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Two glutamate derivatives, proline and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), appear to play pivotal roles in different aspects of sexual reproduction in angiosperms, although their precise function in plant reproduction and the molecular basis of their action are not yet fully understood. Proline and GABA have long been regarded as pivotal amino acids in pol...
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... Los cultivos bajo condiciones limitantes sintetizan solutos osmoprotectores para mantener su estado hídrico y equilibrar el balance osmótico (Kahraman et al., 2019;Mariani y Ferrante, 2017;TAIZ et al., 2017), lo que conlleva un gasto de energía que puede ser evitado con la aplicación de aminoácidos como la prolina (Claussen, 2005;Forlani et al., 2019). Además, al utilizarlo como fuente de nitrógeno, auxilia el mantenimiento de la integridad de proteínas al reducir las especies reactivas de oxígeno y creando interacciones fosfo-lipídicas para proteger la membrana celular, teniendo también una acción fundamental en la vitalidad y fertilidad del polen (Biancucci et al., 2015;Claussen, 2005;Forlani et al., 2019;Ozden et al., 2009). ...
El manejo de cultivos es una actividad cambiante y dinámica, que involucra desde el uso de cultivares adaptados, hasta el uso de productos estimulantes que ayuden a la planta a tolerar condiciones estresantes. Factores bióticos en los agroecosistemas pueden generar desafíos y afectar significativamente la productividad de los cultivos; y el uso de aminoácidos puede ayudar a minimizar estos efectos negativos. Los aminoácidos potencializan procesos biológicos de interés agronómico, dando a los cultivos diferentes niveles de resiliencia ante condiciones estresantes, como las altas temperaturas, deficiencia hídrica, alta radiación solar, y salinidad. Sin embargo, aún existe escasez de información y falta de difusión objetiva con fundamento científico sobre los efectos, beneficios y eficiencia de estos productos. La aplicación de aminoácidos en cultivos puede ser foliar o en el riego por goteo, esta práctica economiza energía en la planta, que puede ser translocada hacia los sumideros, beneficiando la productividad. Además, favorece la síntesis de compuestos o enzimas de extrema importancia que confieren plasticidad ante altas temperaturas. Los efectos de los aminoácidos son amplios, por lo que, en esta revisión se sintetiza la información y se discute desde una perspectiva agronómica, con soporte fisiológico y del metabolismo de cultivos. Se espera que esta revisión pueda contribuir a desvendar el papel de los aminoácidos con sentido práctico, como referencia para profesionales en el manejo de sistemas agrícolas y para el área de la investigación agronómica.
... Our result aligns with several others that reported an increase in proline content under salt stress conditions in species such as rice (Gerona et al., 2019), lentils, and chickpea (Ardebili et al., 2014). Accumulation of the proline can be beneficial as it has a protective role against NaCl-induced oxidative damage in several plant species (Biancucci et al., 2015). The elevation in proline content in plants grown in saline soils could also be due to the reduction in proline oxidase, which decomposes proline to reduce its accumulation (Yousefvand et al., 2022). ...
Salt stress is one of the most damaging environmental stresses of recent times and poses a significant threat to food security. Here, we conducted an experimental study over two consecutive years (2022-2023) to evaluate the physiological and biochemical characteristics of kidney beans. The study used a randomized complete block design with 4 replications (n=4). The experiment included three levels of salicylic acid (SA): SA0 (0 mM), SA0.5 (0.5 mM) and SA1 (1 mM). The study also used biochar in four levels, without biochar as the control treatment (B0), regular biochar (Rb) by 2.5% per soil weight, modified biochar with phosphoric acid (PA) by 1.25% per soil weight, and modified biochar with sulfuric acid (Sb) by 1.25% per soil weight. Additionally, salt stress (SS) was induced using NaCl in three levels, SS0 (distilled water), SS4 (4 4 dS.m-1), and SS8 (8 dS.m-1). The results showed that salt stress, biochar, and salicylic acid significantly affected the measured parameters. Salt stress (SS4 and SS8) negatively affected the measured parameters compared to the control. However, the application of biochar and salicylic acid regulated the alleviation of the impact of salt stress. Under SS4, the application of Rb along with SA1 resulted in the highest value of proline content. The highest enzymatic activity of catalase was observed due to the use of PA in combination with SA0.5 under non-saline soil conditions. The use of PA under SS8 increased the hydrogen peroxide and caused the highest activity, while the lowest activity was obtained under non-saline soil conditions with the application of Sb. In the first year of the experiment, it was found that the use of SA1 without biochar under non-stress conditions resulted in the highest levels of malondialdehyde. Likewise, in the second year, the highest malondialdehyde activity was observed by applying Rb and SA1 under SS8. The research concludes that kidney bean plants are significantly impacted by salt stress, which affects their biochemical characteristics. Nonetheless, the combined application of biochar and salicylic acid showed promise in addressing these challenges. This approach could be particularly effective in managing salinity issues in arid and semi-arid regions, highlighting the potential of biochar and salicylic acid for improving plant resilience under such conditions.
... Our observation that P5CS1 accumulates in the growing tip of root hairs is surprising and it will be of interest to test whether tip growing cells such as root hairs and trichomes are altered in proline metabolism mutants. Conversely, our observation that P5CS1 accumulates to high level in the stigma, during pollen development, and in mature pollen is consistent with previous observations that local proline synthesis is needed to generate the high levels of proline present in pollen (Biancucci et al., 2015a;Mattioli et al., 2018) and that disrupting proline synthesis using p5cs1 ...
... During low ψ w , P5CS1-YFP did not accumulate in the root quiescent centre, centre of the shoot meristem, or leaf pavement cells(Figure 3,Figure S7). In more mature soil grown plants under well-watered conditions, we found high levels of P5CS1-YFP in floral organs and especially in pollen (Figures S9 and S10), consistent with previous studies of the importance of proline for pollen formation and fertility(Biancucci et al., 2015a). We also observed the pattern of P5CS1-YFP in near mature siliques and developing seed ( ...
Crispr/CAS9‐enabled homologous recombination to insert a tag in frame with an endogenous gene can circumvent difficulties such as context‐dependent promoter activity that complicate analysis of gene expression and protein accumulation patterns. However, there have been few reports examining whether such gene targeting/gene tagging (GT) can alter expression of the target gene. The enzyme encoded by Δ 1 ‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthetase 1 ( P5CS1 ) is key for stress‐induced proline synthesis and drought resistance, yet its expression pattern and protein localisation have been difficult to assay. We used GT to insert YFP in frame with the 5′ or 3′ ends of the endogenous P5CS1 and At14a‐Like 1 ( AFL1 ) coding regions. Insertion at the 3′ end of either gene generated homozygous lines with expression of the gene‐YFP fusion indistinguishable from the wild type allele. However, for P5CS1 this occurred only after selfing and advancement to the T 5 generation allowed initial homozygous lethality of the insertion to be overcome. Once this was done, the GT‐generated P5CS1‐YFP plants revealed new information about P5CS1 localisation and tissue‐specific expression. In contrast, insertion of YFP at the 5′ end of either gene blocked expression. The results demonstrate that GT can be useful for functional analyses of genes that are problematic to properly express by other means but also show that, in some cases, GT can disrupt expression of the target gene.
... P5CSB plays a key role in proline 20 synthesis, is directly involved in the osmoregulation process in plants, embryo development and floral transition [78,79]. The proline has a central role for plant cell wall composition, signal transduction cascades, plant development, stem elongation, root and shoot growth, inflorescence architecture, seed development and germination, stress tolerance, modulates the cyclin genes expression, embryo formation, gametophyte development [80]. ...
Coffee Coffea arabica L. depends on abundantly distributed rainfall and drought impacts their development, fruit production, bean quality, and ultimately, beverage quality. Plant Biotechnology by means of genetic manipulation and plant regeneration by the somatic embryogenic process is an alternative technology to overcome these prob-lems. In the present work we used the molecular approach of the trehalose/trehalase role in plant surviving in extreme drought/salt environments. We used a cassette containing the antisense C. arabica L. trehalase gene under the RD29 promoter from A. thaliana and the NOS terminator to genetically modified an em-bryogenic coffee C. arabica L. cv typica line under osmotic stress supplemented with mannitol (0.3M) and sorbitol (0.3M) containing medium. Drought resistant SE lines were recovered and regenerate plants. Resistant SE lines showed a higher rate of competence to induce secondary SE capacity. A transcrip-tome analysis was performed from high competent SE lines to understand the acquired molecular mechanisms to developed SE. From the up-regulated genes, a PPI network made by STRING v12.0 with high confidence (0.700) revealed the presence of the 10 modules. The cell cycle, chromatin remodeling, somatic embryogenesis, oxidative stress, generic transcription pathway, carbon metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, trehalose biosynthesis, proline bio-synthesis and glycerolipid metabolism.
... Proline, the third most abundant amino acid in rapeseed nectar, is one of the most preferred amino acids by honeybees [124][125][126][127]. This amino acid is believed to stimulate labellar salt receptor cells, allowing bees to perceive taste [48,128,129]. ...
... These characteristics of proline confer significant advantages to honeybees that travel long distances to forage [79]. This can be considered a co-evolutionary strategy by which plants produce proline-rich nectar to increase their foraging success rates [127]. Additionally, proline is a component of antimicrobial peptides present in Apis mellifera hemolymph, aiding in the removal of bacteria without damaging cell membranes [137]. ...
... subintegrum and L. japonicus at approximately 2%. Typically, honeybees tend to avoid nectar with a high serine content [125][126][127]. Honeybee respond negatively to glycine, leucine, valine, threonine, alanine, aspartic acid, and methionine [41]. ...
The growing beekeeping industry in South Korea has led to the establishment of new honey plant complexes. However, studies on honey production from each species are limited. This study aimed to assess the honey production potential of various Brassica napus cultivars and two wildflower species. The nectar characteristics of B. napus varied significantly among the cultivars. Absolute sugar concentrations differed among the cultivars, but sugar composition ratios were similar. In contrast, the amino acid content remained relatively uniform regarding percentage values, irrespective of the absolute concentrations. Estimations of honey potential production per hectare (kg/ha) resulted in the following ranking among cultivars: ‘JM7003’ (107.1) > ‘YS’ (73.0) > ‘JM7001’ (63.7) > ‘TL’ (52.7) > ‘TM’ (42.4). The nectar volume of Pseudolysimachion rotundum var. subintegrum and Leonurus japonicus increased during the flowering stage. P. rotundum var. subintegrum was sucrose-rich and L. japonicus was sucrose-dominant. Both species predominantly contained phenylalanine, P. rotundum var. subintegrum had glutamine as the second most abundant amino acid, and L. japonicus had tyrosine. The honey production potential was 152.4 kg/ha for P. rotundum var. subintegrum and 151.3 kg/ha for L. japonicus. These findings provide a basis for identifying food resources for pollinators and selecting plant species to establish honey plant complexes.
... In the presence of sugars derived from starch, mature pollen can germinate smoothly, facilitating the formation of pollen tube cell walls [23]. In higher plants, proline is synthesized from the reduction in glutamate through the consumption of ATP and NADPH [24]. The synthesis of proline in developing microspores and mature pollen grains is essential for ensuring pollen fertility, and disruption of proline synthesis results in sterility in Arabidopsis gametophytic development [25]. ...
Lilies are well−known flowers with large anthers and a high quantity of pollen that easily contaminates clothing and tepals. The anthers need to be artificially removed, leading to production problems. Cultivating male−sterile or pollen−free lilies could solve these problems. The key period of male sterility in a specific male−sterile hybrid lily population was determined through cytological observation. The contents of hormones, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and proline were determined by high−performance liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry and colorimetry. Transcriptome sequencing was used to identify the genes with altered expression. The key period of male sterility was determined to be the microspore mother and tetrad stages. The hormone contents were abnormal in the sterile line compared with the fertile line. The indole−3−acetic acid (IAA) content was higher in the sterile line than in the fertile line at all stages, while the gibberellic acid 4 (GA4) content showed the opposite result. Abscisic acid (ABA) accumulated in the sterile line in both the microspore mother and tetrad stages, and the zeatin riboside (ZR) content in the sterile line increased at the microspore mother stage but decreased at the tetrad stage. The contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein and proline were higher in the fertile line than in the sterile line. Genes involved in auxin and ABA synthesis and signalling pathways were highly expressed in the male−sterile line. Our data suggested that abnormal contents of hormones in the microspore mother and tetrad stages resulted in pollen abortion in a male−sterile hybrid lily population, which indicated that the hormone balance in specific stages plays critical functions in pollen development in lilies.
... Heat stress increased GABA levels and calcium-induced activation of glutamate decarboxylase [22]. GABA is involved in the sexual reproduction of angiosperms and is an essential amino acid for pollen fertility, and plays a vital role in the post-pollination fertilization process [23]. ...
... Thus, the reproductive function in heat-stressed lentil plants was significantly improved by combined treatments, possibly because of enhanced sucrose availability to flowers and their components, which might have minimized the impact of heat stress to pollen function, resulting in an improved pod set [25]. The direct involvement of GABA in maintaining pollen fertility has been indicated earlier [23], which supports our observations. Thus, the present study showed that HPr and GABA treatments, especially when applied together, improved the pod number and seed yield of lentil plants under heat-stress. ...
Citation: Bhardwaj, A.; Sita, K.; Sehgal, A.; Bhandari, K.; Kumar, S.; Prasad, P.V.V.; Jha, U.; Kumar, J.; Siddique, K.H.M.; Nayyar, H. Heat
... In flower development, amino acids play a crucial role in enzyme synthesis, osmotic regulation, and providing nitrogen and energy for pollen and ovule maturation (Biancucci et al., 2015;Gaufichon et al., 2017). Recently, researchers discovered that the contents of amino acids increased in Agave amica flowers at the bud and full-bloom stages (Kutty et al., 2021). ...
Pogostemon cablin is a well-known protected species widely used in medicine and spices, however the underlying molecular mechanisms and metabolite dynamics of P. cablin flower development remain unclear due to the difficulty in achieving flowering in this species. A comparison of the transcriptome and widely targeted metabolome during P. cablin flower development was first performed in this study. Results showed that a total of 13,469 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) and 371 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the DEGs were associated with starch and sucrose metabolism, terpenoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Among these DEGs, 75 MIKC-MADS unigenes were associated with the development of floral organs. Gibberellins (GAs), auxin, and aging signaling might form a cross-regulatory network to regulate flower development in P. cablin. According to the metabolic profile, the predominant DAMs were amino acids, flavonoids, terpenes, phenols, and their derivatives. The accumulation patterns of these predominant DAMs were closely associated with the flower developmental stage. The integration analysis of DEGs and DAMs indicated that phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and amino acids might be accumulated due to the activation of starch and sucrose metabolism. Our results provide some important insights for elucidating the reproductive process, floral organ, and color formation of P. cablin flowers at the molecular level. These results will improve our understanding of the molecular and genetic mechanisms involved in the floral development of P. cablin.
... The effect was more pronounced in diploid A. thaliana than in tetraploid A. thaliana and N. benthamiana, which supports the hypothesis of species-specific and ploidy-dependent responses of plant growth and development to TFMSA. TFMSA is known to suppress proline transport in plants, and proline has essential functions during the reproductive stage of plant growth (Biancucci et al. 2015;Loussaert 2004). Here, TFMSA was applied at the onset of the reproductive stage in each species. ...
Hybridization plays an indispensable role in creating the diversity associated with plant evolution and genetic improvement of crops. Production of hybrids requires control of pollination and avoidance of self-pollination for species that are predominantly autogamous. Hand emasculation, male sterility genes or male gametocides have been used in several plant species to induce pollen sterility. However, in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), a self-pollinated cleistogamous dryland crop, only hand emasculation is used, but it is tedious and time-consuming. In this study, male sterility was effectively induced in cowpea and two dicotyledonous model species (Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and Nicotiana benthamiana Domin) using trifluoromethanesulfonamide (TFMSA). Pollen viability assays using Alexander staining showed that 30 ml of 1000 mg/l TFMSA with two-time treatments of one-week interval at the early stage of the reproductive phase under field or greenhouse conditions induced 99% pollen sterility in cowpea. TFMSA treatment induced non-functional pollen in diploid A. thaliana at two-time treatment of 10 ml of 125–250 mg/l per plant and N. benthamiana at two-time treatment of 10 ml of 250–1000 mg/l per plant. TFMSA-treated cowpea plants produced hybrid seeds when used as the female parent in crosses with non-treated plants used as male parents, suggesting that TFMSA had no effect on female functionality in cowpea. The ease of TFMSA treatment and its effectiveness to induce pollen sterility in a wide range of cowpea genotypes, and in the two model plant species tested in this study, may expand the scope of techniques for rapid pollination control in self-pollinated species, with potential applications in plant breeding and plant reproduction science.
... These results may be due to high glutamic conversion to histidine and proline, while its conversion to arginine is decreased. Proline synthesis also occurs in flowers, where proline is found in pollen grains and nectar and also in the protein composition of pollen coats [57]. Free proline protects pollen from drying out [58], while proline in nectar may supply pollinating insects with energy [59]. ...
Catharanthus roseus is a medicinal plant that produces indole alkaloids, which are utilized
in anticancer therapy. Vinblastine and vincristine, two commercially important antineoplastic alkaloids,
are mostly found in the leaves of Catharanthus roseus. ĸ-carrageenan has been proven as plant
growth promoting substance for a number of medicinal and agricultural plants. Considering the
importance of ĸ-carrageenan as a promoter of plant growth and phytochemical constituents, especially
alkaloids production in Catharanthus roseus, an experiment was carried out to explore the effect
of ĸ-carrageenan on the plant growth, phytochemicals content, pigments content, and production
of antitumor alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus after planting. Foliar application of ĸ-carrageenan
(at 0, 400, 600 and 800 ppm) significantly improved the performance of Catharanthus roseus. Phytochemical
analysis involved determining the amount of total phenolics (TP), flavonoids (F), free
amino acids (FAA), alkaloids (TAC) and pigments contents by spectrophotometer, minerals by ICP,
amino acids, phenolic compounds and alkaloids (Vincamine, Catharanthine, Vincracine (Vincristine),
and vinblastine) analysis uses HPLC. The results indicated that all examined ĸ-carrageenan
treatments led to a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in growth parameters compared to the untreated
plants. Phytochemical examination indicates that the spray of ĸ-carrageenan at 800 mg L−1 increased
the yield of alkaloids (Vincamine, Catharanthine and Vincracine (Vincristine)) by 41.85 μg/g DW,
total phenolic compounds by 3948.6 μg gallic/g FW, the content of flavonoids 951.3 μg quercetin /g
FW and carotenoids content 32.97 mg/g FW as compared to the control. An amount of 400 ppm ĸcarrageenan
treatment gave the best contents of FAA, Chl a, Chl b and anthocyanin. The element
content of K, Ca, Cu, Zn and Se increased by treatments. Amino acids constituents and phenolics
compounds contents were altered by ĸ-carrageenan.
