (RLS) and TIM. Following staining, mounting and microscopic examinations, the observed qualitative and quantitative features were taxonomically described in accordance with the provisions of International Association of Wood Anatomists, and their diagnostic values among the medicinal herbs were explored. Bark anatomical markers that are clearly diagnostic of the species studied included features of the secondary cortex, phloem rays, axial parenchyma, sclereids and resin ducts. In the wood, these included features of the vessels in the TS and variable ray characteristics in the TLS. The two artificial keys obtained from discontinuities in qualitative and quantitative features observed in the barks and the woods are useful tools for reliable identification of the herbal materials studied.
... It can be implied from the above account that, while empirical data on wood anatomy provided by authors such as Perrone et al. 50 , Akinloye et al. 52 and Marques and Callado 53 have been successfully used to diagnose many medicinal and non-medicinal plants, the story has not been the same for the three woody species reported in this study. This is a further justification for the present effort, with the results that qualitative and quantitative characteristics of wood anatomy are reliable in evaluating pharmacognostic parameters of the species. ...
The traditional hematinic oral powdered herbal drug (Haematol-B) from Ogbomoso, Nigeria had been characterized in terms of its botanical constituents, ascorbic acid and mineral elements composition, but there is inadequate information on the pharmacognostic properties of the ten herbal materials for its formulation. Therefore the objective of this study was to evaluatethe bark and wood anatomy (as appropriate) of seven of these herbs with a view to highlighting the diagnostic markers for their authentication. Following the conventional anatomical procedures of transverse sectioning (TS) and tissue maceration (TIM), a total of 21 characters were drawn from the barks (root or stem as appropriate) of the seven woody species studied, while 41 characteristics of the wood in the roots of three of the species were compiled using TS, transverse longitudinal sectioning (TLS), radial longitudinal sectioning (RLS) and TIM techniques. Staining, mounting and microscopic examinations followed, and the observed features were taxonomically described in accordance with the provisions of International Association of Wood Anatomists. Their diagnostic values among the medicinal herbs studied were also explored. The bark anatomical features that can be used to diagnose the species studied were those of the secondary cortex, phloem rays, axial parenchyma, sclereids and resin ducts. The wood anatomical markers included features of the vessels in the TS and variable ray characteristics in the TLS. The two artificial keys constructed from discontinuities in qualitative and quantitative anatomical features of the barks and the wood are useful tools for avoiding misidentification of the herbal materials studied.
... Kolanut (Cola nitida) belongs to the plant family of Malvaceae, having about 140 species of trees native to the tropical rainforests of Africa [1,2,3]. In Côte d'Ivoire, the kolanut production area corresponds to that of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) with a cultivated area ranging from 1 to 15 ha and nearly 2 thousand producers involved in the sector [4,5]. ...
Background: Kolanut represents a significant economic interest for this country as well as many African households and public authorities. Despite its obvious importance, the sector of the kolanut is facing a delicate sanitary quality of the marketed product. The majority of the production (90%) of kola is consumed daily fresh by people and could cause a serious health problem for consumers if the toxicity due to heavy metals were proven. Aims: This study aimed to determine the heavy metals levels in kolanuts and estimate the risks of nuts consumption on population health in Côte d'Ivoire. Study Design: Samples were collected from farmers, rural collectors, urban stores in districts (Mountains, Comoe, Lagoons, Down-Sassandra) and big storage centers of Anyama and Bouake. Methodology: Concentrations of 3 heavy metals were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The analysis of lead and cadmium was performed in flame mode (Air / nitrogen), with an AAS type VARIAN SPECTRAA 110 provided the furnace GTA 110. While, the analysis of mercury was carried out in hydride mode with a SAA system equipped with a vaporization unit (VGA 77). Results: Results showed the presence of the 3 heavy metals in kolanuts samples, with concentrations ranging from 5.37 μg/kg to 11.21 μg/kg, 17.49 μg/kg to 51.01 μg/kg and 19.99 μg/kg to 40.35 μg/kg for lead, cadmium and mercury, respectively. Based on the concentrations and the daily consumption of kolanuts estimated at 0.6 g/person in Côte d'Ivoire, the intakes values estimated by heavy metals were 4.8.10-3 ± 4.9.10-4 µg/j, 1.3.10-2 ± 9.07.10-4 µg/j and 1.7.10-2 ± 1.99.10-3 µg/j for lead, cadmium and mercury, respectively. The exposure daily doses (EDD) are all lower than the toxicological reference values. Thus, the occurrence of a toxic effect from Pb (HQ = 1.94.10 -5 <1), Cd (HQ = 1.9.10 -4 <1) and Hg (HQ = 3.4.10 -4 < 1) after Kolanuts consumption is very unlikely since the HQ are all less than 1. Conclusion: Consumption of kolanuts from Côte d’Ivoire would not present any health risk for the consumer.
... The dehydrated and differentiated sections were cleared in xylene to remove the last traces of water and clear the sections (making it more transparent) and to remove last traces of ethanol. The sections were mounted in DPX according to Akinloye et al. (2012). Photomicrographs of the leaf and petiole sections were taken with Leica CM E with Digital Microscope eyepiece attachment and Photo Explorer 8.0 SE Basic software. ...
Duboscia is a genus of two species native to tropical Africa. It belongs to the Malvaceae family. The composition of the genus has been a subject of controversy since its establishment. Leaf anatomy and pollen characters of the Duboscia species were investigated using light microscopy with a view to provide additional taxonomic characters in delimiting species boundary in the genus. Dried leaves rehydrated in boiled water were used for the anatomical studies while flower buds were used for pollen morphological studies. Epidermal cells were isodiametric, polygonal to irregular with straight to wavy anticlinal cell walls. Leaves were bifacial and hypostomatic with anisocytic and staurocytic stomata types. Pollen grains were small (21.3–23.5 μm) and tricolporate. A combination of characters such as type of trichomes, number of glandular trichome head cells in leaves and petioles, shape of the midrib and petiole vascular bundle, petiole vascular bundle isolates, petiole outline, number of chlorenchyma cell layers and secretory ducts in midrib and petiole, exine surface, Amb and Colpi length can be used as additional taxonomic characters to distinguish the two species and to determine their phylogenetic relationship between related genera in the tribe Grewieae. A key is provided for the identification and delimitation of the species.
Keywords: Duboscia, Leaf anatomy, Pollen, Taxonomy
... To understand research questions relating the growth, function, and environment of plants, solutions can be proffered with a better analysis of the xylem anatomical characteristics with qualitative wood anatomy . Wood anatomy is a useful source of information for taxonomic classification in some groups of conifers (Greguss, 1995;Visscher & Jagels, 2003;Immo, 2004;Esteban & dePalacios, 2009;Akinloye, et al., 2012). Specific anatomical features like the annual growth ring (Combination of the earlywood and latewood) have xylem cells (vessels and tracheid) which can be associated with their time 2 of formation. . ...
It gives a distinct definition of the fibre characteristics and anatomical characteristics of three Nigeria tropical timber species. It also assessed their suitability for producing pulp for paper
... In addition, prismatic crystals were found in the petiole cortex of A. communis but not seen in A. altilis. A similar observation by Akinloye et al. (2012) was used in distinguishing taxa in genus Cola. Also, starch granules were seen in the root bark of the two species but were more numerous in A. communis. ...
Citation: Akinloye AJ, Borokini TI, Adeniji KA, et al., 2015. Comparative anatomical studies of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg and Arto-carpus communis (J. R. & G. Forster) in Nigeria. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 7(6): 0709-0721. ABSTRACT Comparative anatomy of two Artocarpus species was carried out to identify and describe anatomical characters in search of distinctive characters that could possibly be used to delimit the two taxa. Transverse, tangential and radial longitudinal sections and macerated samples of the stem and root wood were prepared onto microscopic slides. Epidermal peels and cleared leaves of the two species were made. Characteristic similarity disparity in the tissues arrangement as well as cell inclusions were noted for description and delimitation. The two Artocarpus species studied had essentially the same anatomical features; however, there were characters that seem to be taxon specific. The study revealed that at the transverse plane of the root, A. communis (J. R. & G. Forster) have predominantly solitary vessel, whereas pore multiple was predominant in A. altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg. Tyloses in vessels of the root were more frequent in A. communis than in A. altilis. In the cleared leaves, venation pattern also revealed some differences in the two species. The veins of A. communis were more or less straight and that of A. altilis were undulating especially in the secondary veins. Prismatic crystals were found in the cortex of the petiole in A. communis but not in A. altilis. Similarly, tannins were found in the root bark of A. communis but not in A. altilis. Trichomes and scales were more abundant in A. communis than in A. altilis. In the transverse section of the leaves, abaxial and adaxial epidermis were uniseriate in A. communis but only the abaxial epidermis was uniseriate in A. altilis, the adaxial epidermis was made up of 2 to 3 layers of cells. The epidermal cells in A. communis were predominantly short cylindrical shaped cells but were not so in A. altilis.
... Samples were sectioned using Reichert sliding microtome at 10 microns; some of the wood samples were also macerated using Schulz' fluid. The sections were stained in Safranin O and counter-stained in Alcian blue while the macerates were stained in Safranin O (Akinloye et al., 2012) and mounted on slides. Slides were observed under the microscope and measurement of cell dimensions was with ocular micrometers. ...
Ancient wood samples from an archaeological excavation, Test Pit II, in Ahanve, near Badagry were analysed to ascertain their identity. Anatomical study of the wood samples revealed oval-circular xylem pores, diffuse apotracheal axial parenchyma, procumbent and homogeneous ray and non-septate fibres, all consistent with the micromorphological characters of Milicia excelsa. The similarities observed in the morphological and anatomical structures of the samples indicate they have the same origin. Radiocarbon dates obtained from TP I, a pit adjacent to TP II, suggest that the Ìrókò tree was present at the earliest occupation period of the village and fell probably sometime in the 17th century most likely due to old age.
... The dehydrated and differentiated sections were cleared in xylene to remove last trace of water, to clear the sections (making it more transparent) and to remove last traces of ethanol and since xylene is the solvent of the mountant (DPX) used, it prevent cloudiness of the slide. The sections were mounted in DPX mountant according to [27]. Photomicrographs of the leaf sections were taken with Leica CM E with Digital Microscope Eyepiece attachment and Photo Explorer 8.0 SE Basic software. ...
The leaf anatomy of six Microcos L. species belonging to section Eumicrocos in Nigeria was investigated by transverse sectioning of the lamina and examined by light microscope to determine their taxonomic significance in species delimitation and classification. The common anatomical characteristics in all the species are as follows: the uniseriate epidermis; the hypostomatic and bifacial leaves; presence of 2 layers of palisade tissues; presence of bundle sheath extension to both epi-dermises; presence of glandular and non-glandular trichomes; presence of secretory ducts on ab-axial surface; presence of druse crystal in the mesophyll and midrib and; sclerenchyma cells associated with the phloem. Anatomical characters which are significant for species delimitation include: the presence/absence of sclerenchyma cells associated with the xylem in the midrib; presence/ absence of starch grains in the mesophyll and midrib; the presence/absence of secretory ducts on the adaxial surface of the midrib; the presence/absence of medullary plates in midrib; the number of secretory ducts in the midrib and the midrib adaxial outline. The section can be separated into two distinct groups based on the number of spongy tissue layers in the mesophyll, number of sclerenchyma cells associated with the phloem and presence/absence of sclerenchyma cells in xy-lem both groupings correlated with those obtained from foliar epidermal and pollen characters. The importance of these characters is discussed in relation to the taxonomy of the taxon.
