Figure 3 - uploaded by Edyta Janik-Karpińska
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Mycotoxins represent a wide range of secondary, naturally occurring and practically unavoidable fungal metabolites. They contaminate various agricultural commodities like cereals, maize, peanuts, fruits, and feed at any stage in pre-or post-harvest conditions. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed can cause acute or chronic toxicity i...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... imprinted polymers (MIPs) is a synthetic method, which is designed to mimic natural recognition entities like antibodies and biological receptors with specificities similar to antibody-antigen interactions (Figure 3) [163]. During molecular imprinting, cross-linked polymers are formed by free-radical co-polymerization of functional monomers and a cross-linker in the presence of an analyte (like mycotoxins) serving as template [164]. ...
Citations
... Studies have assessed aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A levels in various types of tea, with estimated exposure levels ranging from 3 to 40% for aflatoxin B1 and 5-24% for ochratoxin A (Sedova et al. 2018). Various extraction and cleanup methods, including liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC), and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), have been used for mycotoxin analysis (Janik et al. 2021); Karami-Osboo et al. 2013). IAC columns are known as the main cleanup method for mycotoxins, but their high cost, sensitivity of the antibodies present in the columns to pH and organic solvents, expiration after a certain period of time, degradation if left at room temperature for a long period, etc. have led researchers to seek alternative methods (Castegnaro et al. 2006). ...
Tea is a widely consumed non-alcoholic beverage that can be contaminated with mycotoxins, including aflatoxins (AFs), which pose a significant health risk. In this study, a fast and accurate extraction method for the detection of AFs in black tea was developed and optimized. The method utilized Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to enhance the extraction efficiency. Various parameters, such as the type and amount of extraction solvents, dilution by water, MNP amount, and extraction model, were investigated to optimize the method. The proposed method demonstrated satisfactory analytical performance, with acceptable recoveries more than 70% and low LODs for all AFs were achieved. The developed nano extraction method was compared to immunoaffinity column chromatography (IAC) cleanup and showed comparable results. The advantages of the proposed method include high speed, low cost, and ease of use. Overall, the method offers a reliable and efficient option for the repetitive analysis of AFs in tea samples.
... The crucial limitation is that for detection of different mycotoxins, various sorbents are necessary; thus, there is no one cartridge for all mycotoxins. Furthermore, the analyte recovery efficiency may vary based on the solvent type, ionic strength, and pH of the sample [42]. ...
... Upon formation of the complex, interaction with a chromogenic substrate yields a measurable outcome. Besides its portability, fast execution time, and high specificity, ELISA kits are designed for single use, which may increase the cost of performing a screening analysis of many mycotoxins [42,45]. Furthermore, whether monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies are used, the detection sensitivity may vary. ...
... LFA is a low-cost, simple, paperbased test for the rapid identification and quantification of various analytes in mixtures of substances. The procedure involves the use of capillary beds resembling porous paper fragments to transport the analyte, while unique elements responsible for the recognition of the analyte of interest a ach to immobilized moieties on the membrane surface [42,58]. LFA has been used in many studies focused on the detection of mycotoxins in different food products. ...
Mycotoxins, secondary metabolites synthesized by various filamentous fungi genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Claviceps, and Alternaria, are potent toxic compounds. Their production is contingent upon specific environmental conditions during fungal growth. Arising as byproducts of fungal metabolic processes, mycotoxins exhibit significant toxicity, posing risks of acute or chronic health complications. Recognized as highly hazardous food contaminants, mycotoxins present a pervasive threat throughout the agricultural and food processing continuum, from plant cultivation to post-harvest stages. The imperative to adhere to principles of good agricultural and industrial practice is underscored to mitigate the risk of mycotoxin contamination in food production. In the domain of food safety, the rapid and efficient detection of mycotoxins holds paramount significance. This paper delineates conventional and commercial methodologies for mycotoxin detection in ensuring food safety, encompassing techniques like liquid chromatography, immunoassays, and test strips, with a significant emphasis on the role of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors, which are known for their high sensitivity and specificity. These are categorized into antibody-, and aptamer-based, as well as molecular imprinting methods. This paper examines the latest advancements in biosensors for mycotoxin testing, with a particular focus on their amplification strategies and operating mechanisms.
... Detectors for electron capture (ECD), flame ionization (FID), or mass spectrometry (MS) are frequently used with gas chromatography (GC) to identify volatile mycotoxins, including patulin and trichothecenes (Yang et al., 2020). Aflatoxin analysis can also be done using GC-MS, or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (Janik et al., 2021) and MS locates and categorizes the chemicals based on their mass-to-charge ratios. ...
Aflatoxin being a serious threat to public health and international trade, necessi-tates a comprehensive understanding and calculated response with effective inter-vention strategies. This review methodically looks at several aspects of aflatoxin, starting with how it affects international trade laws through feed and feed ingre-dient regulations. Aflatoxin contamination poses serious challenges to world health and the economy, especially in areas that are already at risk. Examining the varia-bles affecting aflatoxin toxicity, the paper clarifies aflatoxin toxicity's complex me-tabolism and the resulting health effects of exposure. The serious repercussions of aflatoxicosis outbreaks and their connections to illnesses like Aspergillosis and cancer are highlighted by a detailed exploration of prospective decontamination techniques as well as strategies for detecting and capturing aflatoxin. A thorough knowledge of the factors that contribute to aflatoxin contamination demonstrates the intricate interactions between environmental variables, farming methods, stor-age circumstances, and different physical, biological, and nutritional components. Strong detection strategies are required due to aflatoxins’ significant effects on an-imal and human health. The paper describes complete preventative tactics that en-compass manipulation in management strategies. global trade and public health from this pervasive threat.
... The choice of solvents, as well as the method of extraction, contribute significantly to the success of the extraction. Due to the difficulty involved in the extraction and purification of mycotoxins in samples such as PKC, most diagnostic laboratories will not carry out this analysis [34][35][36][37]. ...
These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Palm kernel cake (PKC), a byproduct of palm oil extraction, serves an important role in Ecuador's animal feed industry. The emergence of yellow-orange fungal growth in PKC on some cattle farms in Ecuador sparked concerns within the cattle industry regarding a potential mycotoxin-producing fungus on this substrate. Due to the limited availability of analytical chemistry techniques in Ecuador for mycotoxin detection, we chose to isolate and identify the fungus to determine its association with mycotoxin-producing genera. Through molecular identification via ITS region sequencing, we identified the yellow-orange fungus as the yeast Candida ethanolica. Furthermore, we isolated two other fungi-the yeast Pichia kudriavzevii, and the fungus Geotrichum candidum. Molecular identification confirmed that all three species are not classified as mycotoxin-producing fungi but in contrast, the literature indicates that all three have demonstrated antifungal activity against Aspergillus and Penicillium species, genera associated with mycotoxin production. This suggests their potential use in biocontrol to counter the colonization of harmful fungi. We discuss preventive measures against the fungal invasion of PKC and emphasize the importance of promptly identifying fungi on this substrate. Rapid recognition of mycotoxin-producing and pathogenic genera holds the promise of mitigating cattle intoxication and the dissemination of mycotoxins throughout the food chain.
... In recent years, with the increasing concern for food safety, more and more researchers have focused on developing detection methods for fungal toxins (Janik et al., 2021). Currently, a significant amount of research is centered around detecting fungal toxins based on their chemical characteristics, and numerous analytical methods have been proposed for the detection of these toxins in various cereal grains. ...
Wheat is a vital global cereal crop, but its susceptibility to contamination by mycotoxins can render it unusable. This study explored the integration of two novel non-destructive detection methodologies with convolutional neural network (CNN) for the identification of zearalenone (ZEN) contamination in wheat. Firstly, the colorimetric sensor array composed of six selected porphyrin-based materials was used to capture the olfactory signatures of wheat samples. Subsequently, the colorimetric sensor array, after undergoing a reaction, was characterized by its near-infrared spectral features. Then, the CNN quantitative analysis model was proposed based on the data, alongside the establishment of traditional machine learning models, partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector machine regression (SVR), for comparative purposes. The outcomes demonstrated that the CNN model had superior predictive performance, with a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 40.92 μ g ∙ kg⁻¹ and a coefficient of determination on the prediction (RP2) of 0.91. These results affirmed the potential of integrating colorimetric sensor array with near-infrared spectroscopy in evaluating the safety of wheat and potentially other grains. Moreover, CNN can have the capacity to autonomously learn and distill features from spectral data, enabling further spectral analysis and making it a forward-looking spectroscopic tool.
... Different analytical techniques are used to detect mycotoxins, dangerous secondary metabolites in cereals: thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques with different detectors, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), immunochemical methods lateral flow device (LFDs), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technology (ELISA), surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), electronic nose [65][66][67]. Innovative approaches are used for multiple mycotoxins detection in cereal and products. A fast multi-toxin assay based on reflective phantom interface (RPI) technology was developed to identify and quantify DON, ZEN, T-2, and HT-2 toxins in wheat [68], while Lattanzio et al. [69] used LC-HRMS to detect the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxins and their principal glucosyl derivatives in barley and malt. ...
In recent years, an increase of interest has arisen in oats due to their unique health-related properties. Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) is recognized as a major threat to oat production and safety. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) assesses the risks of the presence of Fusarium-produced mycotoxins in foods and the tolerable intake level. This paper summarizes updates on Fusarium resistance in oats, describing the advances in phenotyping strategies and diagnostics methods and discussing the role of the infection process of the microbiome and bioactive compounds peculiar to oats. A special emphasis has been placed on the presentation of new genetic, genomic, and biotechnological knowledge and tools available today and their perspectives on breeding programs aiming to develop FHB-resistant genotypes.
... By isolating and identifying the specific mycotoxins found in poisonous mushrooms, researchers can enhance their understanding of how these compounds interact with the human body and cause harmful effects. The process involves separating and purifying the toxic compounds, followed by detailed chemical analysis, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, column chromatography, and mass spectrometry, to determine their structures and properties [6]. Developing reliable analytical methods for mycotoxin detection is crucial for promptly and accurately diagnosing cases of mushroom poisoning. ...
... Developing reliable analytical methods for mycotoxin detection is crucial for promptly and accurately diagnosing cases of mushroom poisoning. It also contributes to establishing safety guidelines for the consumption of wild mushrooms [6][7][8]. Overall, the isolation and characterization of fungal compounds from toxic mushrooms play a vital role in advancing our understanding of mushroom toxicity and improving public health measures related to mushroom foraging and consumption. ...
... The CH 2 Cl 2 -soluble fraction underwent fractionation by preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), yielding six fractions, each of which was monitored by LC/MS using the Agilent G6545B quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer in conjunction with an in-house library of UV spectra for the early detection of macrocyclic trichothecenes. The LC/MS-guided isolation and semi-preparative reversed-phase HPLC purification led to the efficient isolation of a total of eight macrocyclic trichothecene-type compounds (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8). ...
Podostroma cornu-damae, one of the lethal toxic mushrooms, is known to contain macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins exhibiting potent cytotoxic effects, attracting attention as an important research subject for scientists interested in natural product chemistry and toxicity research. To investigate the mycotoxins from the toxic mushroom P. cornu-damae and evaluate their cytotoxic activities, the fungus was large-cultured on solid plates and successively extracted to acquire a crude methanol (MeOH) extract. After performing successive separation and purification processes, a total of eight macrocyclic trichothecenes were isolated from the MeOH extract of plate cultures of P. cornu-damae using the liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-guided isolation technique. Extensive interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic and high-resolution (HR)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS data allowed for the structural identification of all isolated macrocyclic trichothecenes, including satratoxin I (1), satratoxin H (2), roridin E (3), miophytocen D (4), roridin L-2 (5), trichoverritone (6), 12′-episatratoxin H (7), and roridin F (8). We conducted a cytotoxicity evaluation of compounds 1–8 against 4T1 breast cancer cells and fibroblast cell lines (L929 cells) using the Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) cell viability assay to validate their cytotoxic potential. Our results indicated that compounds 1–6 lack anti-cancer effects on 4T1 cells and have minimal impact on the viability of the fibroblast cell line, L929 cells. In contrast, compounds 7 and 8 exhibited no cytotoxicity in normal cells (L929) and demonstrated specific cytotoxicity in breast cancer cell lines. Notably, the cytotoxic effects of compounds 7 and 8 in 4T1 cells were significantly stronger than those observed with free doxorubicin. These findings suggest that compounds 7 and 8 may possess targeted anti-cancer effects, specifically against breast cancer cells, emphasizing their efficient and selective toxicity towards breast cancer cells.
... This technique is universally applied across these investigations to analyse mycotoxin content in vegetable oils and other food items. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) proves to be a costeffective and straightforward mode for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of various mycotoxins, benefiting from its affordability, simplicity, and the presence of UV light fluorescent spots, as noted in the study by Janik et al. (2021). However, its limited sensitivity and accuracy pose challenges in precise quantification, as highlighted by Singh and Mehta in 2020. ...
Aflatoxin contamination in food items pretences a significant hazard to global foodstuff safety, public health, and economic stability. This assessment comprehensively examines the sources, risks, and potential solutions associated with aflatoxin contamination in various food products. Aflatoxins, produced by moulds of the Aspergillus genus, contaminate crops during cultivation, harvest, storage, and processing stages. Consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated food items has been linked to severe health issues, including liver cancer, stunted growth, and immune system suppression. This review delves into the diverse sources of aflatoxin contamination, ranging from agricultural practices and environmental factors to storage conditions. The risks associated with aflatoxin exposure are explored in detail, emphasizing the global impact on both human health and economies, especially in vulnerable communities reliant on staple crops. Furthermore, the review discusses multifaceted solutions aimed at mitigating aflatoxin contamination. These solutions encompass agricultural strategies such as crop rotation, improved irrigation methods, and biocontrol agents, as well as advancements in food processing techniques like sorting, washing, and hermetic storage. Regulatory measures and international standards are critically evaluated, highlighting their role in ensuring food safety and preventing aflatoxin-related health crises. Keywords : Aflatoxin, Contamination, Public Health, Global Foodstuff Safety
... Among the mycotoxins, Ochratoxin A (OTA), aflatoxins, patulin, zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins, and trichocenes such as deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxin are of most concern. [48] The application of biosensors and immunosensors for the detection of mycotoxins has been reviewed and investigated in several studies. [49] In this case, the NFs-based (bio)sensor assay enables increased surface area and accessibility, as well as low mass transport resistance, enhancing diffusion of the analyte across the sensor film simply due to the aforementioned unique properties of NFs. ...
Electrochemical sensors and biosensors are today important analytical and monitoring tools in various fields, from agriculture and the food industry to environmental and biomedical/pharmaceutical applications. In particular, the integration of nanotechnology with electrochemical sensors and biosensors to develop a new generation of sensor platforms has made enormous progress in recent years. The outstanding properties of one‐dimensional (1D) nanofibers (NFs), such as high porosity, superior mechanical properties and high specific surface area have made them attractive electrocatalysts, support materials for the immobilization of biomolecules as well as mimetic materials for sensing and biosensing applications. Moreover, the possibility of fabricating multifunctional composites based on NFs increases (bio)sensing capabilities through synergistic effects and additive properties. This review describes the progress made over the last decade in the use of multifunctional NFs‐based composites as modified electrodes for the sensing of various analytes in biomedical, food, and wastewater treatment applications. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview and a guide for researchers from different disciplines to fabricate and improve their selective NFs‐based (bio)sensor platforms for the detection of desired analytes or multi‐analytes.
... Conventional analytical methods for determination of DON in cereals mainly imply sample preparation and the use of gas chromatography (GC) with electron-capture or mass spectrometric (MS) detection or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with UV/DAD or MS detection. Although these methods show high accuracy and precision, they are destructive, expensive, time consuming and unsuitable for screening purposes [13][14][15][16]. Factors like promptness and low cost of analysis, minimal sample preparation and environmentally friendly methods are of paramount importance for rapidly responding to the demands of the market. ...
Cereal crops are frequently contaminated by deoxynivalenol (DON), a harmful type of mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species fungi. The early detection of mycotoxin contamination is crucial for ensuring safety and quality of food and feed products, for preventing health risks and for avoiding economic losses because of product rejection or costly mycotoxin removal. A LED-based pocket-size fluorometer is presented that allows a rapid and low-cost screening of DON-contaminated durum wheat bran samples, without using chemicals or product handling. Forty-two samples with DON contamination in the 40–1650 µg/kg range were considered. A chemometric processing of spectroscopic data allowed distinguishing of samples based on their DON content using a cut-off level set at 400 µg/kg DON. Although much lower than the EU limit of 750 µg/kg for wheat bran, this cut-off limit was considered useful whether accepting the sample as safe or implying further inspection by means of more accurate but also more expensive standard analytical techniques. Chemometric data processing using Principal Component Analysis and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis demonstrated a classification rate of 79% in cross-validation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a pocket-size fluorometer was used for DON screening of wheat bran.
