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Scores of cosmetic surgery patients and non-patients before surgery (T2) and after surgery (T4) on seven variables. Means adjusted for selective attrition. BASS, Body Area Satisfaction Scale ; SCL, Hopkins Symptom Checklist ; EAT, Eating Attitude Test.
Source publication
There is limited information about psychological predictors of cosmetic surgery and how cosmetic surgery influences subsequent changes in mental health and overall appearance satisfaction. To date, there is a lack of studies examining this issue, whereby representative population samples are assessed at an age before cosmetic surgery is typically c...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... the patients, 65 underwent one operation, four patients had two, one patient four, and one pa- tient five operations. Thus, a total of 82 surgical pro- cedures were performed. Of the surgery conducted, 22 (26.8 %) operations were breast augmentations, 16 (19.5 %) breast reductions, and four (4.9 %) breast lifts. Furthermore, 13 (15.9 %) liposuctions, six (7.3 %) ear operations, four (4.9 %) rhinoplasties, four (4.9 %) birth mark operations, three (3.7 %) abdominoplasties, two (2.4 %) scar corrections and two (2.4 %) eyelid op- erations were performed. The remaining six (7.3 %) operations could not be categorized in any of the sur- gery types mentioned above. Among patients with multiple operations, the most common combinations were multiple liposuctions and breast reduction or augmentation combined with liposuction. The mean age at which surgery was conducted was 24.61 (S.D.=3.90) years. Table 1 displays descriptive statistics and corre- lations between all variables. The results show similar correlations between the majority of variables for T2 and T4, and generally low correlations between most study variables and sociodemographics. Regression analyses showed that none of the sociodemographic variables were significantly related to cosmetic sur- gery (all p's >0.05). The variables were therefore not included as covariates in the following analyses. Table 1. Means, standard deviations (S.D.) and correlations of 17 variables at T2 (below diagonal) and T4 (above diagonal Figures 1 and 2 display statistics for all variables at T2 and T4 for cosmetic surgery patients and non- patients separately. To facilitate comparison of mean score differences between patients and non-patients, the values in Fig. 1 are displayed as standardized values, with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of ...
Citations
... Such findings suggest a growing cosmetic surgery market in Norway. A paucity of recent studies [2,[5][6][7], and/or a national registry governing such surgeries, however, imply a notable lack of data substantiating such claims. Importantly, as the sole aim of cosmetic surgery is to improve outer appearance, such surgeries lack a medical indication. ...
Objectives
Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is a common postoperative sequela. Despite the increasing popularity of cosmetic surgeries, there is a notable lack of research on CPSP in this context, with existing studies focusing on breast surgeries only. To address existing gaps in knowledge, the objective of the present study was to investigate the self-reported prevalence of cosmetic surgery and associated CPSP among Norwegian adults.
Methods
An online questionnaire consisting of three questions inquiring prior cosmetic surgeries, associated CPSP, and whether participants had sought for pain management was constructed and distributed among adults residing in Norway.
Results
Between November 30, 2022 and December 16, 2022, 1,746 participants were recruited. 10% of respondents, 73.3% of which were female, affirmed to have undergone cosmetic surgery. About 1 in 4 of these was aged 18–29 years. The prevalence of CPSP was 12.6%. CPSP was five times more common among male, compared to female respondents. While about two thirds of participants indicating to have experienced CPSP were aged 18–29 years, CPSP was much less common among individuals of other ages.
Conclusion
Consistent with international trends, there appears to be a young and growing population of cosmetic surgery consumers in Norway. According to our results, about 1 in 8 of these might be affected by CPSP, a condition that is notoriously hard to treat and weighting heavily on public healthcare and social welfare systems. Large-scale longitudinal studies further investigating the topic are thus urgently needed.
... The rising popularity of cosmetic surgery has grasped researchers' attention and so there are many empirical studies conducted to explore the psychological aspects of cosmetic surgeries. These studies provide valuable insights like the finding that a desire to pursue cosmetic surgery and psychopathology are correlated (Latham, 2010;Sarwer et al., 2004), and that psychological symptoms get actually worse postoperatively (Von Soest et al., 2012). Suicidality and depression sometimes emerge following cosmetic surgery (Honigman et al., 2004;Wang et al., 2020), and some actually become addicted to cosmetic surgeries (Kim & Cho Chung, 2014). ...
The popularity of cosmetic surgery procedures has considerably increased in the past decades. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of physical appearance comparisons between perceived invalidation of emotion (PIE) and attitude towards cosmetic surgery. A non-probability purposive sample of female undergraduate university students (N = 200), between the ages of 18–23 (Mage= 21.08, SD = 1.15), was recruited from both public and private universities across Lahore, Pakistan. All participants completed The Perceived Invalidation of Emotion Scale, The Physical Appearance Comparison Scale-Revised and The Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. Findings showed a significant positive relationship between PIE and attitude towards cosmetic surgery across all its dimensions namely social, intrapersonal and personal consideration of surgery; as well as, a significant positive relationship between physical appearance comparisons and all dimensions of attitude towards cosmetic surgery. It was also found that physical appearance comparisons play a mediating role between PIE and all dimensions of attitude towards cosmetic surgery except the intrapersonal. The research results provide beneficial implications for mental health professionals where these findings can help them understand their client’s emotional concerns including appearance comparisons regarding cosmetic surgery. They can in turn help clients make informed decisions, without inappropriate affective forecasting and with independence from appearance and approval of others.
... As such, poor psychological functioning and a greater desire for cosmetic procedures may entail. 14,15 Cosmetic procedures are usually driven by the desire to increase self-confidence and thinking favorably of one's self, or their desire to fit in. Therefore, the greater the psychological investment in physical appearance and internalization of mass media messages of beauty, the more favorable the attitude toward cosmetic procedures. ...
... the rate of suicidal death is 700,000 people annually. Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death among [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] year-olds (1). Women are more prone to have suicidal thoughts than males due to gender inequalities (2). ...
... According to Von Soest et al., a number of mental health issues may indicate a need for aesthetic surgery. But it does not appear that cosmetic surgery will help these mental health issues (18). Patients with implants show a higher risk of suicide in cohort research; although this association was not seen in people who had other types of plastic surgery (19). ...
Objective: Having cosmetic breast implants increases a woman's chance of suicide, which is now a global challenge. This systematic review evaluated the possible risk of suicide among women who undergo cosmetic breast implants. Method: This meta-analysis was done based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). In the current systematic review and meta-analysis, we systematically searched for all articles written in both English or Persian that estimated the prevalence of suicidal ideation in women who had cosmetic breast implants. We systematically searched different databases, including MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, Library ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar, from inception to March 2021. There was also a search for references. Suicidal ideation, a suicide plan, or suicide attempts were the outcomes. In order to determine the total pooled prevalence of suicidal ideation, we utilized a random-effects model. To examine the risks of bias in each study, we applied the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal method. Results: We identified 218 citations in our initial search. After omitting duplicated citations and excluding irrelevant studies according to the title and abstract selection, 42 studies were chosen for the full text analysis. Finally, 11 research, examining a total of 324,332 women were incorporated into the systematic review and critical appraisal assessment. Eight of these studies were found to be eligible for meta-analysis. The frequency of suicide in women with cosmetic breast implant was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1% to 0.4%; P < 0.001) (Q-value: 168.143, I2:95.83). Most of the included studies had moderate quality. Conclusion: There might be a correlation between cosmetic breast implants and suicide risk, which could be stronger in the presence of a history of mental illnesses. The evidence about the possible effects of breast implants.
... This wise and cautious medical practice is what is required by the Principle of Beneficence/ non-Maleficence, that looks for the least harm possible to be done [31]. In general terms, the prudent thing to do would be to ask for the psychological profiling of patients to ensure an effective psychological management and improvement [32], even if this is not being done in the majority of aesthetic clinics. The increase of people with BDD, uneasiness or anxiety that go to these types of clinics must be taken into account. ...
The beneficence of the patient in non-reconstructive aesthetic surgeries must always include not only the physical well-being, but the psychological well-being of the patient as well. This issue has been proven to be effectively targeted with the use of psychological consulting in those cases where the medical team ascertains the existence of psychological alterations. In said cases, for the beneficence and best interest of the patient, the ethical and medical choice is not to undergo the surgical procedure. Applying the Principle of Beneficence in aesthetic patients with stringency demands the use of psychological treatment to target the cause of the corporal discomfort or unsatisfaction. If the wrong can be treated it must always be eliminated as the seed that causes the damage, the complex or discontent and not merely attain the effects through surgery. There has been an increase of cases where the root of the problem is not of physical nature but psychological. In these cases, the use of a scalpel would not achieve beneficence.
... In the 20th century, especially in recent decades, new interpretations have been brought about beauty and it has been defined as a set of components such as fitness, cosmetics, clothing, attractiveness, and perfection [4]. ...
... 10 A number of mental health symptoms, including depression, deliberate self-harm, suicidal ideation, anxiety, and illicit drug use, might predict an individual's likelihood of seeking cosmetic procedures. 11 Although previous studies have explored the demographics, social characteristics, and motivations of individuals seeking a broader range of minimally invasive cosmetic procedures, including botulinum toxin injections and soft tissue filler injections, 12,13 there are as yet no known studies exploring in-depth motivations for lip filler procedures. More specifically there are no studies investigating the motivations of those individuals whose outcomes distort the normal anatomical range. ...
Background:
Lip Filler enhancement has fast become one of the most popular minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. Motivations for 'over-treatment' with lip fillers are poorly understood.
Objectives:
To explore women's motivations for and experiences of procedures that achieve an aesthetic of distorted lip anatomy.
Methods:
Twenty-four women who had undergone lip filler procedures resulting in strikingly distorted lip anatomy, determined using The Harris Classification of Filler Spread, took part in semi-structured interviews about their motivations, experiences and perceptions related to lip-fillers. A qualitative thematic analysis was carried out.
Results:
Four major themes are discussed: (1) the normalization of lip-fillers, (2) perceptual drift which is mediated by exposure to repetitive images of larger lips on social media, (3) perceived financial and social benefits of larger lips, and (4) the relationship between mental health and seeking repeated lip filler procedures.
Conclusions:
Motivations for seeking lip fillers vary, however most women described social media impacting perceived aesthetic norms. We describe a process of perceptual drift where mental schema encoding expectations of 'natural' facial anatomy can adapt through repeated exposure to enhanced images. Our results can inform aesthetic practitioners and policy makers seeking to understand and support those seeking minimally-invasive cosmetic procedures.
... When the literature is examined, it is seen that the focus is on demographic, psychosocial, and individual differences associated with considering aesthetic surgery. Studies have shown that women are more interested in aesthetic surgery than men 6,10,11 ; it is seen that individuals between the ages of 20-30 mostly want to have aesthetic surgery 12 , people with high BMI think of having aesthetic surgery more often 6,13 , and it is seen that the physical appearance of individuals affects the attitude towards aesthetic surgery 10,14 . It is essential to evaluate the reasons for application from a psychosocial point of view before any surgical intervention for individuals who will undergo aesthetic surgery. ...
... It has been determined that aesthetic surgery causes negative results such as pain, depression, and low self-esteem, especially men who are not satisfied with their physical appearance consider aesthetic surgery 5,21,28,29, and the comments and mockery of men about their physical appearance by their friends positively affect their attitudes towards aesthetic surgery [30][31][32][33] . Although there are studies in the literature that support women's positive attitude towards aesthetic surgery 5,10,11,34,35 , plastic surgery is also popular among men 21,28,36 . This result shows that men's interest in aesthetic surgery has increased. ...
... In addition to physical appearance, health problems are an essential factor that creates a positive perspective on aesthetic surgery. In this study, students thought that health problems were effective in accepting aesthetic surgery, and it was determined that the personal, social sub-dimension and total scores of the scale were significantly higher ( 11 reported that eating problems, alcohol use, and suicide attempts also affected attitudes towards aesthetic surgery. Our research result, which parallels the literature, can be explained by the fact that the nursing students in the study know about health problems due to their professional status and the physiological, psychological, and social effects of these problems on people. ...
Aim: This study evaluated nursing students' personal, social, and intellectual perspectives on aesthetic (cosmetic) surgery. Material and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted with 1 st and 4 th-year students studying at the nursing of a state university. A total of 435 students who met the research criteria were included in the study. The data of the study were collected using the Student Introductory Information Form and the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale (ACCS). Descriptive statistical analyses were used in the study, and ethical committee and institutional permissions were obtained. Results: The average age of the students participating in the study was 21.66±3.46. The ACCS personal sub-dimension mean score (23.48±7.01) was found to be higher than the social (12.52±7.55) and intellectual (17.56±8.53) sub-dimension mean scores. In addition, it was determined that the attitude towards plastic surgery was more positive (median=54.00) among 4 th-year students. Conclusion: This study determined that students accepted aesthetic surgery at a moderate level, male students had higher social motivation related to aesthetic surgery, students were affected by the media news in accepting aesthetic surgery, and those 4th-year students had a more positive attitude towards aesthetic surgery. In summary, it can be said that the fact that the students in our sample are both young and health workers affect their attitudes towards plastic surgery positively.
... Cosmetic plastic surgery has increased substantially worldwide in recent years [8]. Several physical and psychological undesirable outcomes have been reported after cosmetic surgeries, including chronic and neurological disease, anxiety, depression and persistent body dissatisfaction [9]. ...
Background. Viewing Instagram altered images of attractive women has negative effects on women’s body image. This study examined the effects of exposure to a ‘before’ and ‘after’ retouched image, in combination with a disclaimer, on female Instagram users’ thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction and acceptance of cosmetic surgery.
Methods. An experimental design with a control group without pretesting was adopted. Participants (N = 105) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group 1 was exposed to a replica of an Instagram post with an enhanced image of a woman; Group 2 was shown the same enhanced image and the original one in combination with a disclaimer that the enhanced image had been digitally edited; Group 3 (the control) was exposed to a neutral image.
Results. The MANOVA showed that participants in Group 2 reported lower levels of thin-ideal internalization and acceptance of cosmetic surgery for social reasons compared to those in Group 1. Contrary to our hypothesis, the degree of body dissatisfaction was not significantly different among the three groups.
Conclusions. The present study could be promising for the development of brief interventions aimed at reducing the negative effects of Instagram exposure on young women’s body image.
... 46 48 Results of other studies have indicated that more women than men undergo cosmetic surgery, which is consistent with the results of the present study. 39,40,49 Studies in the United States and Saudi Arabia have reported a significant relationship between income levels and cosmetic surgery. 39,40 In various studies, having mental and personality disorders has been reported as a predictor of having cosmetic surgery and desire to perform it. ...
... 39,40 In various studies, having mental and personality disorders has been reported as a predictor of having cosmetic surgery and desire to perform it. 49,50 In our study, the desire towards having cosmetic surgery was only significantly associated with the mental health variable (having symptoms of mental disorder). In a study in Norway, symptoms of depression and anxiety were predictors of a desire to have cosmetic surgery. ...
... In a study in Norway, symptoms of depression and anxiety were predictors of a desire to have cosmetic surgery. 49 The results of the study of Soheylizad et al. in Iran are consistent with the findings of our study. In that study, there was no significant relationship between spiritual health and the desire for performing cosmetic surgery. ...
Background and Aims
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and desire towards performing elective cosmetic surgery and its relationship with socioeconomic, mental, and spiritual health in Sanandaj, the capital of Kurdistan province in the west of Iran.
Methods
This cross‐sectional descriptive‐analytical study was performed on 492 subjects in Sanandaj using multistage sampling method. Data collection tools included two checklists and two questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using the Chi‐square test and multiple logistics regression model by the help of SPSS software version 20.
Results
The mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 32.58 (9.67) years. The prevalence of cosmetic surgery and the desire to perform it were 12.8% (n = 63) and 19.1% (n = 94), respectively. The most common type of cosmetic surgery was rhinoplasty with 5.5% (n = 27). The prevalence of symptoms of mental disorders among people with cosmetic surgery and people willing to perform cosmetic surgery was significantly higher than all subjects (p < 0.001). Female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–3.68) and having mild (OR = 3.01 95% CI: 1.06–3.68) and moderate to severe symptoms of mental disorder (OR = 7.59; 95% CI: 3.90–14.75) were among the influential variables on performing cosmetic surgery.
Conclusion
Both the prevalence and desire towards performing cosmetic surgery are high in Sanandaj and this needs the attention of health policy makers. Designing targeted interventions with an emphasis on the findings of this study is proposed to reduce these practices.
