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Pre-shipment inspection is usually undertaken by customs administrations and standards bureaus to address security, smuggling, tax evasion and counterfeit goods challenges of imports. The process has predominantly been undertaken using manual based methods which have had considerable shortcomings. Manual methods of inspection at source and manual t...
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Citations
... They can also pertain to other non-functional attributes of the product or of the customers' purchasing experience. For example, the company may provide elaborate packaging (e.g., expensive boxes, origin certificates), or it may include RF-IDs, digital watermarking or other high-tech labeling to track products, or it may create a chain of licensed distributors in an attempt to demarcate genuine products from copies (Holliman and Memon, 2000;Deisingh, 2005;Siror et al., 2010;Li, 2013;Guin et al., 2014;Hoecht and Trott, 2014). Such activities often imply the use of expensive tracking systems, and increased costs for marketing (Lawson et al., 2012), advertising and customer awareness campaigns (Keupp et al., 2009;Hoecht and Trott, 2014). ...
... The results of lower operating profits can be explained with some of the evidence reported by prior studies. This evidence indicated that the companies targeted by counterfeiting react by increasing expenses in product differentiation (Alacer et al., 2017) and in anticounterfeiting practices, ranging from conspicuous packaging to certifications of origin, owned sales channels, or other procedures aimed at monitoring the circulation of counterfeits (Staake et al., 2009;Holliman and Memon, 2000;Siror et al., 2010;Li, 2013). Our results indicate that, collectively, these strategies can contribute to lower the profitability of targeted companies, as expressed by their operating profit, and are consequently harming the profitability of companies targeted by counterfeiting. ...
This study analyses empirically the effects of counterfeiting on the economic and innovation performance of firms, exploiting a novel and unique dataset that integrates information on custom seizures worldwide during years 2011–2013 with financial accounting data, patent and trademark data for a sample of digital technology companies. We apply diff-in-diff models using a large control sample of non-affected firms. Results provide robust evidence that counterfeiting is associated to a negative impact on operative margins of affected companies, relative to the control sample. The analysis does not find conclusive evidence on the effects of counterfeiting on the innovation activities of affected companies. We find no evidence in support of the hypothesis that counterfeiting could also exert an indirect positive effect on the sales of genuine goods.
... Among the additional costs that original producers might sustain when facing counterfeiters, the literature has highlighted that companies invest in the implementation of advanced technologies and techniques, like RFID, watermarking, shipment inspection procedures (Holliman and Memon, 2000;Siror et al., 2010;Li, 2013). Particular attention has been given in the literature to the detection of specific pharmaceutical compounds (e.g. ...
... The results of lower Operating Profits can be explained with some of the evidence reported by prior studies, which indicated that the companies targeted by counterfeiting react by investing in the differentiation of the product range and by enacting anti-counterfeiting practices, such as investing in conspicuous packaging, and in certifications of origin, or in other procedures aimed at limiting the circulation of counterfeits (Staake et al., 2009;Holliman and Memon, 2000;Siror et al., 2010;Li, 2013). The present study expands prior studies by showing that, collectively, these strategies may contribute to lower the profitability of targeted companies, as expressed by their Operating Profits, and are consequently harming companies targeted by counterfeiting. ...
Counterfeiting is a fraudulent activity that potentially damages the economic and innovation performance of companies and can pose major threats to global competition and economic growth. However, the actual impact of counterfeiting on the performance of companies has not been tested empirically, due to methodological problems, including the lack of data on counterfeiting at the firm-level. Furthermore, prior theoretical studies have speculated that counterfeiting could have in part a beneficial effect on the performance of companies, due to indirect advertising, calling for empirical investigations to shed light on the issue. The goal of the present study is to provide empirical evidence on the impact of counterfeiting on both the economic and innovative performance of digital technology companies at the firm-level and on the global scale. To this aim, a new database was created combining data on counterfeiting activities during 2011-2013 (OECD-EUIPO, 2016) with financial information and patent data from 2009 to 2015. The result is a firm-level database that enables unprecedented analyses on the impact of counterfeiting on performance of digital technology companies.
... The supervisor and arbitration can monitor the competition through this module, and can quickly find the problems in the course of the competition.. RFID is a widely used data input device in the Internet of things system. It can be used to realize fast non-contact identification [6]. The domestic ID card is a typical RFID whose frequency is 13.56 MHz and 14443B protocol is adopted. ...
... RFID does not need to read precision with fixed size and printing quality of paper, more suited to the miniaturization and diverse patterns of development, to facilitate the embedded or attached in different shapes and types of products, anti pollution ability and durability, is the carrier of the traditional bar code paper, so vulnerable to pollution, but RFID has very strong resistant to water, oil and chemical substances [6]. In addition, because the bar code is attached to the plastic bags or cartons, so are particularly vulnerable to damage; RFID is the chip data volume will exist, so free from fouling. ...
... RFID in the application of traffic industry is in charge of highway and intelligent traffic. Through the installed in the vehicle radio-frequency identification card, can make the automobile is automatically identified, in the vehicle with high speed through toll stations at the same time the completion of payment, greatly improving the speed and efficiency, so as to avoid congestion, solve the traffic bottleneck problem [5]. The system and vehicle information database, the payment information database connection, can also automatically to passing vehicles implementation does not check for parking, with data center database control, can be in a few seconds check to vehicle arrears and irregularities, through the use of normalization, network science and technology means to maximize containment vehicle traffic fee evasion and illegal operation behavior. ...
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a non-contact automatic identification technology; it is the use of radio frequency signal through space coupling non-contact transmission of information, and through the message reaches the target identification technology. The basic principle of RFID is the use of radio frequency signal and its spatial coupling, transmission characteristics, for still or moving in the identifying items of automatic recognition. RFID has the advantages of high precision, strong ability to adapt to the environment, strong interference resistance, and quick operation. This article elaborated the RFID technology based on management information system in Internet of things and discusses the RFID technology in the management system in the application of convenience, describes the system's entire work flow and management data analysis design. The paper presents the application of management information system in Internet of things based on RFID technology. © International Frequency Sensor Association (IFSA). All rights reserved.
... The proportion of the cost incurred by operation phases is known to be a maximum of 80%, in which the overall cost of the entire lifecycle includes the total cost of the product from its manufacturing to its disposal. Therefore, many industries have been researching effective methods of product management using convergence technologies such as PEID (product embedded identification) [1,2], PLCS (product life cycle support) [3], PLM (product lifecycle management) [4], and e-PLM (extended product lifecycle management) [5]. To reduce these costs, products must be maintained in a sufficient operational state so that they can be repaired as soon as possible in the event that they fail. ...
Smart work services can help to reduce work time and help to remove irrational processes in the process of product management, by providing proper information promptly. To make the smart work environment, the system has to be in a data-driven manner so that the data can keep its consistency. Preexisting data acquisition method in inspection job is almost based on documents or handover from other engineers. However, sometimes it produces inconsistent data which is different from updated information and it leads to potential risk factors. To prevent and reduce inconstant information between users and updated information, this paper suggests radio-frequency identification device (RFID) and cloud technology.
... A particular area of relevance to the work in this paper is the integration and interconnection of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and geographic tracking mechanisms in physical products. Siror et al. (2010) for example, describe worldwide trade scenarios and how the use of IoT technologies can be used to enhance the processes of checking and tracking international shipments, particularly the inspections required by customs officials. Their use of IoT processes is primarily to improve the security of shipments through customs inspections and whilst in transit. ...
... Challenges relevant to this type of transaction, as well as other forms of e-commerce, include counterfeiting, smuggling and piracy. The use of RFID, tracking and messaging technologies was shown, in simulations, to be effective at improving the processes and highlighting undesirable actions taking place (Siror et al., 2010). ...
This work ties together existing literature relating to the functions and contributions of eBay and online trading, discussing them in a cohesive, meta-analytic fashion. To further increase knowledge in the field, two studies have been undertaken to present a view of current online trading practices in the United Kingdom (UK). Data was collected by conducting online questionnaires and performing interviews using the Repertory Grid technique. This method has its roots in Personal Construct Psychology and allows for the expression of
participants’ perceptions and preferences in their own terms or personal constructs.
Investigations found that eBay is considered by the
public to be the place to take part in online auctions, despite the availability of other ways to buy therein. Multi-channel retailing considers eBay a separate channel. Local retailers, however, are venturing in to independent online retailing rather than opening
eBay stores. Shoppers make purchase decisions based on several factors and select different purchase methods dependent on personal preferences, need and mood. Reputation on eBay is still a major factor in purchase decisions. Astoundingly, some users suspect that they have been victims of auction fraud but have chosen not to report it.
This study demonstrates how activity conducted online can have implications across multiple sectors. In particular, the concepts of trust, reputation, change in methods of commerce, and social interaction are discussed in the domain of the emerging Internet of
Things (IoT).
... A particular area of relevance to the work in this paper is the integration and interconnection of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and geographic tracking mechanisms in physical products. Siror et al. (2010) for example, describe worldwide trade scenarios and how the use of IoT technologies can be used to enhance the processes of checking and tracking international shipments, particularly the inspections required by customs officials. Their use of IoT processes is primarily to improve the security of shipments through customs inspections and whilst in transit. ...
... Challenges relevant to this type of transaction, as well as other forms of e-commerce, include counterfeiting, smuggling and piracy. The use of RFID, tracking and messaging technologies was shown, in simulations, to be effective at improving the processes and highlighting undesirable actions taking place (Siror et al., 2010). ...
... Passive tags can be used for local navigation at footpath crossings etc., whereas active ones are better for global navigation, both in-and outdoor: the name of a landmark like a shop in the GIS for position calibration if GPS or Wi-Fi reception is not available. See also Section 3. In principle, GPS and Wi-Fi can also be supplemented by a realtime location tracking system if the user wears an active RFID tag [13], but this solution requires tag readers at many strategic locations. ...
The goal of the Portuguese project "SmartVision: active vision for the blind" is to develop a small, portable and cheap yet intelligent and reliable system for assisting the blind and visually impaired while navigating autonomously, both in- and outdoor. In this article we present an overview of the prototype, design issues, and its different modules which integrate GPS and Wi-Fi localisation with a GIS, passive RFID tags, and computer vision. The prototype addresses global navigation for going to some destiny, by following known landmarks stored in the GIS in combination with path optimisation, and local navigation with path and obstacle detection just beyond the reach of the white cane. The system does not replace the white cane but complements it, in order to alert the user to looming hazards. In addition, computer vision is used to identify objects on shelves, for example in a pantry or refrigerator. The user-friendly interface consists of a four-button hand-held box, a vibration actuator in the handle of the white cane, and speech synthesis. In the near future, passive RFID tags will be complemented by active tags for marking navigation landmarks, and speech recognition may complement or substitute the vibration actuator.
... Passive tags can be used for local navigation at footpath crossings etc., whereas active ones are better for global navigation, both in-and outdoor: the name of a landmark like a shop in the GIS for position calibration if GPS or Wi-Fi reception is not available. See also Section 3. In principle, GPS and Wi-Fi can also be supplemented by a realtime location tracking system if the user wears an active RFID tag [13], but this solution requires tag readers at many strategic locations. ...
The goal of the Portuguese project "SmartVision: active vision for the blind" is to develop a small, portable and cheap yet intelligent and reliable system for assisting the blind and visually impaired while navigating autonomously, both in- and outdoor. In this article we present an overview of the prototype, design issues, and its different modules which integrate GPS and Wi-Fi localisation with a GIS, passive RFID tags, and computer vision. The prototype addresses global navigation for going to some destiny, by following known landmarks stored in the GIS in combination with path optimisation,
and local navigation with path and obstacle detection just beyond the reach of the white cane. The system does not replace the white cane but complements it, in order to alert the user to looming hazards. In addition, computer vision is used to identify objects on shelves, for example in a pantry or refrigerator. The user-friendly interface consists of a four-button hand-held box, a vibration actuator in the handle of the white cane, and speech synthesis. In the near future, passive RFID tags will be complemented by active tags for marking navigation landmarks, and speech recognition may complement or substitute the vibration actuator.
