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Scheme of the semi-batch reactor system for the evaluation of heterogeneous catalysts in the degradation of ibuprofen.
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The presence of pharmaceuticals in surface water, drinking water, and wastewater has attracted significant concern because of the non-biodegradability, resistance, and toxicity of pharmaceutical compounds. The catalytic ozonation of an anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical, ibuprofen was investigated in this work. The reaction mixture was analyzed and m...
Citations
... Although H 2 O 2 was not intentionally added during the course of the IB degradation in the presented studies, it is noteworthy that H 2 O 2 can be formed in systems catalyzed with Fe-FSM-16, particularly under UV-induced photodegradation conditions [32]. In addition, the interaction between metal NPs and IB plays an important role in facilitating IB adsorption onto the catalyst surface, improving the contact between the catalyst and the target molecule, and thus promoting its degradation [35,36]. ...
There is an increasing concern about the presence of various types of pharmaceuticals in drinking water, as long-term exposure of people to even low concentrations of drugs can lead to many problems, such as endocrine disorders or drug resistance. As the removal in sewage treatment plants is not effective enough, as indicated, among others, by the EC and OECD reports, it is justified to search for new materials that will allow for an effective and rapid reduction of these pollutants in water. Therefore, in our work, catalytically active nanomaterials containing platinum group metals (PGMs) were synthesized from model and real multicomponent solutions and examined in reactions of organic compounds. The nanoparticles (NPs) were obtained from real solutions from the hydrometallurgical processing of spent automotive converters (SACs), and to the best of our knowledge, the novelty of the proposed paper is the application of solutions from SAC processing as precursors for PGM–NPs. The synthesized PGM–NPs were deposited on a support (TiO2), characterized and, finally, examined as nanocatalysts in a degradation reaction of ibuprofen (IB) from model aqueous solutions. The degree of IB degradation reached more than 90%. The main products of IB degradation were p-isobutylphenol and CO2.
... Metal modifications are carried out for 24 h in a rotatory evaporator equipped with a water bath. After completion of synthesis, the aqueous phase is evaporated and the catalyst is removed from the flask, followed by drying and calcination in a muffle oven [219]. ...
Fine chemicals are produced in small annual volume batch processes (often <10,000 tonnes per year), with a high associated price (usually > $10/kg). As a result of their usage in the production of speciality chemicals, in areas including agrochemicals, fragrances and pharmaceuticals, their necessity will remain high for the foreseeable future. This review article assesses current methods used to produce fine chemicals with heterogeneous catalysts, including both well-established methods as well as newer experimental methods. A wide range of methods utilising microporous and mesoporous catalysts has been explored, including their preparation and modification before use in industry. Their potential drawbacks, as well as benefits, have been analysed, with their feasibility compared to newer, recently emerging catalysts. The field of heterogeneous catalysis for fine chemical production is a dynamic and ever-changing area of research. This deeper insight into catalytic behaviour and material properties will produce more efficient, selective, and sustainable processes in the fine chemical industry. The findings from this article will provide an excellent foundation for further exploration and a critical review in this field of fine chemical production using micro- and mesoporous heterogeneous catalysts.
... Reactions of ozone with ibuprofen led to formation of byproducts and among them the most probable are ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids (Ikhlaq et al. 2015). A high number of papers have reported the generation of some byproducts of IBU upon the action of the OH radicals generated during ozonation (Michael et al. 2014;Saeid et al. 2020;Huang et al. 2021;Brillas 2022;Krakstrom et al. 2022). Three parallel oxidation pathways after initial degradation of ibuprofen by ·OH are possible: hydroxylation, demethylation, and decarboxylation ( Fig. 5) (Brillas 2022). ...
... Additionally, they can interact with each other and create various byproducts (Brillas 2022). The obtained results revealed three intermediates, i.e., 2-(4-(1-Hydroxy-2-methyl propyl)phenyl) propanoic acid formed during hydroxylation and further oxidation (Saeid et al. 2020), 2-(4-isobutylphenyl) ethanoic acid (demethylation and further oxidation) (Michael et al. 2014), and 4-isobutylacetophenone in result of decarboxylation and further oxidation (Fig. 5) (Huang et al. 2021). The molecular masses of the identified by-products are as follows: 221.12 Da,193.12 ...
The investigations on the removal of ibuprofen (IBU) in a hybrid system coupling ozonation and nanofiltration with functionalized catalytic ceramic membrane are presented. The gaseous ozone into feed water in concentration of 11 g Nm⁻³ was supplied. Positive influence of catalytic ozonation on ibuprofen decomposition was observed. The application of catalytic nanofiltration membrane led to the ibuprofen removal of 91% after the first 15 min from the beginning of the O3/NF process, while at the same time, for the pristine membrane, it was equal to 76%. The investigations revealed incomplete degradation of drug under pH 3 after 2 h, i.e., 89%. On the other hand, the addition of inorganic salts did not affect the catalytic ibuprofen removal efficiency. Under acidic pH, the highest permeate flux decline (26%) was noted, whereas no differences between permeate flux measured under natural and alkaline conditions were observed. During the treatment process, three IBU by-products were detected, which significantly affected the permeate toxicity; however, after 2 h of catalytic nanofiltration, the product of treatment process was found as non-toxic.
... To interpret the kinetics data, several assumptions must be made based on the experimental observations. First, as only ibuprofen and 1-OXO ibuprofen were detected, an in-series reaction mechanism was proposed, passing through the formation of 1-OH ibuprofen [48]. Thus, the following reaction mechanism was imposed: ...
Ibuprofen is one the most used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which is considered an emerging pollutant that may contaminate surface and underground water. Photodegradation using nanomaterials is one of the most sustainable and cheap technologies that can be used in water purification. In this study, the photodegradation efficiency of in-house prepared ceria (CeO2) nanostructured materials towards ibuprofen was assessed under UV irradiation. CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared through wet-chemical synthesis and characterized by several techniques. The photodegradation activity of the synthesized CeO2-NPs was compared to the commercial Aeroxide TiO2-P25. Small crystalline CeO2-NPs were obtained with about 15 nm particle size, band-gap of 3.1 eV with irregular morphology. The surface area of CeO2-NPs was estimated to be 76 ± 5 m²/g. Dynamic light scattering analysis revealed that these nanoparticles have a strong tendency to self-aggregate and to form clusters in aqueous suspension. The results showed a slightly better performance of Aeroxide TiO2-P25 compared to CeO2-NPs. On the other hand, five reusability tests confirmed the stability of CeO2-NPs in the reaction conditions, without any significant effect on their photodegradation activity. The goodness of the kinetic modeling of the experimental data was proven through the estimated kinetic parameters, together with the statistical information. The temperature effect confirmed that the higher the temperature, the greater the dissociation rate. Thus, there is a direct relationship between temperature, reaction rate, and the activation energy for each reaction. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters, namely: changes in Gibbs free energy (∆G°), enthalpy (∆H°), and entropy (∆S°) have been reported revealing the efficient photodegradation performance of CeO2-NPs.
... The flat line in the end of the degradation graph means increasing the operational time of the batch reactor did not result in significant increases in removal. It is possible that this slower biodegradation was due to the high branched structure and having the presence of substitutions at the para position of the aromatic ring; therefore, ibuprofen has high biodegradation resistance (Saeid et al., 2020). Moreover, similar to cyclic compounds less susceptible to biodegradation than the aliphatic compounds, ibuprofen being a polycyclic aromatic compound can be less vulnerable to biodegradation than monocyclic ones (Marchlewicz et al., 2017). ...
This study examined the biodegradation of two pharmaceuticals-acetaminophen, and ibuprofen, and one natural organic surrogate-salicylic acid, by bacteria seeded from backwash water collected from a full-scale biofiltration plant. The degradation was studied in the presence of oxygen. Complete removal of salicylic acid was observed in 27-66 h depending on the seasonality of the collected backwash water, while 90-92% acetaminophen removal was observed in more than 225 h. Ibuprofen demonstrated poor removal efficiencies with only 50% biodegradation after 230 h. Adenosine tri phosphate (ATP) in the reactor was found to be linked with the biodegradation rate. ATP was found to be correlated with oxygen uptake rate (OUR). ATP also had a correlation with each of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), protein, and polysaccharides. These results highlight the potential for increasing the biodegradation rates to achieve enhanced contaminant removal.
... This results in the formation of intermediates or by-products such as HO2· and H2O2 that undergo further oxidation reactions until the organic compounds are fully mineralized [12]. Therefore, ultra-violet light, Fenton reactions, ultrasound, and ozonation have been used to destroy, degrade, or oxidize organic compounds, either by themselves or with the addition of H2O2, TiO2, and many types of iron [13][14][15][16] or non-iron based heterogeneous catalysts such as zeolites [17]. ...
In this study, a combination of an ozone gas producer and an ultrafine-bubble compressor was used to degrade tetracycline, which is a well-known antibiotic and medicine commonly used in human and animal care, and effects of varying the reaction parameters were studied. Experiments indicate that each gram of introducing ozone can degrade 2.72 g of tetracycline at pH 3 and 1.48 g at pH 11. However, basic conditions contribute to increased mineralization of tetracycline because of the ·OH radical oxidation mechanism. Higher reaction temperatures and higher ozone dosages enhance the reactivity between the ozone molecules, ·OH radicals, and tetracycline, resulting in a decline in the toxicity of the tetracycline solution as measured by cell viability. The mineralization of organic compounds is the key to decreasing the toxicity of the solution. Ultrafine-bubble ozonation can provide homogeneity of gas bubbles in solution hence it not only reduces the requirement of ozone and thus the operational cost of the reaction, but also extends the efficacy of the method to the treatment of solutions with high tetracycline concentrations.
... The Special Issue of Catalysts contains 12 published papers. One of these published papers is a review article [1] regarding the processes theory for irregular pores; the remaining 11 are research papers [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The research paper on Zn-Co@N-Doped carbon derived from ZIFs for high-efficiency synthesis of ethyl methyl carbonate and the formation of ZnO and the interaction between Co and Zn [2] elaborates on the synthesis and characterization of the Zn-Co-modified zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) for the synthesis of ethyl methyl carbonate. ...
... Taking into consideration the limited water resources, development of green processes for purifications of pharmaceutical contaminated water is of immense importance. An advanced oxidation process for degradation of carbamazepine from aqueous solutions using metal modified microporous, mesoporous catalysts is covered in [6,8,9]. The research paper reports the metal-modified catalytic materials for removal of pharmaceuticals from the wastewater. ...
Microporous zeolites and related nanoporous materials have been studied intensively in academic and industrial laboratories around the world [...]
Fine chemicals are produced in small annual volume batch processes (often <10,000 tonnes per year), with a high associated price (usually >USD 10/kg). As a result of their usage in the production of speciality chemicals, in areas including agrochemicals, fragrances, and pharmaceuticals, the need for them will remain high for the foreseeable future. This review article assesses current methods used to produce fine chemicals with heterogeneous catalysts, including both well-established and newer experimental methods. A wide range of methods, utilising microporous and mesoporous catalysts, has been explored, including their preparation and modification before use in industry. Their potential drawbacks and benefits have been analysed, with their feasibility compared to newer, recently emerging catalysts. The field of heterogeneous catalysis for fine chemical production is a dynamic and ever-changing area of research. This deeper insight into catalytic behaviour and material properties will produce more efficient, selective, and sustainable processes in the fine chemical industry. The findings from this article will provide an excellent foundation for further exploration and a critical review in the field of fine chemical production using micro- and mesoporous heterogeneous catalysts.
