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Scheme of arrangement of previous crops and succeeding one to estimate the impact of the tillage method on plant residues, one of three replications. CT, conventional; ST-OP 36, strip-till onepass, 36 cm strip spacing; ST-OP 72, strip-till one-pass, 72 cm strip spacing.
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Conservation agriculture has three main pillars, i.e., minimum tillage, permanent soil cover, and crop rotation. Covering the soil surface with plant residues and minimum mechanical soil disturbance can all result from introducing a strip-till one-pass (ST-OP) system. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the ST-OP technology on the...
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Context 1
... species (winter wheat, winter barley, spring barley, soybean, winter rape, sunflower, and maize) was sown in triplicate on plots of 300 m long and 12 m wide. After harvesting, the grain or seeds and shredding the straw of each of the seven crops on each of the plots, which were divided into three 4 m wide belts (sub-plots), the following were cultivated: wheat, with a 15 cm row spacing after mouldboard ploughing, wheat by ST-OP method, and maize by the same method (Figure 1). This, after harvesting each pre-crop, provided the following three experimental treatments for the management of plant residues: ...
Context 2
... species (winter wheat, winter barley, spring barley, soybean, winter rape, sunflower, and maize) was sown in triplicate on plots of 300 m long and 12 m wide. After harvesting, the grain or seeds and shredding the straw of each of the seven crops on each of the plots, which were divided into three 4 m wide belts (sub-plots), the following were cultivated: wheat, with a 15 cm row spacing after mouldboard ploughing, wheat by ST-OP method, and maize by the same method (Figure 1). This, after harvesting each pre-crop, provided the following three experimental treatments for the management of plant residues: ...
Context 3
... machine's loosening tines and sowing coulters loosen the soil and mix it with the plant residues to form small contour ridges in the unloosened 24 cm wide inter-row ( Figure 2A). Maize was sown in a single row in the middle of the Figure 1. Scheme of arrangement of previous crops and succeeding one to estimate the impact of the tillage method on plant residues, one of three replications. ...
Citations
... Seven-year static experiments conducted by Małecka et al. [61] showed that simplified tillage and direct sowing contributed to an increase in the content of TOC and TN and available forms of K and Mg in the surface soil layer, an increase in moisture and bulk density, and a decrease in capillary water capacity. In turn, conventional tillage based on ploughing and other mechanical tillage treatments destroys the natural structure of the soil, causing it to dry out and accelerating the mineralisation of organic matter [46,62,63]. A loss of organic matter destabilizes the soil structure and reduces the water capacity and microbiological activity of the soil. ...
The aim of the study was to determine the impact that three cultivation systems—conventional till (CT), reduced till (RT), and strip-till one-pass (ST-OP)—had on the biological parameters of the soil and their relationships with organic matter properties in the row zone (R) and inter-row zone (IR). For this purpose, a long-term static field experiment was carried out, from which soil samples were taken from a depth of 0–20 cm and the following were determined: TOC; TN content and fractional composition of organic matter; activity of dehydrogenases (DEHs), catalase (CAT), alkaline (AlP), and acid phosphatase (AcP); and the abundances of heterotophic bacteria (B), filamentous fungi (F), actinobacteria (Ac), and cellulolytic microorganisms (Ce). Soil samples for biological parameter tests were collected in summer (July) and autumn (October). RT and ST-OP increase the content of TOC, TN, carbon, and nitrogen in the humic and fulvic acid fractions. For the studied groups of microorganisms, the conditions for development were least favourable under CT cultivation. The results show that in July, the activities of DEH and CAT were the highest in ST-OP, whereas in October, they were the highest under CT. AlP and AcP activity were markedly the highest under ST-OP in both months. Enzyme activity was significantly the highest in the IR zone. The results indicate that, of the calculated multiparametric indicators, (AlP/AcP, GMea, BIF, BA12, and TEI), BA12 is a sensitive biological indicator of soil quality.
... However, it should be noted that the machines' designs for implementing the first stage of the strip-till two-pass technology are also quite complex. They include a set of working bodies designed to perform the following five technological operations: (1) cutting plant residues and soil with a disk; (2) cleaning a strip of soil from plant residues; (3) deepening the machine's working bodies into the soil; (4) deep loosening of the soil in strips; and (5) crushing and levelling loosened soil [4,16]. ...
One of the most modern technologies for growing row crops is strip-till. Currently, it occupies an intermediate position between conventional tillage and no-till technologies. Special complex and expensive machines are used to implement strip-till technology practically. To avoid this, a combined unit is proposed, including a tractor and two simple machines: a front-disc harrow and a chisel plough mounted behind the tractor. As experimental studies have shown, this unit makes implementing the strip-till one-pass technology possible. In this case, the oscillations process in the soil-loosening depth of strips is low-frequency since at least 95% of this statistical parameter variance is concentrated in the frequency range of 0–16.8 s−1 or 0–2.7 Hz, and its maximum falls at a frequency of 0.4 Hz. The soil-loosening depth in the strips can deviate from the mean value by ±2 cm once per 7.1 m of the combined unit’s path. With a mean speed of its movement of 2.1 m·s−1, the release frequency of the mean value of the soil-loosening depth exceeding ±2 cm is only 0.29 s or 0.05 Hz. Not less than 95% of the loosened strips’ non-straightness oscillations variance is in the frequency range of 0–0.25 m−1, and the value of the variance itself is small and amounts to 1.08 cm2. Proceeding from this, the non-straightness of the loosened strips by the combined unit can be considered satisfactory since its indicators meet the requirements for the non-straightness of row crops in terms of variance and frequency oscillations.
... Therefore, ploughless and no-till soil cultivation reduce water and wind erosion [29][30][31]. An equally effective agrotechnical method of reducing surface runoff and soil erosion is strip-till [32,33]. The accumulation of organic matter and favourable physical and chemical soil properties that result from conservation agriculture (including conservation soil tillage) create ideal conditions for the presence and activity of soil organisms [34][35][36]. ...
Climatic and soil conditions are changing in response to the increasing human impact. This requires the introduction of low-cost, low-emission, but effective technologies in the field cultivation of crops, in turn requiring and justifying research in this area. In laboratory tests and field studies, the production and environmental effects of strip-till and the application of microgranular fertilisers with a gelling component were determined (and, in particular, their use in combination as a plant cultivation technology). These effects were measured in terms of soil properties, the biomass production, and the yields of maize (Zea mays L.), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and winter rape (Brassica napus L.). Fertiliser microgranules with a gelling agent absorbed water in the amount of 118.6–124.7% of fertiliser mass and increased the volumetric moisture content of the soil in the layer in which they were applied (0–7.5 cm) by 3.0–3.9 percentage points compared to the soil moisture without fertiliser. Strip tillage with the application of fertilisers with a gelling agent significantly increased the amount of water in the soil during the sowing period for winter and spring plants and reduced the CO2 emissions from the soil relative to the conventional tillage without microgranular fertiliser. The biomass of maize, spring barley, and winter rape before flowering, as well as the yields of these plants, were higher when cultivated using strip-till and fertilisers with gelling agents than when ploughed with a mouldboard plough without the use of microgranulated fertilisers. This technology also increased the number of microorganisms, including bacteria, actinobacteria, and filamentous fungi in the soil after harvesting compared to the unfertilised, ploughed soil. Strip tillage and microgranulated fertilisers containing a gelling agent can thus reduce the environmental pressure exerted by agriculture and reduce the risk of climate change, as well as being a way of adapting agriculture to climate change.
... Moreover, lesser physical disturbance and higher microbial activities increased glomalin content [80,81]. Previous study by Jaskulska et al. [82] reported that easily extractable glomalin content was highest under one pass-striptilled plots (OP-ST). The authors found that elevated glomalin content in OP-ST was correlated with higher aggregate stability. ...
The impact of global warming on soil carbon (C) mineralization from bulk and aggregated soil in conservation agriculture (CA) is noteworthy to predict the future of C cycle. Therefore, sensitivity of soil C mineralization to temperature was studied from 18 years of a CA experiment under rice-wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). The experiment comprised of three tillage systems: zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage (CT), and strip tillage (ST), each with three levels of residue management: residue removal (NR), residue burning (RB), and residue retention (R). Cumulative carbon mineralization (Ct) in the 0-5 cm soil depth was significantly higher in CT with added residues (CT-R) and ZT with added residues (ZT-R) compared with the CT without residues (CT-NR). It resulted in higher CO2 evolution in CT-R and ZT-R. The plots, having crop residue in both CT and ZT system, had higher (p < 0.05) Van't-Hoff factor (Q10) and activation energy (Ea) than the residue burning. Notably, micro-aggregates had significantly higher Ea than bulk soil (~14%) and macro-aggregates (~40%). Aggregate-associated C content was higher in ZT compared with CT (p < 0.05). Conventional tillage with residue burning had a reduced glomalin content and β-D-glucosidase activity than that of ZT-R. The ZT-R improved the aggregate-associated C that could sustain the soil biological diversity in the long-run possibly due to higher physical, chemical, and matrix-mediated protection of SOC. Thus, it is advisable to maintain the crop residues on the soil surface in ZT condition (~CA) to cut back on valuable C from soils under IGP and similar agro-ecologies.
... In the research presented in this article, TDR probes were used, which, although they are not selective towards biologically retained water, gave results that are characterized by high reliability in the conditions of the described experiment. The results presented in this manuscript correspond with other experiments demonstrating greater soil water retention with ST than with PT [34][35][36]. However, not all the regularities obtained in our own research are completely consistent with the results of other authors. ...
The dynamics of soil moisture and its temperature is an important criterion for evaluating soil tillage technology in terms of achieving plant production stability. Understanding changes in soil moisture and temperature depending on rainfall and air temperature is necessary to develop application models for agriculture 4.0. A hypothesis was adopted assuming that the dynamics of soil moisture and its thermal properties will depend on the technology of cultivation. Hence, the aim of the research was to learn the dynamics of soil moisture and temperature during a growing season using strip and conventional tillage. Soil moisture was monitored using TDR probes in the row and inter-row of winter barley using plowing and strip-till techniques. Soil temperature was also monitored. Measurements were made every 5 min. In the most important period for the growth and development of barley vegetation, the soil in the strip-till was characterized by greater moisture (3.6% v/v on average) and greater stability than was the case with plowing. The soil in the strip-till was cooler (an average of 0.64 °C), but more stable than in plowing—temporary temperature differences in ST vs. PT reached even more than 5 °C. Strip-till therefore mitigates weather extremes to a greater extent than plowing.
... is an integrated operation of technology involving straw returning to the field and w boundary sowing, in which the straw is pulverized and covered on inter-rows while ing wheat [5][6][7]. Meanwhile, the straw-returning mode with crushed straw inter mulching can maintain moisture and hinder weeds' growth, which is conducive to implementation of conservation tillage in rice-wheat rotation areas [8][9][10][11]. International research on the technology is mainly focused on the developme straw returning to the field or sowing in a clayish-wet soil environment, but the tech ogy of wide-boundary fertilization is rarely studied. The current fertilization method the sowing environment are still large-area fertilization with centrifugation or strip lization with ditching. ...
... The velocity equations of the particle in the directions of the x-axis and z-axis are shown in Equation (10). The kinematic equations of the particle in the directions of the x-axis and z-axis are shown in Equation (11). ...
When sowing with a wide boundary under full rice straw retention in the rice–wheat rotation area of China, conventional fertilization methods have some problems, such as a low fertilizer utilization rate, heap soil around a buried fertilizer device, or blocked fertilizing orifice. Firstly, combined with theoretical analysis, discrete element numerical simulation technology, and central composite test method, the wide-boundary fertilization device for wheat wide-boundary sowing was designed. Then, with the coefficient of variation for particle uniformity (CVPU) as the response value, the central composite experiment was carried out on the key structural parameters (focal length coefficient, lateral span, tilt angle, and ground clearance) of the wide-boundary fertilization device by EDEM software. Finally, the influential rules of core factors of the device on the CVPU were analyzed by Design-Expert software; then, the optimal parameter combination was determined and verified by a field test. The results showed that all factors had significant effects on the CVPU. The primary and secondary factors affecting the CVPU were the tilt angle, lateral span, focal length coefficient, ground clearance, tilt angle × ground clearance, and lateral span × ground clearance, in which there were certain interactions between the tilt angle and ground clearance and lateral span and ground clearance. When the focal length coefficient, lateral span, tilt angle, and ground clearance were 1.5, 60 mm, 30°, and 192 mm, respectively, the lateral was minimum. In this case, the theoretical value and field test value were 14.11% and 17.63%, respectively. The field test value is consistent with the theoretical calculation value. This study could provide references for the design of a fertilizer-spreading device with a wide boundary.
... Зокрема, в грунті, на якому застосовується Strip-till налічувалося більше дощових черв'яків й мікроорганізмів, а також вміст доступного фосфору і калію, що й відобразилось і на урожайності культур, що вирощувались (озима пшениця і озимий ріпак) [49]. Встановлено, що індекс стійкості агрегатів 0,25-2,00 мм при застосуванні однопрохідного стрічкового обробітку був значно вищим за обробіток плугом, а для агрегатів 2,00-10,00 мм був більш стабільним, ніж за оранки чи мінімального обробітку ґрунту [50]. В умовах Лівобережного Лісостепу за тривалих досліджень встановлено кращий структурно-агрегатний склад за безвідвального обробітку -плоскорізного та мінімального без значущої різниці впливу на урожайність культур [51]. ...
Україна за останні роки все більше нарощує своє лідерство серед експорту сільськогосподарських культур, зокрема і кукурудзи, на зерно. Так, за останні п’ять років (2015–2020) площі, на яких вирощується культура, щороку зростали, однак врожайність постійно варіювала. Хоча головними чинниками, що впливають на врожайність, є агрокліматичні умови, удобрення і своєчасне застосування засобів захисту рослин, однак основний обробіток ґрунту також відіграє важливу роль. Серед найпопулярніших в Україні способів обробітку ґрунту є оранка, Strip-till і No-till, однак звичайно практикуються і інші. Кожен із них має свої переваги і недоліки. Оскільки вибір того чи іншого обробітку ґрунту безпосередньо впливає на урожайність і на якість продукції, що вирощується. Тому метою статті є виявлення сильних і слабких сторін обробітків ґрунту з огляду на вплив на урожайність культури, вміст сухої речовини у рослинах, а також вплив на фізичні властивості ґрунту за літературними даними вчених світу. Результати. У статті висвітлюється позитивний вплив традиційних (відвальних) технологій обробітку на урожайність кукурудзи і вміст сухої речовини в рослинах. Однак дані з приводу впливу на фізичні властивості ґрунту є доволі суперечливими. Залежно ґрунту, кліматичних умов, удобрення та ін. вплив обробітку на фізичні властивості ґрунту доволі сильно варіює. Особливо добре це питання досліджено вченими з Китаю. Висновки. Неможливо однозначно виділити обробіток ґрунту, який був би ідеальним для вирощування кукурудзи на зерно на чорноземних грунтах. Однак деякі дослідники вважають, що найкраще на фізичні властивості ґрунту впливає саме мінімальний обробіток. Кожен із обробітків впливає на проаналізовані параметри по-своєму. Тому кожне господарство повинно обирати основний обробіток ґрунту під кукурудзу за кінцевим результатом, що воно прагне отримати.
... Although conservation agriculture has been shown to be a climate-smart production system, applicable to a wide range of environments, the practice should be adapted to the conditions of each region, depending on the climate, soil conditions, and production system [9]. Reduced tillage systems can be applied, such as zero tillage, permanent beds, strip tillage, and minimum tillage with implements that do not invert the soil [7,10]. ...
In Mexico, conservation agriculture has been mainly implemented using permanent beds, where the top of the raised beds is not tilled, which allows them to obtain the benefits of conservation agriculture for yield and soil quality. However, narrow (0.75–0.80 m width) and wide (1.50–1.60 m width) beds are commonly implemented without scientific evidence available as to whether the width of the beds affects crop yields. The objective of our study was therefore to evaluate two types of permanent beds, in maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production, in various agro-ecological regions of Mexico. The study included nine sites, of which six were rainfed and three had irrigation. Bed width did not significantly affect crop yield. Therefore, farmers can choose the bed width that best meets their practical needs. Some practical considerations include mechanical weeding (more access in narrow beds), fuel use (lower for reshaping wide beds), irrigation water use (in wide beds similar to irrigating alternate furrows in narrow beds), and residue management (option to concentrate residue in windrows at center of wide beds). Soil texture can also affect this choice, because it affects water infiltration and retention.
... Such amounts are comparable to those retained on the soil surface under ZT and led to a significant decline in CO 2 emission (98.7-125.9 kg ha −1 ) [150]. Therefore, compared with conventional tillage, the SOC storage was significantly higher under strip-tillage [116,[150][151][152][153]. ...
... kg ha −1 ) [150]. Therefore, compared with conventional tillage, the SOC storage was significantly higher under strip-tillage [116,[150][151][152][153]. ...
Improving soil water holding capacity (WHC) through conservation agriculture (CA)-practices, i.e., minimum mechanical soil disturbance, crop diversification, and soil mulch cover/crop residue retention, could buffer soil resilience against climate change. CA-practices could increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and alter pore size distribution (PSD); thus, they could improve soil WHC. This paper aims to review to what extent CA-practices can influence soil WHC and water-availability through SOC build-up and the change of the PSD. In general, the sequestered SOC due to the adoption of CA does not translate into a significant increase in soil WHC, because the increase in SOC is limited to the top 5–10 cm, which limits the capacity of SOC to increase the WHC of the whole soil profile. The effect of CA-practices on PSD had a slight effect on soil WHC, because long-term adoption of CA-practices increases macro- and bio-porosity at the expense of the water-holding pores. However, a positive effect of CA-practices on water-saving and availability has been widely reported. Researchers attributed this positive effect to the increase in water infiltration and reduction in evaporation from the soil surface (due to mulching crop residue). In conclusion, the benefits of CA in the SOC and soil WHC requires considering the whole soil profile, not only the top soil layer. The positive effect of CA on water-saving is attributed to increasing water infiltration and reducing evaporation from the soil surface. CA-practices’ effects are more evident in arid and semi-arid regions; therefore, arable-lands in Sub-Sahara Africa, Australia, and South-Asia are expected to benefit more. This review enhances our understanding of the role of SOC and its quantitative effect in increasing water availability and soil resilience to climate change.
The paper presents a computer system for monitoring plant growth, developed for the needs of precision agriculture for small agricultural areas. The work contains a description of the monitoring system with a breakdown into the key elements of the process. An exemplary method of preparing orthophotomaps of the area was presented. The method of making maps that can be implemented on a PC computer has been described. The paper describes the most frequently used Vegetation Index. A test of determining the coefficients was carried out on an exemplary aerals with an area of 5.28 ha. Typical positioning systems for agricultural machines are discussed. The DGPS navigation method was used in the tests. Tests have confirmed that it can be used in precision agriculture with small aerals. The solution is optimal in terms of positioning accuracy and economics of small farms. The presented system was tested during one cycle of vegetation of winter barley sown with the no-plowing method. On this basis, the complexity of the system was assessed and its implementation was proposed. The proposed solution does not require complex computer systems. It has been designed so that it can be implemented on standard PC equipment cooperating with a short-range drone equipped with a standard RGB camera.KeywordsPrecision agricultureField mappingVegetation indicatorGeological indicatorPrecision GPS
