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Scheme of relationships of the floristic provinces on the basis of analysis of the local endemism of vascular plants in the area (the number of endemic species for selected families occurring in Vietnamese portions of the provinces is taken as 100%). Large rings designate floristic regions: I – Sikang–Yunnan; II – South Chinese; III – North Indochinese; IV – Central Annamese; V – South Annamese; and VI – South Indochinese Provinces. Percentage numbers above the line in the large rings denote the relative proportion of strict endemics occurring only in a certain province (within Vietnam); percentage numbers below the line denote the relative proportion of Vietnamese endemics occurring in a certain province. Percentage numbers in the small rings denote the relative proportion of Vietnamese endemics occurring in the pairs of provinces connected by the line and show their relative floristic relationships.
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The main phytogeographic regions within the eastern part of the Indochinese Peninsula are delimited on the basis of analysis of recent literature on geology, geomorphology and climatology of the region, as well as numerous recent literature information on phytogeography, flora and vegetation. The following six phytogeographic regions (at the rank o...
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Context 1
... flora of the Sikang-Yunnan Province is very rich and diverse. It includes a large variety of endemic genera and a great number of endemic species (Takhtajan 1978(Takhtajan , 1986. About 15.3% of Vietnamese endemics occur in the Vietnamese portion of the Sikang-Yunnan Province. Local endemism of species is estimated here as 5.7% (Fig. 4). Some of these local plant endemics are reported for the following selected families: About 117 orchid species from 46 genera are known in the Vietnamese part of the Sikang- Yunnan Province. Among them a monotypic genus Hancockia and 11 local endemics, as reported in Table 4. The orchid flora of the Sikang-Yunnan Province is much ...
Context 2
... reported for this province (Takhtajan 1986;Skvortsova & Averyanov 1994;Wu Zhengyi & Wu Sugong 1998;. Approximately 32.7% of Vietnamese endemics occur in the Vietnamese portion of the South-Chinese Province. Among them 11.6% are local endemics with ranges limited by the boundary of the Vietnamese portion of the South- Chinese floristic province (Fig. 4) About 296 orchid species from 88 genera are known within this territory. Among them are 42 local endemics, reported in Table 5. B. ambrosia, B. andersonii, B. arcuatilabium, B. bisetoides, B. concinnum, B. emarginatum, B. fischeri, B. guttulatum, B. hirtum, B. hymenanthum, B. laxiflorum, B. longiflorum, B. macraei, B. macranthum, B. ...
Context 3
... Province (Linden 1994). Within the flora there are a few endemic genera, including Diphyllarium, Notodontia, Petelotiella and Vietorchis (Takhtajan 1986;Averyanov & Averyanova 2003). About 28.5% of all Vietnamese plant endemics occur in the North Indochinese Province and 8.6% of endemic Vietnamese species are local endemics of this province (Fig. 4). Endemic species of selected families are listed below: About 202 orchid species from 77 genera are reported from the North Indochinese Province. 12 species and one monotypic genus Vietorchis (Averyanov & Averyanova 2003) are local endemics of this area (Table 6). Undoubtedly the total number of orchids found in the North Indochinese ...
Context 4
... genus Indosinia (Ochnaceae) and a very isolated species, Pinus krempfii. This pine is sometimes regarded as a member of the separate monotypic coniferous genus Ducampopinus. Approximately 23.1% of known Vietnamese endemics occur in the South Annamese floristic province and about 9.9% of endemic Vietnamese species are local endemics of this area (Fig. 4). Endemic species of the area for selected families are listed below: Approximately 502 orchid species from 112 genera are presently known from the South Annamese Province. Among them 58 species are local endemics of this area (Table 8). The well known slipper orchid, Paphiopedilum delenatii, that is of outstanding significance in ...
Context 5
... on the available information and analysis of selected families, data on the level of local endemism observed within the floras of defined floristic provinces are presented schematically in Fig. 4. From this figure the highest level of endemism is observed in the flora of the South Chinese floristic province. About 32.7% of all known Vietnamese endemics occur in this province and approximately 11.6% are strict endemics of this area. The floras of the North Indochinese, Central Annamese, South Annamese and South Indochinese ...
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Wetlands are well known for their importance to biological diversity and ecosystem services. Yet palustrine or small wetlands within Southeast Asia have been little studied. This study sought to: 1) survey Kulen Promtep Wildlife Sanctuary (KPWS) of Cambodia and Yok Don National Park (YDNP) of Vietnam to determine if palustrine wetlands existed; 2)...
Citations
... The east coast of the Indochinese Peninsula stretches over 1600 km from north to south, and is a well-known transition zone from subtropical to tropical systems (Averyanov et al., 2003). Biogeographical studies of this region have been carried out on several terrestrial animal and plant taxa (e.g., Bain and Hurley, 2011;Poyarkov et al., 2021;Meng et al., 2022), and the relationship with climate differences between the north and south has been discussed (e.g., Averyanov et al., 2003;Bain and Hurley, 2011). ...
... The east coast of the Indochinese Peninsula stretches over 1600 km from north to south, and is a well-known transition zone from subtropical to tropical systems (Averyanov et al., 2003). Biogeographical studies of this region have been carried out on several terrestrial animal and plant taxa (e.g., Bain and Hurley, 2011;Poyarkov et al., 2021;Meng et al., 2022), and the relationship with climate differences between the north and south has been discussed (e.g., Averyanov et al., 2003;Bain and Hurley, 2011). In contrast, only a small number of studies have been conducted on the biogeography of aquatic organisms in this region (e.g., Do et al., 2018;Hoang et al., 2021a, b), and therefore it is unclear ...
... Although the boundary between them could not be determined from this study, we speculate that it lies somewhere between Da Nang City and the Mekong Delta. Temperatures in the Mekong Delta are relatively uniform throughout the year, but north of Da Nang there are more or less seasonal changes in temperature (of ~10°C or more) (Averyanov et al., 2003); this suggests that the presence or absence of seasonality might determine the distribution of the northern and southern populations. However, because the latitudinal variation in seasonality is gradual, it is unlikely that the northern and southern populations will be clearly separated by that alone. ...
... cm in diameter, above with very thick pentagonal callus (versus stigma about 2 cm in diameter, above with 4-5 radial, bifurcate swollen stripes). The species represents an integral element of primary limestone forests typical for N Vietnam and SE China, as outlined in the modern plant geography of Indochina as the South Chinese Floristic Province (Averyanov et al. 2003). Considering this, it can be expected to be found in Southeast China as well. ...
This paper continues the publication of Aspidistra species newly discovered in the flora of Vietnam. It includes an illustrated description of A. pentagona , found in the northern part of the country. Detailed analytical color illustrations, data on morphology and ecology, phenology, tentative relationships, distribution and expected conservation status are provided for the discovered species.
... These complex processes are considered mainly responsible for the species richness and the high degree of endemism of the flora and fauna of these regions (Chang-Fu et al. 1994, Chung-Fu 1994, Laumonier 1997, MacKinnon et al. 1997, Whitten et al. 1997, 2002, Axelrod et al. 1998, Averyanov et al. 2003, Roos et al. 2004, Van Welzen & Slik 2009, Lohman et al. 2011, Van Welzen et al. 2011, Li et al. 2013, including the disjunct distribution and high phenotypic diversity of the eight known Asian lineages of P. ramorum from Clade 8c . Accordingly, in East and Southeast Asia, the populations of Phytophthora in general (Zeng et al. 2009, Jung et al. 2017a and of Clade 2 are very diverse, exhibiting a high degree of endemism. ...
During 25 surveys of global Phytophthora diversity, conducted between 1998 and 2020, 43 new species were detected in natural ecosystems and,
occasionally, in nurseries and outplantings in Europe, Southeast and East Asia and the Americas. Based on a multigene phylogeny of nine nuclear and four
mitochondrial gene regions they were assigned to five of the six known subclades, 2a–c, e and f, of Phytophthora major Clade 2 and the new subclade 2g.
The evolutionary history of the Clade appears to have involved the pre-Gondwanan divergence of three extant subclades, 2c, 2e and 2f, all having disjunct
natural distributions on separate continents and comprising species with a soilborne and aquatic lifestyle and, in addition, a few partially aerial species in
Clade 2c; and the post-Gondwanan evolution of subclades 2a and 2g in Southeast/East Asia and 2b in South America, respectively, from their common
ancestor. Species in Clade 2g are soilborne whereas Clade 2b comprises both soil-inhabiting and aerial species. Clade 2a has evolved further towards an
aerial lifestyle comprising only species which are predominantly or partially airborne. Based on high nuclear heterozygosity levels ca. 38 % of the taxa in
Clades 2a and 2b could be some form of hybrid, and the hybridity may be favoured by an A1/A2 breeding system and an aerial life style. Circumstantial
evidence suggests the now 93 described species and informally designated taxa in Clade 2 result from both allopatric non-adaptive and sympatric adaptive
radiations. They represent most morphological and physiological characters, breeding systems, lifestyles and forms of host specialism found across the
Phytophthora clades as a whole, demonstrating the strong biological cohesiveness of the genus. The finding of 43 previously unknown species from a single
Phytophthora clade highlight a critical lack of information on the scale of the unknown pathogen threats to forests and natural ecosystems, underlining the
risk of basing plant biosecurity protocols mainly on lists of named organisms. More surveys in natural ecosystems of yet unsurveyed regions in Africa, Asia,
Central and South America are needed to unveil the full diversity of the clade and the factors driving diversity, speciation and adaptation in Phytophthora.
... Indochina is a part of the Indo-Burma region which is one of the biodiversity hotspots globally (Myers et al., 2000). This region is known for its incredibly diverse vegetation types and species richness (Averyanov et al., 2003). Recently, numerous botanical studies have been conducted in this region and, consequently, many new records and new species have been described from the region (e.g. ...
Diplospora siamica is newly recorded for the flora of Vietnam. It was found in Muong La Nature Reserve, Son La Province, northern Vietnam. A description and colour photos of the species are provided. A key to Diplospora species in Vietnam is also given.
... (Asparagaceae), Elatostema balansae (Urticaceae), Ophiopogon tonkinensis (Asparagaceae), Begonia handelii (Begoniaceae). This area belongs to the South-Chinese floristic province according to Averyanov et al. (2003). The species are common in neighboring territories of southern China (in particularly, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan and others), where it grow in the forests and scrub on the alt. ...
Euonymus echinatus (Celastraceae), collected from Quang Ninh Province of northern Vietnam, is reported here as a new species record for the flora of Vietnam. The species belongs to Echinococcus section with unusual for the genus character-prickles capsules. Taxonomic notes, descriptions, photographs are provided, together with short notes on the distribution, ecology and phenology of Euonymus echinatus. The data on species diversity of Euonymus in Vietnam are summarized and an identification key is compiled (21 species).
... Vietnam is part of the Indo-Burma area which is one of the 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world [1]. This country is known for its incredibly diverse vegetation types and species, richness [2]. In recent decades, numerous botanical studies have been conducted by reputable researchers. ...
In this study, a unique species was collected in 2016 in Muong La Nature Reserve, Son La province, Northern Vietnam. This species differs from all other known Lonicera species in Vietnam by its recurved to coiled lower lip, and stamens and style long exserted from corolla tube. After consulting the relevant taxonomic literature, comparing with herbarium specimens, and double-checking on digital herbarium database, the species was identified as Lonicera longiflora (Lindley) Candolle. The species has been previously only known from China, and now firstly reported for the flora of Vietnam. A description and photographs are provided, together with short notes on the phenology, distribution, and ecology of Lonicera longiflora. Additionally, a morphological comparison with Lonicera hildebrandiana Collett & Hemsl. and Lonicera bournei Hemsl., and a key to Lonicera species in Vietnam are provided. The newly recorded species in this study pushes the total of Lonicera species in Vietnam to eleven.
... Vietnam is known worldwide for its high plant species diversity and endemism (Myers et al., 2000). It harbours >12,000 species of vascular plants (Pham, 1999;Nguyen, 2001) with vegetation ranging from montane and highland forests to coastal lowlands, and straddles a transition from a tropical to subtropical climate (Averyanov et al., 2003). Its plant species richness and endemism are closely associated with a complex topography, as well as strong precipitation seasonality driven by a monsoon climate (Averyanov et al., 2003). ...
... It harbours >12,000 species of vascular plants (Pham, 1999;Nguyen, 2001) with vegetation ranging from montane and highland forests to coastal lowlands, and straddles a transition from a tropical to subtropical climate (Averyanov et al., 2003). Its plant species richness and endemism are closely associated with a complex topography, as well as strong precipitation seasonality driven by a monsoon climate (Averyanov et al., 2003). However, in contrast to the knowledge of modern vegetation, our understanding of plant diversity history in Vietnam, an important region for the dispersal and exchange of biota between Southeast Asia and China (Morley, 2012;Hong and Blackmore, 2015), is still poor even after a long history of paleobotanical investigation (Zeiller, 1903;Colani, 1920;Tran and Trinh, 1975;Trinh, 1986Trinh, , 1995Trinh, , 1996Aung et al., 2020;Huang et al., 2022;Nguyen et al., 2022Nguyen et al., , 2023. ...
... under the influence of the EAM (Wang and Ho, 2002). Consequently, the current flora of northern Vietnam is characterized by both tropical and subtropical components associated with strong precipitation seasonality typical of modern Asian monsoon systems (Averyanov et al., 2003;Wei et al., 2022). To better understand the plant diversity response to paleoenvironmental conditions in northern Vietnam, we traced the records of plant fossils through the Eocene to present. ...
... The nomenclature and typifications follow the rules of ICN (Turland et al. 2018). General introduction to the Zingiberaceae and the genera of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam was provided by Leong-Škorničková & Newman (2015), while an introduction to the phytogeography of the region is outlined by Averyanov et al. (2003). Information on geography of Kon Chu Rang Nature Reserve is briefly summarised by Nuraliev et al. (2022). ...
During our floristic expedition in South Vietnam, a wild taxon Zingiber densissimum (sect. Cryptanthium) was recognized as a newly recorded species for the flora of Vietnam. The taxonomic treatment with a description is provided, along with photographs, distribution, ecology, a conservation assessment, and morphological comparison with its alliance species. It is similar to Zingiber orbiculatum and Z. mioga in having whitish flowers and bright yellow anthers but differs in many aspects of vegetative and reproductive characteristics. Moreover, a taxonomic key for all species of sect. Cryptanthium in Vietnam is included.
... The nomenclature and typifications follow the rules of ICN (Turland et al. 2018). General introduction to the Zingiberaceae and the genera of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam was provided by Leong-Škorničková & Newman (2015), while an introduction to the phytogeography of the region is outlined by Averyanov et al. (2003). Information on geography of Kon Chu Rang Nature Reserve is briefly summarised by Nuraliev et al. (2022). ...
Meistera muriformis (Zingiberaceae: Alpinioideae), a new species from southern Vietnam is described and illustrated. The description is accompanied by additional notes on etymology, ecology and phenology, distribution, and preliminary IUCN assessment. Notes on differences from morphologically similar congeners are provided. The new species is diagnosed from its morphologically closest species, Meistera stephanocolea, by prominently reticulate leaf sheaths, open flower type and small anther crest with no prominent lobes. The novelty brings the total number of species of Meistera in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam to 15. Morphological diversity and distribution of Meistera in these countries are briefly summarised, and an identification key is provided.
... Moreover, taking the latter into account, Takhtajian (1986) considered the Hoang Lien Son Range as part of the East Asian region of the Holarctic floristic kingdom and not the Indochinese region of the Paleotropic kingdom. Later (Averyanov 2003a), the range was treated as the place of penetration of many mountainous subtropical species into the south. This phenomenon is likely also maintained due to peculiar climate characteristics, which are discussed below. ...
Gymnomitrion vietnamicum sp. nov. is described from the Hoang Lien Son Range (North Vietnam), the southernmost outpost of the Sino-Himalayan flora and vegetation, wedged into the Indochinese floristic region of the Paleotropic Kingdom. The species is morphologically similar to G. blankae recently described from the territorially adjacent region-Yunnan Province of China-but differs in the structure of the stem, shape of apices of the leaf lobes and shoot coloration. At the same time, this morphological similarity contrasts with relatively high genetic differences, which show that each of the species is more closely related to other taxa that are much more morphologically different from them. Thus, the morphological similarity of the two compared taxa (G. vietnamicum and G. blankae) may imply convergence. The described new species again confirms the leading role of the Sino-Himalayas as the taxonomic diversity center of the morphologically well-defined "Apomarsupella" group, phylogenetically deeply nested within Gymnomitrion. Gymnomitrion vietnamicum is one of the most southern representatives of this group.
