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Seasonal distribution of catches of codling moths in sticky traps baited with pheromone or the blend of pear ester and acetic acid in Exp. 6 (Tordas, 2010). For explanation on plots A, B and C refer to Fig. 1
Source publication
Traps baited with pear ester + acetic acid were capable of monitoring the codling moth although caught fewer specimens than pheromone baited traps. The general flight patterns recorded in pear ester + acetic acid baited traps resembled closely those recorded with pheromone traps. The only aspect in which pear ester + acetic acid baited traps lagged...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... seasonal distribution of catches in pheromone-baited or pear ester+acetic acid baited traps showed similar patterns at each site (Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), with the exception of the MD orchard (Exp. 6), where a single moth was caught (in the second half of the experiment) in the pheromone baited traps (Fig. 6). Usually the traps with pear ester+acetic acid detected the first moths at the same time as pheromone baited traps, with the exception in Exp. 1 where first moths were caught some days later (Fig. 1). Traps with pheromone continuously captured male moths from the first inspection on, with the exception of Exp. 3, where males started to ...
Context 2
... with pear ester+acetic acid had the clear advantage over pheromone traps as they caught not only males but also females in a high percentage. This was outstandingly apparent in the case of the MD treated orchard (Fig. 6) where pheromone baited traps simply did not work. Further studies are needed to determine whether the sex ratio recorded in captures of pear ester+acetic acid baited traps resembles reliably the natural sex ratio of the given population, or it is ...
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For acceptable capture efficiency it was necessary to add acetic acid to pear ester for successful trapping of codling moth populations in Hungary. The activity of pear ester on its own was very weak and unsatisfactory. Pear ester+acetic acid baited traps caught on an average 25% (mean of 6 tests) of the catch in pheromone traps. Traps with pear es...
Citations
... Previous field studies with PE-based lures found that their relative effectiveness in trapping both sexes of the codling moth was variable, and a number of significant factors were identified, including seasonality, trap height and color [24][25][26][27][28][29]. Of particular concern were reports of low female captures in PE-baited traps in some geographical regions [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. Gray halobutyl elastomer septa were used as the matrix for PH and PE lures to provide extended effectiveness compared to red rubber septa [11,18,19,25,42]. ...
Studies were conducted during the period 2019/2020 to evaluate the effectiveness of four lures for codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) in pome fruits in Italy and the USA. Multi-component blends of sex pheromone ((E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, PH), pear ester ((E,Z)-2,4-ethyl decadienoate, PE), (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), and pyranoid linalool oxide (6-ethenyl-2,2,6-trimethyloxan-3-ol, LOX) were loaded in either a halobutyl elastomer septum or a PVC matrix and always used in combination with acetic acid (AA) loaded in a closed membrane co-lure. Total moth capture was significantly greater with the PVC than the septum lure loaded with PH/PE + AA in both countries. Female capture in the USA study was significantly greater for 8 weeks in traps baited with the PE/DMNT/LOX blend + AA co-lure than with other lures and adding PH to this blend in a PVC lure significantly reduced female capture. In contrast, female capture in Italy did not differ among lures and counts were similar in both apple and pear crops treated with or without mating disruption. These results suggest that the effectiveness of ‘female removal’ strategies to manage codling moth may be geographically limited and further comparisons are needed in other production regions and in walnut.
... including the use of PE, AA and DMNT with the sex pheromone (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, (PH) of codling moth have been evaluated in orchards treated with PH for mating disruption (MD). In general, the addition of PE has improved the PH lure and allows females to be trapped (Fernández, Cichon, Garrido, Ribes-Dasi, & Avilla, 2010;Hári, Penzes, Josvai, Ladanyi, & Toth, 2011;Joshi, Hull, Rajotte, Krawczyk, & Bohnenblust, 2011;Knight, Hilton, & Light, 2005). The addition of AA to traps with either PE + PH or DMNT + PH has created a more attractive blend for codling moth and increased female moth catches fivefold to 10-fold (Knight & Light, 2012;Knight, Light, & Chebny, 2013). ...
Monitoring adult codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is a crucial component in implementing effective integrated management programmes in apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen. Use of sex pheromone lures to track male populations has been the traditional approach, but their use in orchards treated with sex pheromone for mating disruption (MD) has been problematic. Development of kairomone and kairomone–pheromone combination lures has allowed the catch of female moths and has benefited several aspects of codling moth management through improved spray timings and action thresholds. Recently, a new four‐component volatile blend (4‐K) comprised of pear ester, (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate (PE), (E)‐11 4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene, all isomers of pyranoid linalool oxide and acetic acid (AA) has been characterized that has increased female moth catch threefold versus any previous blend. Field trapping studies were conducted to compare moth catches in traps baited with 4‐K versus the use of sex pheromone, (E,E)‐8,10‐dodecadien‐1‐ol (PH) in combination with PE and AA. Trials were conducted in orchards left either untreated, or treated with PH or PH + PE. Traps baited with 4‐K and 4‐K + PH lures caught significantly more females than traps baited with PH + PE + AA lures. Traps baited with 4‐K + PH lures caught significantly more total moths than traps baited with PH + PE + AA lures in all three orchards. Adding a PH lure to traps with the 4‐K lure did not affect female catch, but significantly increased male and total moth catches. These studies demonstrate that codling moth can be trapped effectively in apple under MD without the use of sex pheromone lures. The significant increase in female codling moth catch with the 4‐K lure suggests that efforts to improve spray timings and action threshold determinations as well as mass trapping might be enhanced with this new lure.
... In detection and monitoring of pests, plant volatiles are becoming increasingly important (e.g., Hári et al. 2011;Pickett and Khan 2016;Vuts et al. 2014). For example, in crops in which key pests are managed by mating disruption, pheromone traps may not detect or monitor the respective pest species, whereas powerful blends of plant volatiles could (e.g., Hári et al. 2011). ...
... In detection and monitoring of pests, plant volatiles are becoming increasingly important (e.g., Hári et al. 2011;Pickett and Khan 2016;Vuts et al. 2014). For example, in crops in which key pests are managed by mating disruption, pheromone traps may not detect or monitor the respective pest species, whereas powerful blends of plant volatiles could (e.g., Hári et al. 2011). A considerable advantage of these baits is that, unlike most pheromone baits, they provide valuable means for monitoring females, leading to more precise prediction of population dynamics (e.g., Hári et al. 2011;Pickett and Khan 2016). ...
... For example, in crops in which key pests are managed by mating disruption, pheromone traps may not detect or monitor the respective pest species, whereas powerful blends of plant volatiles could (e.g., Hári et al. 2011). A considerable advantage of these baits is that, unlike most pheromone baits, they provide valuable means for monitoring females, leading to more precise prediction of population dynamics (e.g., Hári et al. 2011;Pickett and Khan 2016). However, floral baits may also attract a multitude of other insects; thus, evaluation of catches may require more taxonomic knowledge than in the case of pheromone traps (e.g., Jósvai et al. 2016). ...
Green lacewings (Chrysopidae) are predators of soft-bodied pest insects and are among the most important biological control agents in crop protection. Chrysopa spp. are of special importance since, unlike most green lacewing species, adults are also predatory. The current study was undertaken in search of Chrysopa formosa compounds with semiochemical activity. Using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG), head and thorax extracts of C. formosa elicited EAG responses to a compound subsequently identified by coupled GC/mass spectrometry, microchemistry, chemical synthesis and GC peak enhancement as (Z)-4-tridecene. In field experiments, this compound decreased attraction of adult C. formosa to (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol and that of Chrysoperla carnea species-complex to a ternary floral lure, with the inhibitory effect found to be dose-dependent. Our results suggest that (Z)-4-tridecene may serve as a general warning signal among multiple green lacewing species. Perspectives for potential practical applications are discussed.
... The efficacy of these pheromone-disruption technologies can be threatened by high female moth density within orchards and the immigration of mated females from alternative host plants surrounding orchards (Cardé and Minks 1995). Our ability to easily measure these threats is limited, but experience with codling moth shows semiochemical-based monitoring of female moths can be helpful in this situation (Knight 2010;Hári et al. 2011). Monitoring female moth populations provides producers the information needed to apply supplemental controls when and where needed. ...
Pandemis limitata (Robinson) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of several leaf-feeding caterpillar pests of commercial tree-fruit crops in British Columbia, Canada. Recent discovery that European Pandemis Hübner species are attracted by lures combining acetic acid and the caterpillar-induced apple-leaf volatiles, 2-phenylethanol, and phenylacetonitrile, prompted our examination of P. limitata response to these compounds. Trapping tests in organic apple orchards revealed that neither of these individual benzenoids, nor their binary combination, was attractive. Acetic acid alone was weakly attractive, but more importantly, catches increased significantly when an acetic-acid co-lure was combined with 2-phenylethanol or phenylacetonitrile, individually and together. Catches of male and female P. limitata with acetic acid+2-phenylethanol, or acetic acid+2-phenylethanol+phenylacetonitrile were similar, respectively, and both sexes were caught significantly less often in traps baited with acetic acid+phenylacetonitrile. When combined with acetic-acid co-lures, traps baited with membrane dispensers releasing 2-phenylethanol at ~1 mg/day caught significantly more moths than traps baited with rubber septa lures releasing 2-phenylethanol at ~0.6 mg/day. Moth catches in traps baited with 2-phenylethanol were unaffected when the emission of acetic-acid co-lures was increased from ~28 to 63 mg/day. Catches of male P. limitata in traps baited with sex pheromone were significantly greater than catches in traps baited with acetic acid+2-phenylethanol, or traps baited with a ternary blend of acetic acid+2-phenylethanol+sex pheromone. Catches of female P. limitata in traps baited with acetic acid+2-phenylethanol were significantly reduced when it was combined with sex pheromone. Use of the ternary acetic acid+2-phenylethanol+phenylacetonitrile blend provides an opportunity to develop multispecies bisexual trapping systems to improve management of sympatric tortricid pests currently causing economic losses in organic apples in British Columbia. More work on long-lasting release devices, nonsaturating traps, and organically acceptable killing agents are needed to develop organic mass-trapping systems.
... The addition of acetic acid significantly increased the catch of female moths with pheromone or pheromone plus pear ester (Knight and Light 2012). The great advantage of traps with plant-derived volatiles and acetic acid over pheromone traps was that the former caught females in a high percentage (Landolt et al. 2007(Landolt et al. , 2011b(Landolt et al. , 2013Toth et al. 2010;Hari et al. 2011;Knight and Light 2012;El-Sayed et al. 2013;Knight et al. 2014). Our objective for exploring the synergism between sugar-acetic acid-alcohol and sex pheromone was to increase the trap's A. ipsilon catch. ...
The attractiveness of a series of mixtures of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac), (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:Ac), and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac), the Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pheromone, were evaluated in four locations in China. The ternary blend of Z7-12:Ac, Z9-14:Ac, and Z11-16:Ac was the complete pheromone blend for A. ipsilon and the ratio of Z7-12:Ac and Z9-14:Ac was optimal at 3:1. The most attractive ratio of Z11-16:Ac to the other components depended on geographic location. The optimal ratio was 3:1:6 in Yunnan and Shanxi, 3:1:2 in Sichuan and ranged from 3:1:2 to 3:1:12 in Shanghai, which differs significantly from the ratio of 3:1:16 in Japan. The dose of the blend in the pheromone lure influenced attractiveness to male moths and was related to the temperature in the test locations. Attractiveness of sugar-acetic acid-baited and pheromone-baited traps to male and female moths was different before and after the start of flowering of the oilseed rape crop; large numbers of female moths were attracted to sugar-acetic acid traps before flowering but none after flowering had started. This was similar for male moths and there was no synergistic effect when sugar-acetic acid solutions and pheromone were used together. These studies suggest that pheromone trapping based on the blends of three components can be an effective tool to improve the efficiency of monitoring of this pest in China.
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... E két faj esetében ismert volt, hogy a körte észter és ecetsav elegye " biszex " csalétket képez (Landolt és mtsai 2007a, Tóth és mtsai 2012). Amikor ezt az ismert csalétket hasonlították össze a megfelelô feromon hatáserôsségével, csupán 25%-os (almamoly, Hári és mtsai 2011, Tóth és mtsai 2014), ill. 20%-os (almafaszitkár, Tóth és mtsai 2012) értékeket jelentettek. ...
Bagolylepkék (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), az almamoly (Cydia pomonella, Lep., Tortricidae), az
almafaszitkár (Synanthedon myopaeformis, Lep., Sesiidae), valamint társas redôsszárnyú darazsak
(Hymenoptera, Vespidae) szintetikus taplálkozási attraktánsainak hatását sikerült megtöbbszörözni,
ha a csalétekhez természetes összetevôt (bor, ill. sör) adtunk, így félszintetikus rovarcsalétkekhez
jutva. Az ilyen, „biszex” csalétkek mind a nôstény, mind a hím egyedeket csalogatták. Az, hogy a
biológiai aktivitást az általunk készített kivonatokban is ki tudtuk mutatni, lehetôséget nyújt a hatásért
felelôs vegyületek azonosításának megkezdesére. Addig is, amíg ez megtörténik, a félszintetikus
„biszex” csalétkek egyszerûen elôállíthatóak és esetenként alkalmazhatóak lehetnek a növényvédelemi
gyakorlatban.
... In field experiments in Hungary PE on its own showed very weak activity, and the addition of AA to PE invariably resulted in a synergistic increase in catches of Hedya nubiferana (Jósvai et al., in prep.). The combination of PE+AA was also described as the female targeted lure for codling moth (Landolt et al., 2007;Hári et al., 2011;Tóth et al., 2014), and for the apple clearwing moth, Synanthedon myopaeformis Burkh. (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) (Tóth et al., 2012). ...
... (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) (Tóth et al., 2012). In both of these species traps baited with the respective pheromone caught more moths than the PE+AA traps (Hári et al., 2011;Tóth et al., 2012Tóth et al., , 2014. Traps baited with PE+AA performed surprisingly well in this present study as compared to pheromone baited traps for monitoring of green budworm moth populations. ...
Hedya nubiferana (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a polyphagous pest damaging apple, pear, peach, plum and other related fruits. In tests conducted in Hungary, traps baited with a female-targeted lure [ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) + acetic acid; abbreviated later as PE+AA] caught comparable number of moths as pheromone baited traps. Traps with PE+AA lures caught (females and males together) on an average 30% of the catch in traps baited with the synthetic green budworm moth sex pheromone (catching all males). This suggested that the PE+AA lure had a trapping performance comparable with that of pheromone traps, which latter are in practical use by farmers today. The seasonal flight patterns recorded with the PE+AA baited traps were similar to those with the sex pheromone baited ones, with respect to detection of beginning of flight and quantitative trends of catches during the flight. Consequently, the PE+AA lure shows potential for future practical applications as a female-targeted lure for H. nubiferana.
... Later, Landolt et al. (2007) reported that catches of both female and male codling moths were significantly increased by the addition of acetic acid to synthetic pear ester. Recently this combination has been confirmed to be effective also in European populations of codling moth (Hári et al., 2011). ...
... In experiments of this study pear ester+acetic acid baited traps caught on an average 25% (mean of 6 tests, Fig. 2) of the catch in the pheromone traps. This corresponds well with results of an earlier study from Hungary, where pear ester containing lures caught an average of 20% (calculated from data of 5 separate experiments) of the moth numbers in pheromone-baited traps (Hári et al., 2011). ...
... Apart from the present study, we know only of the publication of Hári et al. (2011) which compared capture intensity of pear ester + acetic acid baited traps with that of pheromone traps. There are several reports in the literature on comparing the performance of traps baited with pear ester only vs. pheromone traps which yielded variable results (Ioriatti et al., 2003;Il'ichev, 2004;Thwaite et al., 2004;Knight and Light 2004, 2005a, 2005bKnight et al., 2005;Light and Knight, 2005;Mitchell et al., 2008). ...
For acceptable capture efficiency it was necessary to add acetic acid to pear ester for successful trapping of codling moth populations in Hungary. The activity of pear ester on its own was very weak and unsatisfactory. Pear ester+acetic acid baited traps caught on an average 25% (mean of 6 tests) of the catch in pheromone traps. Traps with pear ester+acetic acid were clearly advantageous as compared to pheromone traps in that they caught not only males but also females (both virgins and mated) in a high percentage. Traps baited with pear ester+acetic acid clearly outperformed high-load pheromone lures in orchards with mating disruption and should be the right choice for the grower for sampling populations of codling moth in a mating disruption situation. In orchards with no mating disruption the relative inefficiency of pear ester+acetic acid baited traps as compared to pheromone traps can easily be overcome by applying more traps than usual. Thus the overall codling moth numbers caught will become higher and would make any conclusions drawn more reliable. Traps baited with pear ester+acetic acid always caught more when set at the highest branches (3.0-3.5 m) than when set lower (1.5-1.8 m) on trees.
Field studies were conducted to evaluate new kairomone blends in combination with pear ester (E,Z)‐2,4‐ethyl decadienoate (PE) and acetic acid (AA) for their attraction of male and female codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), in apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen. The addition of decanal to either AA or PE alone significantly increased total and female moth catches. However, the addition of decanal did not improve the attraction of PE + AA. The addition of either the pyranoid (PyrLOX) or furanoid (FurLOX) linalool oxide but not linalool (LOL) increased moth catches with PE but did not increase catches with PE + AA. Similarly, the addition of PyrLOX plus decanal did not improve PE + AA. The addition of (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene (DMNT) to either AA, PE + AA or PE + AA+decanal did not significantly increase moth catches. However, the addition of PyrLOX to traps with PE + AA and DMNT (4‐component lure) significantly increased moth catches compared with PE + AA alone or any of the ternary blends of these volatiles. Females accounted for 60%–80% of the total catch with this 4‐component lure. The 4‐component blend with PyrLOX was a more attractive lure than similar blends that substituted LOL, or a binary blend of LOL and FurLOX for PyrLOX. The 4‐component blend caught nearly fourfold more total and female moths than the purported attractant N‐butyl sulphide when it was used in combination with PE + AA. These results indicate that significant improvements in monitoring, mating disruption and mass trapping of codling moth are possible. Further studies are needed to assess the new attractive blend's effectiveness in combination with sex pheromone lures and to evaluate whether other host plant volatiles can be added or substitute for DMNT or LOX when used in combination with PE + AA.
The chemical ecology of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), has been the subject of a worldwide research effort spanning five decades. The initial focus of this work was the characterization of codling moth sexual behavior and the identification of its sex pheromone, followed by the development of effective monitoring and management programs. Subsequently, a large body of work was dedicated to deciphering the chemical messaging systems that exist between both moth sexes and their apple host. However, it was from pear that a potent kairomone, pear ester, ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate, was discovered, and surprisingly from field studies in walnut. Pear ester over the last decade has been the basis for the development of a range of commercial products that impact larval and adult behaviors and reduce levels of fruit injury. A review of codling moth and behavioral-active apple volatiles, the discovery of pear ester, and the development of useful technologies is provided here. A recounting of this story provides some considerations for the reader. First, that single odorants from a host e.g. (E,E)-α-farnesene and pear ester and maybe not complex volatile blends that more thoroughly characterize a host odor, are fruitful targets to develop female attractants. However, practical concerns such as chemical stability and synthesis cost will limit the implementation of any discovery. Second, it is not clear what semiochemical evoked behaviors should be targeted to develop an effective lure, i.e. suitable host for sexual rendezvous, oviposition, or as a food source. Background odors from immature fruits and undamaged foliage are generally more dilute and less complex than from ripening fruits or damaged foliage. Thus, effective chemical signals need to be more intense and apparent to lure moths. Third, it appears that adding acetic acid to host plant volatile lures is effective in drawing moths into traps, perhaps as a short-range food cue. Fourth, it was a field bioassay with a pear volatile in a walnut grove that unveiled the power of pear ester. Only later did a series of physiological and molecular studies detail the evolved interplay of pear ester and sex pheromone in the brain of codling moth. It is possible that this more basic approach will in the future allow the purposeful discovery of new attractants which can aid pest management of tortricids and other pest species. But more likely, chemists and applied insect ecologists need to continue to identify, synthesize, and test the various semiochemicals that define the lives of insects.
