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Sea holly (Eryngium maritimum) distribution along coastal dunes in Poland between 2002 and 2006 (see Fig. 2 for location of profi les). Symbols for plant communities: E-A-ElymoAmmophiletum habitats, H-J-Helichryso-Jasionetum habitats, Em-N. Pin.-Empetro-Nigri pinetum, Sea h.-sea holly habitats. Profi le 1, foredune covered by grasses, pine monoculture at the back, sea holly specimens on the dune and on south dune slope, small tourist impact. Profi le 2, seasonal low foredune with pine monoculture on the higher, narrow psammophilous habitats. Profi le 3, very wide and high foredune with accumulation tendences, wide natural dune habitats with numerous sea holly individuals. Profi le 4, wide clipped foredune, wide habitats of grasses and other dune plants, large number of sea holy specimens. (continued)
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Studies based on morphometric measurements and population assessment of plants on the dunes of the Polish coast of the Baltic Sea carried out since 1997 indicate that sea holly (Eryngium maritimum) is now an especially rare species in the area. Sea holly, a perennial plant of the pioneer habitats covering coastal dunes, is under legal protection on...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Lake Spit (military area) and west of Darłówek until Dąbki (military areas). On the latter section, sea holly densely populates the wide coastal and non-forested dune (Fig. 3, profi les 3 and 4). A few dozen sea holly specimens were observed there, on a high non- forested dune by the border of the psammophilous grasses and sward (271 to 275 km). Also, further west on the particularly protected dunes of the narrow spit of Bukowo Lake from Dąbki to Łazy, sea holly was oft en observed on narrow dune dykes destroyed by the sea ...
Context 2
... profi les 5, 6; Fig. 4, profi le 2A), where dunes are covered by mostly psammophilous sward. Further, the section between Łazy and Unieście (on the Jamno Lake Spit) used to be under military administration, which limited tourist activities. On this section, sea holly was present in the community of Helichryso-Jasionetum on the non-forested dune (Fig. 3, profi le 7). Sea holly was present even on the upper beach, where between 1997 and 2001 a new foredune was developing (293 to 294.5 km; Łabuz 2003a). Aft er the storms of 2001 and 2003, the habitats became extinct. Only on the crown of the non-forested dune has sea holly been present until today (about one specimen per 50 m of the shore). Due to ...
Context 3
... studies in 2003 west of Mielno (to Sarbinowo), sea holly was observed on the non-forested dunes distant from the seaside resorts; a few specimens on the 303 rd km (Fig. 3, profi le 8). Further west, beyond Sarbinowo, no sea holly was found. ...
Context 4
... observed in Dziwnów due to tourist pressure and action taken for protection of the coast from the sea. Strong storm surges from the winters of 2001 and 2003 resulted in the retreat of the dune dyke by 4 to 6 m and the destruction of plant cover and slope of the foredune. With this, whole habitats of natural dune vegetation were utterly destroyed (Fig. 5, profi le 3B). Th e last two specimens of sea holly were found in 2005 on the 391 st km, where the coast is growing and the dunes are developing due to accumulation of deposits by the breakwaters of the Dziwna River outlet. Between 1997 and2004 individual specimens were found in the area of Międzywodzie and Wisełka (at present no data is ...
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... In this study, adding cow manure to the potting mixture did not change survival but reduced leaf growth. Sea holly has adapted to grow in dunes with limited nutrient and water availability [74]. The lower availability of nutrients in substrate mixtures without cow manure probably promotes better root development because less nutrient-rich substrates have smaller osmotic pressure, which stimulates rhizogenesis [71]. ...
The endangered medicinal plant Eryngium maritimum L. faces significant natural and anthropogenic threats. Therefore, in vitro propagation is recommended for both conservation and commercial purposes. The aim of the study was to develop a series of protocols for seed disinfection, in vitro multiplication and rooting, and ex vitro and field adaptation. For explant disinfection, the length and temperature of three consecutive disinfectants were investigated. Macrosalt modifications of MS medium and plant growth regulator addition to media effect on axillary bud propagation rate and rooting was studied. Survival and leaf growth during ex vitro and field adaptation in response to potting media, pot cell diameter, and light spectrum were tested. Seeds treated with diluted detergent at 40 • C for 180 min, followed by 0.01% KMnO 4 for 3 h and commercial bleach for 11 min, achieved a lower rate of contamination and high germination rate. Axillary bud proliferation and rooting were enhanced by reducing nitrogen content in media and adding plant growth regulators. Potting media and pot size affect survival and growth ex vitro. Timely transplantation to field conditions before overwintering increases plantlet survival. In the present work, a suitable foundation is laid to scaleup the production of E. maritimum by micropropagation.
... Mikołajek nadmorski uznawany jest w Polsce za roślinę zagrożoną wyginięciem i jest objęty całkowitą ochroną gatunkową [17]. Poważnymi zagrożeniami dla populacji tego gatunku są: zalesianie szarych wydm, kolekcjonowanie kwiatostanów do suchych bukietów oraz niszczenie siedlisk roślinnych przez postępujący rozwój gospodarczy [18]. ...
uże znaczenie w poszukiwaniu leków posiadają rośliny, które są źródłem ogromnej liczby metabolitów wtórnych. Większość badanych związków wyodrębniana jest z roślin pochodzących z upraw polowych, jednak nadal część surowców roślinnych pochodzi ze stanowisk naturalnych. Problem stwarzają gatunki roślin rzadkich i chronionych, których zbiór i uprawa są ograniczone lub niemożliwe. Dostęp do tych surowców jest możliwy dzięki zastosowaniu metod biotechnologicznych. Powodem wprowadzania do kultur in vitro roślin chronionych jest nie-dostępność materiału roślinnego, a przez to brak możliwości badań tych taksonów. Często bogaty zestaw związków o działaniu biologicznym pozostaje niezbadany, a potencjał roślin niewykorzystany. Metody mikrorozmnażania roślin i inne systemy wzrostowe in vitro pozwalają na namnożenie biomasy roślinnej z przeznaczeniem do badań fitochemicznych i biologicznych. Praca ma na celu przedstawienie problemów związanych z prowadzeniem badań z zakresu kultur in vitro roślin objętych w Polsce ochroną gatunkową, na przykładzie: mikołajka nadmorskiego, maliny moroszki oraz zimoziołu północnego.
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Abstract
The paper discusses the areas and types of protection of the front coastal roller dunes on the Polish coast.
They perform several functions in the natural environment: plant and animal habitats, sand buffer and
reservoir, as well as land protection against storms. They are also an asset of the natural landscape, which
is also important for the development of tourist functions. The legal status of protecting these habitats was
analyzed. There are many different legal forms of the environment on the Polish coast. The part covers
areas of coastal dunes, constituting over 85% of the length of the Polish coast. These are most often
sections of dunes protected in nature reserves and Natura 2000 areas. More from protection occurring on
the east coast. Only in two cases, the dunes were revitalized, apart from the protection options listed in
the Nature Conservation Act. There are several closed for recreation, where the dunes and the vegetation
covering them develop naturally. Current forms of protection cover a large area of dune habitats on the
Polish coast, but ways of preventing their disappearance are insufficient.
Keywords: coastal dunes, plant habitats, environmental protection, Polish coast
... Celem pracy jest przedstawienie zmian siedlisk roślinnych i wybranych gatunków wzdłuż polskiego wybrzeża. Wyniki z badań z lat 2001/09 [9][10][11][12][13][14], 2010/14 [15,16] porównano do prac z 2016/18. Przedstawiono miejsca i powody zaniku rozmieszczenia wybranych gatunków. ...
... a -Pustkowo, degradacja siedlisk w latach 2002-2013 z powodu turystyki [15]. B -Dziwnów zanik siedlisk, w tym mikołajka nadmorskiego z powodu erozji i sztucznego zasilania [13] Mikołajek nadmorski (Eryngium maritimum) jest rośliną okazałą, przez to chętnie zrywaną przez turystów. Jego siedliska są zagrożone przez spiętrzenia sztormowe, a nasiona wraz z obumarłymi częściami, wiatr zwiewa w głąb lądu, do posadzonego lasu. ...
... Od lat 70. XX w. [30] do roku 2007 ubyło około 1/3 stanowisk mikołajka nadmorskiego [13]. Jeszcze pod koniec lat 90 XX w., gatunek występował na wydmach w Dziwnowie (Rysunek 2B), Dziwnówku, Mielnie i Unieściu. ...
The paper presents the result of long-term research on the plant distribution on the foredunes of the Polish
coast. The habitats are arranged in a separate belts. There are halophilous and dune grasses on the beach,
only dune grasses on the moving foredunes, and meadow grassland on the stabilized, grey dunes. Many
species are under protection. Protective efforts are not sufficient due to the development of coastal tourism.
Most habitats are threatened due to human activities. Species disappear on the beaches and dunes used for
tourism. Alco coast protection is threatening coastal habitats. Buildings are a barrier to plant succession
along the shore. In tourist zones, the number of alien species increases.
Keywords: dune plants, threats, conservation, human impact, polish coast.
... The species location, their diversity and abundance are the subject of base surveys carried out on coastal dunes. The typical fi eld method for plant investigation are relevés, performed on cross-shore transects or in different size plots, from 1 m 2 to 25 m 2 (Moreno-Casasola 1988 ; Acosta et al. 2006a ;Łabuz 2007 ;Łabuz and Grunewald 2007 ;Faggi and Dadon 2011 ;Santoro et al. 2012 ). There are several indices based on vegetation relevés that are used to measure plant species diversity of coastal dunes, e.g. ...
Human capacity to adapt to various living conditions has always been a
challenge to every civilization. Since the dawn of time people have been transforming
environment to make their living easier. In the coastal zone these changes
occurred the earliest, stretching as far as sandy barriers covered by coastal dunes.
On the low sandy shores, in the vicinity of river mouths fi rst settlements, towns and
seeds of countries were established. We inherited from our ancestors these areas in
some sense already developed or used. Nowadays, in many places coastal areas are
transformed to such extent that they no longer resemble the natural wild landscape,
for which we yearn and which is necessary for humans to function healthily in their
natural environment.
Learning more and more about the mutual relations among factors infl uencing
dune habitats, we are constantly changing the coastal dunes practical use. We know
that while implementing the changes we must have in mind their availability for
future generations. Yet, in some parts of the world this has not been acknowledged
so far. In other countries, with higher ecological awareness and with high degree of
landscape transformation, have been making numerous attempts to restore the natural
environment.
How do we currently use this environment? What do we know about it? What is
its value for humans? Do we care about it enough? Or, do we need to do more to
preserve coastal dune habitats for future generations?
... Some detailed studies were conducted in relation to storm surge parameters and the erosion of dune ridges (Łabuz 2011, Łabuz, Kowalewska-Kalkowska 2011. The dune plant cover distribution and succession in relation to aeolian accumulation and dune growth was done as a part of certain studies (Łabuz 2002a, 2002b, 2003d, 2007c, 2007e, Łabuz, Grunewald 2007, Piotrowska et al. 2008. Research was also focused on the human impact on dune habitat (Łabuz 2003c, 2004, 2007b). ...
... Habitat loss, disturbance, fragmentation and decline in habitat quality are the main threats to E. maritimum. Coastal beaches, shingle and dunes can be destroyed by seaside tourism, recreational use, construction activities, waste disposal, agriculture, river dams, uncontrolled sand and gravel exploitation, beach management, afforestation, coastal erosion especially as a consequence of sea-level rise and coastal protection measures ( Cwikli nski 1979;Piotrowska & Stasiak 1984;Piotrowska 1995;Kull et al. 2002;Piotrowska 2002;Urbanski 2001;Buskovic et al. 2004;Łabuz 2004Burmester 2007;Łabuz 2007;Spanou et al. 2006 Tourism and the growth of tourist infrastructure cause habitat loss for E. maritimum (Goldsmith, Munton & Warren 1970;Łabuz 2007;Rovira Rojas & Romagosa Casals 2010). These changes often lead to increased trampling and other mechanical damage that threatens the plant (Eberle 1979;Ol sauskas 1996;Ol sauskas & Ol sauskaite Urbonien_ e 1999). ...
... Habitat loss, disturbance, fragmentation and decline in habitat quality are the main threats to E. maritimum. Coastal beaches, shingle and dunes can be destroyed by seaside tourism, recreational use, construction activities, waste disposal, agriculture, river dams, uncontrolled sand and gravel exploitation, beach management, afforestation, coastal erosion especially as a consequence of sea-level rise and coastal protection measures ( Cwikli nski 1979;Piotrowska & Stasiak 1984;Piotrowska 1995;Kull et al. 2002;Piotrowska 2002;Urbanski 2001;Buskovic et al. 2004;Łabuz 2004Burmester 2007;Łabuz 2007;Spanou et al. 2006 Tourism and the growth of tourist infrastructure cause habitat loss for E. maritimum (Goldsmith, Munton & Warren 1970;Łabuz 2007;Rovira Rojas & Romagosa Casals 2010). These changes often lead to increased trampling and other mechanical damage that threatens the plant (Eberle 1979;Ol sauskas 1996;Ol sauskas & Ol sauskaite Urbonien_ e 1999). ...
This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Eryngium maritimum L. (Sea Holly) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation.
Eryngium maritimum is a native perennial hemicryptophyte, with a large taproot, spiny and leathery leaves and a pale bluish inflorescence. It has a more or less continuous distribution in suitable habitats along the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland up to about 55° N, but it is more scattered further north. On the west coast, it is found south of the Hebrides, and on the east coast, with some exceptions, south of Yorkshire. In Europe, it has a wide, but mainly southern temperate, European distribution along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, the Baltic, the Mediterranean, and the Black and Azov Seas. Its northern distribution limit is at c. 60° N.
Eryngium maritimum grows typically on sand and shingle beaches, foredunes and yellow dunes, as well as in semi-fixed grey dunes. Its habitats have full sunlight and are more or less dry. It occurs in many coastal plant communities from the beach inland, and because of its wide European distribution, it occurs with members of several different biogeographical species groups.
Protected from grazing by its spininess and sclerophylly, E. maritimum is nevertheless vulnerable to direct damage by trampling. It supports few insect herbivores, probably because of chemical defences. Historically, it has had a great number of medicinal uses.
Eryngium maritimum is unable to withstand competition from faster and more densely growing plant species. In many coastal regions, in both temperate and mediterranean parts of Europe, it is one of the rarest and most threatened plant species, mainly because of habitat loss and land-use changes.
... Some detailed studies were conducted in relation to storm surge parameters and the erosion of dune ridges (Łabuz 2011, Łabuz, Kowalewska-Kalkowska 2011. The dune plant cover distribution and succession in relation to aeolian accumulation and dune growth was done as a part of certain studies (Łabuz 2002a, 2002b, 2003d, 2007c, 2007e, Łabuz, Grunewald 2007, Piotrowska et al. 2008. Research was also focused on the human impact on dune habitat (Łabuz 2003c, 2004, 2007b). ...
This article describe Polish coastal dunes and the factors influencing their development. The Polish coast is 500 km long and mainly exposed for a northerly direction. It is a part of the southern Baltic shore. The Polish coast is composed of mostly loose sand, till and peat. Because the coast hardiness is so weak, it is under constant threat from storm surges as well as human impact caused by rapid infrastructure development and the coastal protection measures put in place to try and protect it. These protection measures destabilize the natural coast dynamics and rebuilding process. Almost 85% of the shoreline is built up by sandy aeolian deposits and covered by different dune types. Among them are typical foredunes or inland dunes in erod-ed coastal areas. The second type of dune coasts are built up by land dunes, which appear on the coast as a result of sea erosion causing land regression. Sometimes dunes can be found over moraine deposits or in front of moraine old cliffs. Nowadays these habitats are heavily threatened by storm surges and human activity. In some places there is an accumulation that leads to new ridge developments. This article describes these issues with an emphasis on the present dynamics of Poland's coastal areas.
... A survey of E. maritimum populations along the Skagerrak coast was conducted and the persistence prospects of this species were evaluated as low in these localities due to the small size and fragmentation of individual populations (Curle et al., 2007). Population surveys were also conducted in Poland and Lithuania (Olsauskas, 1996; Labuz, 2007). While in some cases the decline of E. maritimum is linked to habitat disturbance, a population can be threatened also due to limited generative reproduction, affected both by low seed production and low germination as well as high juvenile mortality (Curle et al., 2007; Aviziene et al., 2008). ...
Eryngium maritimum is a coastal plant of the Apiaceae family. This species is threat-ened in several countries where it reaches the northern limits of its distribution area. Existing populations in the Baltic Region and Scandinavia are potentially affected by the low efficiency of its generative reproduction. We studied physiological aspects of its germination and dormancy breaking requirements using seeds collected from two Latvian populations. Seeds were subjected to cold and warm stratification and treatment with gibberellic acid. We monitored the development of seed embryos throughout the process of stratification at different temperatures and built a size-class structure of embryo development within a batch of seeds to visualize the developmental progress and to compare different treatments. The final germination percentage and germination rate increased after cold stratification at 5 °C in seeds germinated at 25/10 °C. Maximum germination was achieved after four months of cold stratification. Treatment with gibberellic acid had a similar dormancy breaking effect that was enhanced by previous warm stratification. The relative size of embryos increased during cold stratification, although this increase was not uniform. We conclude that in seeds of E. maritimum, embryo growth during stratification is required before germination can start and that growth is enhanced by warm stratification. Breaking the physiological component of seed dormancy requires cold stratification that can be substituted by treatment with gibberellic acid. We suggest that germination characteristics of seeds and the structure of embryo development within seeds in a particular population may reflect the state of the plant population itself and provide valuable information for research on the biology of this species.
... A complete inventory of E. maritimum population in Lithuania and Poland was initiated by K. Eringis and E. Cwiklinski, respectively (Cwiklinski 1972; Eringis et al. 1976; Cwiklinski 1979; Stasiak 1986; Eringis and Pancekauskiene 1995). Various aspects of E. maritimum biology have been investigated more recently along coasts of the Baltic and the North sea including population trends in Lithuania (Olšauskas 1996; Olšauskas and Urbonienė 2008) and Poland (Łabuz 2007; Żółkoś et al. 2007) as well as demography and germination biology in Norway (Curle et al. 2007). Biogeography and genetic diversity of E. maritimum was studied recently using molecular markers (Clausing et al. 2000; Kadereit and Westberg 2007; Ievina et al. 2009, 2010). ...
... Thus, an impact of sea-level rise along a Polish Baltic coast resulting in over-wash of the dune ridge can lead to severe deterioration of E. maritimum population (Urbanski 2001). Also, Łabuz (2007) described storms and human impact (including coastal protection measures and offorestation) as a major treats to E. maritimum through vanishing of appropriate habitats in Poland. High juvenile mortality and low germination capacity in Norway was noted by Curle et al. (2007). ...
... In the territory of Lithuania, E. maritimum presently is located only in a 30-km zone on dunes of Curonian Spit (Aviziene et al. 2008). In Poland, E. maritimum can be mainly found on coastal dunes of spits and sandbars between the Baltic Sea and coastal lakes (Łabuz 2007; Żółkoś et al. 2007). In contrast, relatively abundant distribution of E. maritimum is characteristic for coastal areas of the UK. ...
Eryngium maritimum is a perennial species growing exclusively in a coastal littoral zone both on sand dunes and shingle beach and indicated
as declining in Northern Europe. The objective of the present study was to prove the use of nondestructive physiological measurement
methods to access physiological status of endangered plants, using E. maritimum as a model species. Plants from two Latvian sites were studied in comparison with other populations in Northern Europe (Estonia,
Lithuania, Poland, United Kingdom) to find out if local differences in environmental factors affect vitality of E. maritimum individuals. Noninvasive chlorophyll analysis and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements were used as indicators of plant physiological status through characterization of various aspects
of photochemistry of photosystem II activity. Dynamics and morphology of individuals were investigated for evaluation of clonal
growth potential of E. maritimum in natural conditions. Highly fluctuating trend of dynamics of individuals (within 40 groups at two Latvian sites) was established
for E. maritimum in natural conditions over a five-year period. Disturbance of individuals lead to formation of new shoots from nodal root
meristems. An exponential regression between fluorescence parameters FV/FM and Performance Index and summary monthly precipitation was found indicating that E. maritimum plants had significant tolerance to water shortage together with susceptibility to increased precipitation. Negative correlation
between leaf chlorophyll content and more northern localization of individuals was found (r = 0.95 and r = 0.94, for generative and vegetative shoots, respectively). Northern populations of E. maritimum are endangered by high precipitation in conditions of low air temperature, leading to decrease of photosynthetic productivity
and overall physiological status. High developmental plasticity at the root level leads to clonal growth and an efficient
survival and relatively long life span of E. maritimum individuals. Chlorophyll a fluorescence is a useful method to search for the effect of suboptimal conditions on physiological status of endangered plant
species without elimination and disturbance of individuals.
KeywordsClonal growth–Environmental factors–
Eryngium maritimum
–Mycorrhiza–Photochemistry of photosynthesis–Physiological status
