Figure 2 - uploaded by Brezo Martinez
Content may be subject to copyright.
Seasonal trend of algal compounds (mean of eight replicates and SE). Ticks on the x axis correspond to the first day of each month. Data from the Artedo population are marked with A and data from Estaño with E.
Source publication
The annual variation of major nitrogen pools, phosphorus, carbon, ash, and thallus water content in relation to seasonal environmental changes was studied in two northern Spanish populations of the edible seaweed Palmaria palmata (Linnaeus) Kuntze. Observed patterns were investigated using Spearman rank order correlation coefficients. There were si...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... variation of Palmaria palmata compounds. The fronds had high pigment content from October/ November to April. The pigment PE showed a more marked increase than PC toward its November maximum (higher slope in Fig. 2A). Total protein, N, and P thallus content displayed very similar patterns, reaching maximal values from January to April. Fronds from Estaño had higher P content (Fig. 2, B and C). All N pools and P content declined after May and showed lowest values during summer (Fig. 2, A-C) Phycobiliproteins showed a more pronounced decrease than ...
Context 2
... compounds. The fronds had high pigment content from October/ November to April. The pigment PE showed a more marked increase than PC toward its November maximum (higher slope in Fig. 2A). Total protein, N, and P thallus content displayed very similar patterns, reaching maximal values from January to April. Fronds from Estaño had higher P content (Fig. 2, B and C). All N pools and P content declined after May and showed lowest values during summer (Fig. 2, A-C) Phycobiliproteins showed a more pronounced decrease than total N and protein (higher slope in Fig. 2, A and B). The thallus C content displayed a minor seasonal trend, showing a slight increase and reaching its annual maximum in ...
Context 3
... a more marked increase than PC toward its November maximum (higher slope in Fig. 2A). Total protein, N, and P thallus content displayed very similar patterns, reaching maximal values from January to April. Fronds from Estaño had higher P content (Fig. 2, B and C). All N pools and P content declined after May and showed lowest values during summer (Fig. 2, A-C) Phycobiliproteins showed a more pronounced decrease than total N and protein (higher slope in Fig. 2, A and B). The thallus C content displayed a minor seasonal trend, showing a slight increase and reaching its annual maximum in early spring (Fig. 2C). Ash and water thallus content both showed similar patterns with a marked ...
Context 4
... P thallus content displayed very similar patterns, reaching maximal values from January to April. Fronds from Estaño had higher P content (Fig. 2, B and C). All N pools and P content declined after May and showed lowest values during summer (Fig. 2, A-C) Phycobiliproteins showed a more pronounced decrease than total N and protein (higher slope in Fig. 2, A and B). The thallus C content displayed a minor seasonal trend, showing a slight increase and reaching its annual maximum in early spring (Fig. 2C). Ash and water thallus content both showed similar patterns with a marked increase up to March/April, high values during spring, and a clear reduction after June (Fig. ...
Context 5
... and C). All N pools and P content declined after May and showed lowest values during summer (Fig. 2, A-C) Phycobiliproteins showed a more pronounced decrease than total N and protein (higher slope in Fig. 2, A and B). The thallus C content displayed a minor seasonal trend, showing a slight increase and reaching its annual maximum in early spring (Fig. 2C). Ash and water thallus content both showed similar patterns with a marked increase up to March/April, high values during spring, and a clear reduction after June (Fig. ...
Context 6
... and protein (higher slope in Fig. 2, A and B). The thallus C content displayed a minor seasonal trend, showing a slight increase and reaching its annual maximum in early spring (Fig. 2C). Ash and water thallus content both showed similar patterns with a marked increase up to March/April, high values during spring, and a clear reduction after June (Fig. ...
Similar publications
Seaweeds, as biofilters that remediate seawater eutrophication, have been widely applied in integrated cultivations for both ecological and economic benefits. Although Grateloupia turuturu (Rhodophyta) is considered as a qualified species in integrated maricultivation, its growth and biochemical performance under different nitrogen conditions are s...
Citations
... The same tendency has also been observed by Rouxel et al. (2001), showing lower protein content in summer and higher levels in autumn and winter. This means that the protein content is reduced or diluted in the tissue during growth when nitrogen is limiting, while the carbohydrate content is high as protein and carbohydrate concentrations are always reciprocal (Martinez and Rico 2002). For U. lactuca, the biochemical composition was found to be more affected by abiotic factors during time of season than by their maturity stage (Unis et al. 2023). ...
Green seaweed species of the genus Ulva are promising protein sources for food production. Various factors affect the biochemical composition of Ulva spp. (hereafter Ulva), which can complicate the utilization in a commercial scale food production. This study investigated the composition of Ulva harvested in 2021 in May (dark green/black biomass), June (light green biomass) and August (mixed colored biomass). The August harvest was divided into three different color codes: light green, green, and dark green/black, to explore a relation between color and composition as an indicator for biomass quality. The crude protein (CP) and ash contents were highest in the dark August biomass (16.4±0.4% and 35.9±3.0% of dry matter (DM), respectively) and in the dark biomass harvested in May (20.6±0.5% and 41.2±3.9% of DM, respectively). The light green Ulva harvested in June had a lower CP content (6.5±1.5% of DM) similarly to what was observed for light green biomass in August (7.7±0.1% of DM). The light green biomasses were found to have a higher nitrogen to amino acid (N-to-AA) conversion factor and proportion of essential amino acids (EAA). The lipid content ranged between 1.0-2.2±0.1-0.2% of DM for the different biomasses and a higher lipid content was related with a lighter biomass color. Phosphorus and potassium concentrations were highest in the green fraction, whereas the darker green/black biomass had higher contents of all other elements, including the toxic elements, arsenic and cadmium.
Graphical abstract
... Generally, nutrient intake and assimilation support high growth and reproductive maturation of macroalgae (Tong et al., 2022;Martínez et al., 2012), which contribute to their role as water quality indicator and nutrient regulator in order to maintain the function of coastal ecosystem (Maehre et al., 2014). Slow-growing perennial macroalgae such as Jania adhaerens depend on N and phosphorus (P) concentrations that are retained in the water column during high nutrient availability and are thus able to withstand periods of nutrient limitation (Martínez and Rico, 2002). When nutrient conditions are not favourable, these macroalgae decrease in growth and gradually benefit from high light intensity, by which they establish C reserves (Martínez and Rico, 2002). ...
... Slow-growing perennial macroalgae such as Jania adhaerens depend on N and phosphorus (P) concentrations that are retained in the water column during high nutrient availability and are thus able to withstand periods of nutrient limitation (Martínez and Rico, 2002). When nutrient conditions are not favourable, these macroalgae decrease in growth and gradually benefit from high light intensity, by which they establish C reserves (Martínez and Rico, 2002). In comparison, opportunistic ephemeral macroalgae such as Ulva reticulata exert high demands for nutrients due to their rapid growth rates (Ober and Thornber, 2017;Rubal et al., 2011), devoting more energy into high-affinity uptake systems rather than providing large storage of nutrients (Pedersen et al., 2010). ...
The capacity of macroalgae to absorb, hold, and release the relative amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in its environment varies. C and N stable isotopes can be used to gain a better understanding of the ecosystem services of nutrient cycling by quantifying its usage in macroalgae. In this study, we conducted an in situ δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N tracer study of the macroalgae Ulva reticulata and Jania adhaerens in the seagrass meadows of Sungai Pulai estuary, Johor. Bulk tissues were labelled with enriched sodium bicarbonate (NaH¹³CO3) and ammonium chloride (¹⁵NH4Cl). Within 1 to 18 days post-enrichment, the macroalgae were measured for C and N, contents and δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N signatures. U. reticulata showed more bulk losses for excess ¹³C and ¹⁵N compared to J. adhaerens. J. adhaerens tended to retain greater %C and %N incorporated in its tissues. There was a clear distinction between the amount of C and N retained and lost in the tissues of each species. The amount of nutrients, especially C, that remained at the end of the experiment demonstrated that both macroalgae species are capable of short-term carbon sequestration, with implications for meadow-scale nutrient subsidies. Higher N uptake and retention in the biomass of the macroalgae, especially in U. reticulata, suggest their relatively high growth capacity. Understanding the C and N dynamics and loss rate of the whole plant provides an estimation of the nutrient uptake and retention capacity of the macroalgae. Such insights are important as a means to formulating steps in preserving the ecological balance of marine ecosystems.
... Temperature is one of the most critical abiotic factors directly affecting photosynthetic performance, growth and reproduction. Palmaria palmata is distributed across Arctic and warm temperate environments with sea temperatures from near 0 °C up to over 20 °C and variable thermic amplitudes (Martínez and Rico 2002;Karsten et al. 2003;Le Gall et al. 2004b). Based on cultivation studies of wildcollected material, the optimal growth temperature ranges between 6 and 12 °C (Morgan and Simpson 1981b;Corey et al. 2012) depending on the origin of the strain. ...
... Besides nutrient availability, irradiance plays an important role in nutrient storage in P. palmata. Higher nitrogen and phosphorus levels but lower soluble carbohydrate contents were measured in individuals acclimated to low irradiance compared to plants grown under high irradiance (Morgan and Simpson 1981a;Martínez and Rico 2002). Part of the nitrogen is stored in the form of phycoerythrin (involved in light absorption) to improve photosynthesis under low irradiance and to enhance growth under optimal nutrient conditions (Martínez and Rico 2002). ...
... Higher nitrogen and phosphorus levels but lower soluble carbohydrate contents were measured in individuals acclimated to low irradiance compared to plants grown under high irradiance (Morgan and Simpson 1981a;Martínez and Rico 2002). Part of the nitrogen is stored in the form of phycoerythrin (involved in light absorption) to improve photosynthesis under low irradiance and to enhance growth under optimal nutrient conditions (Martínez and Rico 2002). ...
Palmaria palmata, commonly referred to as dulse, is a well-known and highly valued red macroalga distributed along the North Atlantic shores within a latitude range of approximately 40 to 80 °N. It is a species of commercial importance with historical records of use as food dating back several centuries to the current harvesting of dulse by hand-picking on the foreshore in Western Europe as well as Canada (New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) and USA (Maine). Because the demand for P. palmata increases and future sustainable commercial developments cannot rely solely on wild-harvested biomass, significant efforts have been made by research and industrial actors to cultivate the species. The low rates of spore release and germination, high mortality and epibiont contaminations remain major bottlenecks and point towards the need for optimized hatchery methods to enable upscaling the biomass production. The present review summarizes the available knowledge related to the biology, including the unique life history of the species among the Rhodophyta, the ecology as well as the nutrient composition and quality of P. palmata as food. Recent advances in taxonomy and cultivation techniques are reported along with a status of regulations for the commercial harvest of wild populations. An outlook on future industrial perspectives using biomass of P. palmata is also given.
... In particular, macroalgae groups and species are known to possess a high degree of chemodiversity in terms of bioactive compounds, pigmentation and nutrient content [20]. In addition, macroalgae may exhibit seasonal variability in the levels of their bioactive constituents and chemical characteristics [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. Moreover, it has also been shown that the extraction methodology employed during the manufacturing of seaweed extracts and the quantity and availability of bioactives present therein, can also give rise to biostimulants which induce differential effects on plant growth and related parameters [39][40][41]. ...
Natural biostimulants, such as seaweed extracts, can stimulate plant growth and development in both model and crop plants. Due to the increasing demands for their use in agriculture, it is crucial to ensure the sustainability of the sources from which they are produced. Furthermore, some seaweed extracts were recently shown to prime and protect from adverse environmental factors such as drought, salinity and extreme temperatures, as well as from oxidative stress. The molecular mode of action of these biostimulants has still not been fully elucidated, but there has been significant progress in this direction in the last years. Firstly, this review examines the sustainability aspects of harvesting seaweed resources as raw materials for manufacturing biostimulants and provides an overview of the regulatory landscape pertaining to seaweed-based biostimulants. The review then summarises the recent advances in determining the genetic and molecular mechanisms activated by seaweed-based biostimulants, their influence on transcriptome reconfiguration, me-tabolite adjustment, and ultimately stress protection, improved nutrient uptake, and plant growth and performance. This knowledge is important for deciphering the intricate stress signalling network modulated by seaweed-based biostimulants and can aid in designing molecular priming technologies for crop improvement.
... The Gulf of St. Lawrence is a semi-enclosed sea with an area of about 2.4x10 5 km 2 open to the Atlantic Ocean through Cabot Strait and the Strait of Belle Isle (Saucier et al. 2003). This region is characterized by winter seawater temperatures near or below zero, with sea-ice formation, for several months of the year (Adey et al. 2008), but the minimum irradiance and temperature values during winter coincide with high levels of nutrients in seawater (Martínez and Rico 2002). The presence of other factors also contributes to the attenuation of light in the water column (sea water, phytoplankton, chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and nonphytoplanktonic particulate matter (Kelble et al. 2005). ...
... Ash content decreased from June to October (Table 2), when comparing seaweeds collected in IDM, for example. A study on P. palmata performed by (Martínez and Rico 2002) indicated ash and water contents decreased after June. According to these authors, these values decreased due to prior accumulation associated with seaweed growth during spring. ...
... A positive correlation between PAR and ash content was found in this work, indicating that ash content decreased as PAR also decreased. Positive correlations between N, ash content of P. palmata thallus and saturating irradiance and low temperatures were reported, (Martínez and Rico 2002). In this study, no correlation between temperature and chemical composition was found. ...
Seaweeds are a promising biomass resource that contain proteins with high potential for sustainable exploration. Palmaria palmata, one of the main red seaweeds of the Canadian coast, has a high protein content and much interest as an ingredient. Understanding the associations between environmental conditions and P. palmata color and chemical composition is of paramount importance to predict optimum harvesting conditions and thus increase its value. This study investigated the influence of environmental conditions on the composition and color of wild and cultivated P. palmata. Important changes in these parameters were found for P. palmata harvested in the subarctic Canadian transition zone, depending on the harvesting site/month. A marked increase in carbohydrates and decrease in ashes content (up to 2-fold) were observed from June to October, while photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) values have decreased. These associations suggest that wild P. palmata is shade acclimated to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence region. Maximum protein content was found for samples in June and was especially higher for samples from Grande-Rivière. Samples were intensely colored in June, possibly related to the higher protein content found in this month. Although several intricate factors seem to influence color development in this species, data from this study assist harvesting sites and period to maximise dark red color and avoid pigmentation degradation and paleness. In sum, these results may help indicate the best site/period to take commercial advantage of this species and orient future research on the multifactored relationships between environmental factors and macroalgae chemical composition and color.
... For the batch harvested in May at the same location, the ratio was 4.7 [26]. The low ratio in the winter-batch used in the present work is probably caused by a high content of nitrate, which has its maximum from November to March [30]. Considering the products from the pilot-scale processing, the ratio was 6.3 for Saccharina, but still only 3.8 for Palmaria. ...
The large brown seaweeds (kelps) are potential sources of protein for animal feed. They have lower protein contents than most red and green algae, but due to potential for large-scale production, they may represent a significant future protein source. The impact of pH, temperature and polysaccharide-degrading enzymes on the solubility and extraction yields of protein from wet Saccharina latissima biomass was investigated. The protein solubility increased with increasing pH and reached maximum of 23% at pH 11, determined as total amino acids (TAA). The enzyme treatments increased the release of soluble compounds by 30–35%. The highest protein yield obtained was 19%, using a ratio of water to wet seaweed of 1:1 for extraction. Even if the yields can be increased by increasing the water amounts used for extraction, the majority of the protein would remain in the insoluble residue after separation. The strategy for production of a larger quantity of protein-enriched biomass was therefore to maintain the insoluble fraction as the product. A pilot scale production was carried out, also including the red algae Palmaria palmata. In total 750 kg S. latissima and 195 kg P. palmata were processed. The protein content in the product increased from 10 to 20% of dry weight (dw) for S. latissima and from 12 to 28% for P. palmata, with yields of 79 and 69%, respectively. The ash content was reduced from 44 to 26% and from 12 to 5% of dw, respectively, for the two species. The main protein loss was free amino acids, which constituted approximately 10% of TAA in the feedstocks. Less essential than non-essential amino acids were lost, thus, the essential amino acids were enriched in the product.
... The concentration of macronutrients, mostly Nitrogen, may be transiently lower than the demand of the macroalgae, sometimes resulting in a seasonal limitation at the end of the summer (e.g. Martínez and Rico 2002). Therefore, this variable has not been related to distributional limits, nor to the absence of seaweeds in large geographic areas or entire provinces and is thus of limited biogeographic meaning. ...
This Background Document on Kelp Forest habitat has been developed by OSPAR following the inclusion of this habitat on the OSPAR List of threatened and/or declining species and habitats (OSPAR Agreement 2008-6). The inclusion of the feature on the list was supported by an analysis against the Texel-Faial criteria (OSPAR Agreement 2019-03), as presented in the case report (publication 358/2008). This Background Document provides proposals for action and includes measures that could be taken to improve the conservation status of the habitat. In agreeing to the publication of this document the OSPAR Contracting Parties have indicated the need to further review these proposals. However, the publication of this background document does not imply any formal endorsement of these proposals by the OSPAR Commission. On the basis of the further review of these proposals, OSPAR will continue its work to ensure the protection of Kelp Forest habitat, where necessary in cooperation with other competent organisations. This background document may be updated to reflect further developments or additional information that become available on the status of the habitat.
... These data corroborate that those seaweeds are an interesting source of protein. Nonetheless, there are statistically significant variations of protein production with a peak in autumn/winter and a trough in spring/summer, similar to the values reported for the red algae Palmaria palmata [91]. Martinez and Rico [91] state that protein accumulation is associated with the development of reproductive structures. ...
... Nonetheless, there are statistically significant variations of protein production with a peak in autumn/winter and a trough in spring/summer, similar to the values reported for the red algae Palmaria palmata [91]. Martinez and Rico [91] state that protein accumulation is associated with the development of reproductive structures. The lower values in spring and summer may also be due to the loss of phycobiliproteins due to extensive UV light exposure and low availability of nutrients [92]. ...
Gelidium corneum is a well-known agarophyte, harvested worldwide for its high agar quality. However, the species also exhibits an interesting nutritional profile, but with seasonal variations. Therefore, to evaluate the nutritional value of G. corneum, ash, crude protein, total lipids, and carbohydrates were analyzed at different times of the year. The heavy metals mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and tin, as well as iodine were also measured. Finally, the seasonal antioxidant capacity of G. corneum extracts was evaluated. Our results indicate that the biomass is rich in protein (up to 16.25 ± 0.33%) and carbohydrates (up to 39.5 ± 3.29%), and low in lipids (up to 2.75 ± 0.28%), and especially in the summer, the AI, TI indexes, n-6/n-3 and h/H ratios (0.93, 0.6, 0.88 and 1.08, respectively) are very interesting. None of the contaminants exceeded the legally established limits, and the iodine values were adequate for a healthy diet. Finally, the antioxidant capacity is fair, with the DPPH ≤ 10.89 ± 1.46%, and ABTS ≤ 13.90 ± 1.54% inhibition, FRAP ≤ 0.91 ± 0.22 AAE.g −1 , and TPC ≤ 6.82 ± 0.26 GAE.g −1. The results show that G. corneum is an attractive resource, with potential use as food or as a food supplement.
... In this study, several species belonging to Ceramiales (P. rubens, P. gunneri) showed a phycoerythrin content of about 30 mg g −1 DW (up to 48% of soluble protein or 26% of total protein), which is higher than the values measured in crude or purified extracts of commercially exploited Palmaria species (9-12% of total protein) (Figure 1b; [48,49]). As the main source of phycobilins is still extraction from the natural producers (red algae and cyanobacteria), broadening the list of used organisms is a highly relevant task. ...
Though numerous valuable compounds from red algae already experience high demand
in medicine, nutrition, and different branches of industry, these organisms are still recognized as an underexploited resource. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the chemical composition of 15 Arctic red algal species from the perspective of their practical relevance in medicine and the food industry. We show that several virtually unstudied species may be regarded as promising sources of different valuable metabolites and minerals. Thus, several filamentous ceramialean algae (Ceramium virgatum, Polysiphonia stricta, Savoiea arctica) had total protein content of 20–32% of dry weight, which is comparable to or higher than that of already commercially exploited species (Palmaria palmata, Porphyra sp.). Moreover, ceramialean algae contained high amounts of pigments, macronutrients, and ascorbic acid. Euthora cristata (Gigartinales) accumulated free essential amino acids, taurine, pantothenic acid, and floridoside. Thalli of P. palmata and C. virgatum contained the highest amounts of the nonproteinogenic amino acid �-alanine (9.1 and 3.2 μM g-1 DW, respectively).
Several red algae tend to accumulate heavy metals; although this may limit their application in the food industry, it makes them promising candidates for phytoremediation or the use as bioindicators.
... Under this condition, the irradiance intensity seems to restrict the temporal extension of such pre-cultivation of the seedstock as we observed that thalli increasingly turned pale green during growth at light intensity above 150 μmol photons m −2 s −1 PAR, yet tissue remained intact and crisp over 6 weeks. As some frond tips suffered photochemical bleaching above this irradiance level, we speculate that small fronds would photochemically deteriorate at light intensities above 150 μmol photons m −2 s −1 PAR by extending the low-nutrient growth phase, in support with previous studies (Chapman and Craigie 1977;Martínez and Rico 2002;Werner and Dring 2011). In present study, vegetative shoots exhausted external nutrients by uptake and depleted the internal N-storage by catabolism of phycobiliproteins, at highest light intensity tested, which subsequently raised tissue C:N ratio and explains the N-limitation of the growth rate, especially during the low-nutrient phase, which is supportive to other studies (Martínez and Rico 2002). ...
... As some frond tips suffered photochemical bleaching above this irradiance level, we speculate that small fronds would photochemically deteriorate at light intensities above 150 μmol photons m −2 s −1 PAR by extending the low-nutrient growth phase, in support with previous studies (Chapman and Craigie 1977;Martínez and Rico 2002;Werner and Dring 2011). In present study, vegetative shoots exhausted external nutrients by uptake and depleted the internal N-storage by catabolism of phycobiliproteins, at highest light intensity tested, which subsequently raised tissue C:N ratio and explains the N-limitation of the growth rate, especially during the low-nutrient phase, which is supportive to other studies (Martínez and Rico 2002). Following the depletion of tissue N-storage, mean SGR elevated at high nutrient availability compared with low nutrient availability, with a significant interaction term, which indicates a different light-stimulated upshift in SGR. ...
Land-based cultivation of the rhodophyte Palmaria palmata is promising for high productivity and nutrient mitigation, yet the cultivation strategy and the knowledge of the effect of various environmental factors are incomplete. In a two-phased cultivation trial, marginal proliferations were used as seedstock to test the impact of irradiance (10–280 μmol photons m−2 s−1 photosynthetically active radiation; PAR) using sequential nutrient phases of pulse additions (10% vs. 100% F/2+) on specific growth rate (SGR) and productivity (exp.1). The effect of salinity (15–35‰) and nutrient concentration (10 vs. 100% F/2+) on frond growth was investigated (exp.2). The SGR peaked at 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1 PAR in both nutrient phases with max mean SGR of 6.86 ± 0.4% day−1 (mean ± SE, n = 3). Above 80 μmol photons m−2 s−1 PAR, thalli turned pale green after 3 weeks at low nutrient. Shifting to a high nutrient cultivation, thalli recovered their red color after 10 days, even at 280 μmol photons m−2 s−1 PAR and significantly upshifted SGR, dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and ash content by 79.3, 56.0, 27.3, and 16.4%, respectively. Peak productivity in DM (1.17 g DM m−2 day−1), carbon (C) (406.41 mg C m−2 day−1), N (20.61 mg N m−2 day−1), and P (2.06 mg P m−2 day−1) coincided with SGR. Salinity significantly affected SGR of P. palmata and peaked at 15‰. This study highlights the use of marginal proliferations seedstock, nutrient pulses, and intervention practice for biomass propagation of P. palmata while avoiding epiphytes to boost N removal.
