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... examination of the small intestine, liver and mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes revealed severe granulomatous inflammation, with large numbers of acid-fast organisms in ZN stained sections. Numerous epithelioid macrophages and a moderate number of giant cells, lymphocytes and plasma cells diffusely infiltrated the small intestinal mucosa, illustrated in Figure 1. Occasional macrophages in HE sections contained intracytoplasmic bacilli that stained poorly. ...
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This study analyzed the recurrence rate and risk factors for recurrence of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease in patients successfully treated for this disease.
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The Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) comprises a heterogeneous group of slowly-growing mycobacteria that are pathogenic for both humans and animals. Two genetically distinct species within MAC are M. avium, which tends to infect HIV-infected patients, and M. intracellulare more common among immunocompetent individuals. Contrary to M. intracellular...
Environmental and patient isolates of Mycobacterium avium were resistant to chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone. For chlorine, the product of the disinfectant concentration
(in parts per million) and the time (in minutes) to 99.9% inactivation for five M. avium strains ranged from 51 to 204. Chlorine susceptibility of cells was th...
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) currently comprises eight species of environmental and animal-associated, slowly-growing mycobacteria: Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium chimaera, Mycobacterium colombiense, Mycobacterium arosiense , Mycobacterium bouchedurhonense, Mycobacterium marseillense and Mycobacterium timonens...
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria are conditional pathogens that can cause many diseases, among which pulmonary infections are the most common (65–90%). Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus are non-tuberculous mycobacteria most often associated with lung diseases. Mass spectrometry diagnostic techniques were not effective in Mycobacterium avi...
Citations
... avium. Lucas et al. [59] described a case of isolation of M. avium subsp. avium from an alpaca with symptoms resembling paratuberculosis. ...
... avium from an alpaca with symptoms resembling paratuberculosis. Infections with both bacteria can cause very similar clinical signs and histological changes [59]. ...
Simple Summary
Over the last decade or more, New World Camelids, particularly llamas and alpacas have become popular farm animals all over the world. Many owners consider these animals as pets, resulting in closer contact between them and humans. Therefore, in spite of their relatively high resistance to infectious diseases, it is important to improve knowledge of, among other things, bacterial diseases affecting New World Camelids. This review aims to bring together the latest knowledge of diseases caused by Clostridium spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Manheimia haemolytica and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in llamas and alpacas.
Abstract
The breeding of South American Camelids (SACs), particularly llamas and alpacas, is becoming increasingly popular in regions that are not their natural habitat, including Europe. These animals are considered to be relatively disease resistant. However, due to their growing popularity, special attention should be given to infections in llamas and alpacas. Knowledge of bacterial infections is very important to veterinarians and breeders. Many of these diseases also have zoonotic potential, so these animals must be considered as sources of potential zoonotic infections. Due to the limited information on many diseases occurring in llamas and alpacas, veterinarians often rely on data collected in other animal species, focusing on cattle, sheep and horses. This work aims to summarise the knowledge of diseases caused by Clostridium spp., Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Manheimia haemolytica and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in llamas and alpacas, with particular attention to epidemiology, clinical signs and diagnostics.
... Infections with non-MTBC mycobacteria, including M. kansasii (Braun et al., 2009), M. avium (Lucas et al., 2003) and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Belknap et al., 1994;Stehman, 1996;Fecteau et al., 2009) have also been described. ...
Mycobacteria have been associated with human and animal disease for millennia. This book is founded on a principle of cross-disciplinary inclusion and the belief that by bringing together all members of the mycobacterial research community we could achieve a better understanding of mycobacteria and the diseases caused by them, and thus contribute to knowledge and the development of products to improve global health. It is based on a series of workshops, held since 2007, which have fostered an interdisciplinary approach and unique collaborations that benefit multiple scientific communities. The sharing of ideas and results across disciplines has allowed for enhancement of research in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. leprae and other non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Most of all, it has increased the knowledge of researchers who are developing vaccines, diagnostics and drugs to prevent, diagnose and treat some of the oldest pathogens of man. By bringing together a multidisciplinary team of leading scientists studying mycobacterial infections in humans and animals, the workshops have created a venue for sharing knowledge about the spectrum of mycobacterial diseases, exploring host-pathogen variability, and understanding what the commonalities and differences in disease presentation and host specificity teach us. The book is divided into six parts that discuss tuberculosis in humans; tuberculosis in domesticated and companion animal species; mycobacterial infections in zoo species; tuberculosis in wildlife; in vivo laboratory models of tuberculosis; and other mycobacterial diseases. This book serves to share the lessons learned from these workshops not only within the mycobacterial community, but also to a wider audience, as this approach may benefit other fields of research.
... En los hallazgos de necropsia se observa engrosamiento y corrugamiento de la mucosa del intestino delgado y colon y aumento de los linfonodos mesentéricos, infecciones diseminadas también han sido documentadas en llamas 19 . Una alpaca infectada con Mycobacterium avium subespecie avium presentó signos clínicos y lesiones histológicas indistinguibles de Mycobacterium avium subespecie paratuberculosis, sólo diferenciados por la no dependencia a la micobactina y por PCR 15 . ...
... Nuestros hallazgos concuerdan con los resultados de Lucas y cols. quienes identificaron M. avium subespecie avium en una alpaca con lesiones semejantes a paratuberculosis 15 . ...
Los camélidos sudamericanos (CS) incluyen cuatro especies, guanaco, vicuña, alpaca y llama (Lama glama). En Argentina las llamas eran consideradas fauna y actualmente ganado, revalorizando su carne, fibra, cueros y pieles, también son un medio de subsistencia. Los CS son susceptibles a las enfermedades ocasionadas por micobacterias. El diagnóstico presuntivo se realiza por los signos clínicos y los hallazgos de necropsia y se confirma por técnicas bacteriológicas, moleculares e histopatología. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir un caso clínico con signos compatibles de paratuberculosis y el diagnóstico de laboratorio en una llama en cautiverio perteneciente a un zoológico de Olavarría, Provincia de Buenos Aires. En la necropsia se observaron lesiones granulomatosas en yeyuno, íleon y linfonodos mesentéricos compatibles con paratuberculosis, en los frotis directos y en la histopatología se observaron bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes en cluster. Se confirmó la presencia de Mycobacterium avium subespecie avium por bacteriología y por PCR fue detectada la IS1245 característica de este agente, no detectando la IS900 correspondiente a Mycobacterium avium subespecie paratuberculosis. Esto permitió arribar al diagnóstico etiológico, combinando técnicas, de un caso de enteritis granulomatosa en llamas causado por Mycobacterium avium subespecie avium con signología y lesiones compatibles con paratuberculosis.
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (ParaTB or Johne's disease), a contagious, chronic and typically fatal enteric disease of domestic and non-domestic ruminants. Clinically affected animals present wasting and emaciation. However, MAP can also infect non-ruminant animal species with less specific signs. Zoological gardens harbor various populations of diverse animal species, which are managed on limited space at higher than natural densities. Hence, they are predisposed to endemic trans-species pathogen distribution. Information about the incidence and prevalence of MAP infections in zoological gardens and the resulting potential threat to exotic and endangered species are rare. Due to unclear pathogenesis, chronicity of disease as well as the unknown cross-species accuracy of diagnostic tests, diagnosis and surveillance of MAP and ParaTB is challenging. Differentiation between uninfected shedders of ingested bacteria; subclinically infected individuals; and preclinically diseased animals, which may subsequently develop clinical signs after long incubation periods, is crucial for the interpretation of positive test results in animals and the resulting consequences in their management. This review summarizes published data from the current literature on occurrence of MAP infection and disease in susceptible and affected zoo animal species as well as the applied diagnostic methods and measures. Clinical signs indicative for ParaTB, pathological findings and reports on detection, transmission and epidemiology in zoo animals are included. Furthermore, case reports were re-evaluated for incorporation into accepted consistent terminologies and case definitions.
An ulcerative dermopathy caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans is described in two alpacas (Vicugna pacos) domiciled in endemic areas of Victoria, Australia.
The diagnosis was confirmed in both cases by PCR targeting the M. ulcerans-specific insertion sequence, IS2404. Extensive wound debridement and bandaging was effective in controlling local disease in one alpaca, although the animal was eventually euthanased because of suspected disease recurrence at other anatomical sites. Treatment was not undertaken in the second animal, but the results of a complete necropsy are described. Investigation of the environs of the second animal yielded low levels of M. ulcerans DNA associated with a variety of samples. The potential use of adjunctive antibiotic therapies directed against M. ulcerans infection in this species is discussed.
Mycobacterium ulcerans infection should be suspected in alpacas domiciled in endemic areas and presented with ulcerative skin disease.
Diferentes estudios han planteado que la exposición a la vacuna bacilo Calmette-Guérin (BCG) de M. bovis altera la respuesta inmune específica, causando un incremento de la respuesta inmune mediada por células Th1 y una estimulación de la respuesta inmune Th2. Se ha planteado que el principio activo de la vitamina D, la 1,25 Dihidroxivitamina D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] ha resultado ser un potente regulador de la respuesta inmune. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la 1,25(OH)2D3 sobre la inducción en la síntesis de Intermediarios reactivos de nitrógeno (RNI) en cabras expuestas al BCG de M. bovis. Se planteó un estudio de tipo experimental, longitudinal y comparativo. Se seleccionaron 12 animales de ganado caprino raza sannen, de 20 a 24 meses de edad. Se realizaron cinco muestreos, previo a la inoculación (cero días), 3, 7, 14 y 21 días después de aplicar los tratamientos. Se obtuvieron las células mononucleares por el método Ficoll-Hypaque. Los RNI, nitritos y nitratos (NO2- y NO3-) fueron cuantificados por ELISA. En el tratamiento, vacuna BCG de M. bovis, la concentración fluctuó entre 10.84 y 17.06 mM/l. Con la 1,25(OH)2 D3, entre 13.93 a 25.38 mM/l. En el combinado, vacuna BCG+1,25(OH)2 D3, de 12.64 a 28.29 mM/l. La determinación de NO3- fue entre 17.77 y 64.27 mM/l, 20.94 a 57.35 mM/l y de 16.41 a 80.94 mM/l, respectivamente. Estadísticamente, el efecto de variación de la concentración de NO2- y NO3- fue significativa (P
