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Scheme of a long-line (a) with commercial collector bags used to collect (b) Argopecten purpuratus seeds.
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This study was carried out in El Queso area at the Independencia Bay (Pisco, Perú), from February 1992 to March 1993. The vertical distribution of larvae and temporal pattern of spat settlement of the Peruvian scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) were determined using artificial collectors. In order to relate this pattern with environmental conditions,...
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Context 1
... de los cuales los colectores fueron retirados y reemplazados con otro juego de 3 colectores limpios. Cada colector consistió en una manga de 40 cm x 40 cm de monofilamento de netlón azul de 16 mm de abertu- ra de malla con doblez en su parte distal, envuelta por una bolsa de polifilamento de polipropileno ver- de de 2 mm con similares dimensiones (Fig. 2). Las postlarvas y semillas fueron desprendidas de la bol- sa colectora al agitarla en un recipiente con agua, luego gran parte del fouling se separó por decanta- ción y el material decantado (conteniendo postlarvas y semillas), fue colocado en frascos con formol neu- tralizado al 2%. La identificación de los individuos asentados ...
Context 2
... captación de colectores comerciales se evaluó en el marco de actividades del Centro de Obtención de Semillas de Concha de Abanico (COSCA) del Ministerio de Pesquería, que contaba con 3 siste- mas long-line (Fig. 2), denominados L1, L2 y L3, ubicados cada 50 m en paralelo a la línea de costa, sobre columnas de agua de 15, 18 y 21 m de profun- didad respectivamente. Un long-line posee 100 reinales, cada uno de los cuales se compone de 7 pares de colectores comerciales enlazados por un cabo. Un colector comercial tiene el mismo diseño y materiales ...
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This study was carried out in El Queso area at the Independencia Bay (Pisco, Perú), from February 1992 to March 1993. The vertical distribution of larvae and temporal pattern of spat settlement of the Peruvian scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) were determined using artificial collectors. In order to relate this pattern with environmental conditions,...
Citations
... For other species of bivalves different settling velocities related to its larval stages have been reported (Mann et al., 1991), increasing the complexity of the vertical behavior. Furthermore, pediveliger larvae stay near the bottom before settlement searching for optimal substratum (Bandin and Mendo, 1999), so future models could also implement this behavior, which could be very sensitive to bottom currents (Koehl, 2007). ...
The Peruvian scallop (Argopecten purpuratus) is the second main contributor to the total catch of mollusks in Peru, after jumbo squid. There are two main scallop banks populations in northern Peru: Lobos de Tierra Island (LTI) and Sechura Bay (SB). Despite a continuous, intense relocation of seeds from LTI, the natural bank population still persists there. To understand this, we studied larval connectivity between LTI and SB using the first invertebrate larval transport biophysical model developed in the region. Larval local retention were 2.4% and 1.57% on average at LTI and SB respectively, while larval transport from SB to LTI was 0.02% on average and 0.07% in the opposite direction. Both larval retention and larval transport increased with spawning depth and were highest in austral summer. Two main larval transport paths from SB to LTI were identified, resulting from a combination of horizontal mesoscale circulation patterns and vertical flows. Potential management implications for these natural banks are discussed.
... This low percentage of recovered post-larvae is similar to that reported in commercial hatcheries for other scallop species, including Argopecten purpuratus in Chile (0.7-1.0%; Disalvo et al., 1984). However, this has not inhibited the development of commercial aquaculture of these species because the main source of spat is the collection from wild populations using artificial collectors, with an average of 64 to 1428 larvae per collector for A. purpuratus (Bandin and Mendo, 1999). ...
The Caribbean scallop Argopecten nucleus is a species with a great potential for commercial aquaculture in the Caribbean given its fast growth and the availability of culture technology. However, its production relies completely on hatchery-reared seed, and the survival in early stages, particularly during the settling process, is the main limitation for this activity to become cost effective. Thus, in order to assess the feasibility of improving survival of larvae and post-larvae of A. nucleus through genetic selection without affecting growth, it was estimated the heritability and the genotype-environment interactions for such traits, as well as the genetic correlations between them. These parameters were estimated based on intraclass correlations of 40 full-sib families (10 half-sib families) at 1, 11 and 75 days post fertilization. Heritability values were very high for the post-larvae survival (0.49), while it was low and not significant for larvae survival (≤0.07) and medium to high for growth traits of larvae and post-larvae (>0.3). The traits analyzed in post-larvae exhibited significant genotype-environment interactions in relation to culture depth in the sea. No significant genetic correlations between the measured traits were found. The results suggest the existence of an important genetic component in the variation of post-larval survival, and larval and post-larval growth, as well as a high potential response to direct genetic selection, especially for post-larval survival (50% increase per generation), without affecting the growth traits.
... A maximum of 2650 spat and an average of 650 spat were collected per collector (Ysla and Vargas, 1989). From 1992 to 1993, in this same Bay, settlement of spat occurred mainly during the second half of summer (FebruaryÀMarch), and between June and August (Bandín and Mendo, 1999). Spat collection was about 650 spat per collector in normal years in Independence Bay (Ysla and Vargas, 1989; Bandín and Mendo, 1999 ) and about 6000À8000 spat per collector during El Niñ o events (Arenas and Mendo, personal communication). ...
... From 1992 to 1993, in this same Bay, settlement of spat occurred mainly during the second half of summer (FebruaryÀMarch), and between June and August (Bandín and Mendo, 1999). Spat collection was about 650 spat per collector in normal years in Independence Bay (Ysla and Vargas, 1989; Bandín and Mendo, 1999 ) and about 6000À8000 spat per collector during El Niñ o events (Arenas and Mendo, personal communication). ...
... During the summer of 2014, numbers of settled post-larvae were about 800 per collector in Sechura Bay (Ysla and Ayala, 2014). These values are greater than the numbers of pediveligers collected in Independence Bay, with a maximum of 4060 per collector at 18 m depth (Ysla and Vargas, 1989) and 3866 per collector at 17 m depth (Bandín and Mendo, 1999). Growth of spat of A. purpuratus (0.5À2 mm shell height) in collectors in this same Bay showed an inverse relationship with depth and reached a height of 24.5, 20, and 16.5 mm at 3, 6, and 8 m depths, respectively, approximately 70 days after settlement (Camino et al., 2011). ...
This chapter discusses the biology, ecology and aquaculture of the scallop, Argopecten purpuratus, in Peru. Of several scallop species, this is the only one exploited and cultured in Peru. During the last three decades, this resource has become one of the most important molluscs in Peru in terms of export value with volume greatly fluctuating since the onset of the export business in the early 1980s. The impact of El Niño on the population of A. purpuratus is discussed by regions in Peru, being favourable in central and southern Peru and detrimental in northern Peru. Conversely, the scallop production in northern Peru is augmented during cold years. Since most of the scallop production is dependent on seed extraction from natural banks, the use of artificial collectors and the production of larvae in hatcheries is proposed and discussed.
... Avendaño et al. (2008b) a observé une survie plus importante de post-larves fixées dans des collecteurs près de la surface par rapport au collecteurs situés plus profonds (Avendaño et al., 2008b). Dans un suivi de captations avec des collecteurs artificiels dans la Baie d'Indépendance, Bandin L. et Mendo (1999) ont montré qu'il existait deux périodes importantes de fixation des postlarves : 1) pendant tout l'été (surtout de février à mars) et 2) à la fin de l'automne et la première moitié de l'hiver. L'addition du substrat sur le fond pourrait améliorer la fixation de post-larves (Pacheco et Stotz, 2006). ...
During the past two decades, the scallop (Argopecten Purpuratus) culture developed in the Peruvian coastal bays. The trophic availability linked to the upwelling system supports the production scallop. However, the Peruvian coasts are also known to have a high environmental variability especially in oceanic domain. Although scallop farms are vulnerable to production hazards (mortality, low growth), environmental variability in coastal bays of Peru and its effects on growth, reproduction and survival of this socially sensitive resource have been poorly studied. Paracas Bay in Pisco Peru is a traditional farming area where scallop highs and lows in productivity related to environmental conditions were recorded throughout its history. In order increase our knowledge on this issue, this study arises from three approaches : (1) observation in situ, (2) experimental physiology and (3) modelling of the energy budget of A. Purpuratus. An environmental monitoring conducted in the Paracas Bay shows that the oceanographic variability can be important, especially during the summer. Temperature variations of 8°C and oxic conditions ranging from supersaturation to anoxia (absence of oxygen) in the course of a day were observed. The high frequency monitoring has revealed a chronic, severe and prolonged hypoxic condition in Paracas Bay. Scallops grown on the bottom, where exposure to hypoxia was important (47% of the observed time) showed lower growth and reproductions conditions. However, during the summer, prolonged and severe hypoxic events affected both deep culture – scallops grown in suspension and on bottom- causing weight somatic tissue losses and cessation of reproduction. During the laboratory experiments, scallops showed significant ability to regulate their oxygen uptake face to decreased oxygen saturation up to 24%. Surprisingly, we found that this species is able to maintain filtration, although diminished, even at low oxygen saturations (5%). Based on the physiological responses of the Peruvian scallops face to hypoxia and the energy performance aerobic end anaerobic metabolism ; it is hypothesized that there exist a restriction in the energy flow available for metabolism at oxygen saturations below the regulation capacity of the organism. Model simulations including this energy restriction (on assimilation and reserves mobilization fluxes) against hypoxia can reproduce successfully field observations of Paracas Bay : greater exposure to hypoxia results in a reduced growth and reproductive conditions. Although the scallop has physiological adaptations/metabolism to deal with limited oxygen conditions, growth and reproduction can be compromised, affecting culture productivity of this species (according to the frequency, duration and intensity hypoxia). The results of observations, experiments and simulations obtained during this study provide useful information to better manage of Peruvian scallop cultures (ex. Load capacity estimates in the bays, evaluations of adequate areas/depths for culture, etc.).
... El ciclo biológico de los pectínidos ha sido ampliamente estudiado principalmente enfocados en su fisiología (Barber and Blake 2006;Cragg 2006), pero aún quedan muchos vacíos de información acerca de los mecanismos de transporte y retención larval, que determinan la interacción entre zonas de desove y zonas de asentamiento. Existen estudios donde se evalúa la densidad y distribución vertical de larvas de pectínidos, pero no logran definir el origen o destino de los individuos, variando los patrones de acuerdo a la especie como es el caso de A. purpuratus que muestra una mayor abundancia de larvas a profundidades de 17 metros (Bandin and Mendo 1999) mientras que Placopecten magellanicus mostró una mayor abundancia de larvas a profundidades de 20 metros, pero también con presencia menor de individuos hasta los 40 metros (Tremblay and Sinclair 1988;Tremblay et al. 1994 Cowen and Sponaugle (2009) también definen la "conectividad poblacional" (Figura 1) como el intercambio de individuos entre sub-poblaciones separadas geográficamente que comprenden una meta-población. En el contexto de especies marinas bentónicas, la conectividad poblacional abarca la fase de dispersión desde la reproducción hasta la finalización del asentamiento (incluida la elección del hábitat y la metamorfosis). ...
Simulations were performed to investigate the transport success and larval retention of Argopecten purpuratus between Sechura Bay and Lobos de Tierra Island using the Lagrangian ICHTHYOP model forced by archived hydrodynamic model ROMS. The spawning month, spawning depth and minimum age of settlement significantly affected (p < 0.05) the transport and retention processes. The larval transport success from Sechura to Lobos de Tierra (0.0149%) was significantly higher (p <0.05) than the transport in the opposite direction (0.0066%). Particles released deeper (20-30 m in Sechura and 30-45 m in Lobos de Tierra) achieved greater transport and retention success, in addition, smaller minimum settlement ages also favored these processes. According to the vertical distribution of the particles, the Peruvian Coastal Current (PCC) was associated with larval transport from Lobos de Tierra to Sechura, while the Peru-Chile Undercurrent (PCUC) was associated with larval transport in the opposite direction. The larval retention in Sechura (0.6213%) was significantly lower (p <0.05) than the retention in Lobos de Tierra (2.0358%). According to the larval transport success rates and larval retention rates the northern system "Sechura Bay - Lobos de Tierra" can be considered as a "weak source - strong sink". The importance of conserving the bank of Sechura Bay as a source of fan shell larvae is discussed.
Keywords: Argopecten purpuratus, larval transport, larval retention, IBM, ICHTHYOP, ROMS
... En el caso andino, esto ha sido confirmado con el Spondylus sp., especie que expande su hábitat en épocas de aparición de El Niño (El Niño-Southern Oscillation, ENSO último ejemplo es clave para la costa del Pacífico, pues dicho fenómeno afecta toda la franja litoral de Sudamérica, modificando los hábitats de muchas especies, aumentando la temperatura del agua y el régimen de lluvias de un amplio sector del continente. Estas condiciones afectan notoriamente a Argopecten purpuratus (Bandin y Mendo 1999;Zúñiga 2003;Avendaño y Cantilláñez 2005), el que por causas diferentes amplía su hábitat al igual que Spondylus. ...
Amongst the assemblage of goods that circulated across the South Central Andes are molluscs or malacological remains, both complete and modified (e.g. beads and pendants). This study analyses the taxonomy, technology and distribution of these goods in the sites Tulan 54, 85 and 122 from the Tilocalar phase in order to access their function and meanings in ritual contexts, as well as their uses as exchange goods. Our analysis points to both spatial and contextual differentiation between Argopecten purpuratus, a Pacific Ocean bivalve, and Strophocheilus oblongus, a gastropod from the Argentinian neotropics. This difference is interpreted in light of other archaeological and ethnographical contexts with high symbolic meaning. Thus, we attempt to contribute to the understanding of this period of emerging social differences and transformation of subsistence modes in the Salar de Atacama.
... This activity has catalyzed widespread studies of A. purpuratus stocks along the Peruvian and Chilean coasts (see e.g. Wolff, 1987; Yamashiro and Mendo, 1988; Alarcon and Wolff, 1991; Mendo and Jurado, 1993) that demonstrate significant spatial and temporal variability in growth. Several studies relate temporal variability in the growth of this species to environmental conditions induced by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (Wolff, 1987; Mendo and Wolff, 2003;, * Corresponding author : J. Flye-Sainte-Marie ; email: flye@univ-brest.fr ...
We investigated the rhythm of micro-striae formation in the shell of Argopecten purpuratus and environmental influence on micro-growth increments by monitoring growth over a 98-day period between April and July 2007 under bottom and suspended culture (2 m above the bottom) rearing conditions. The transfer of individuals to the study site induced the formation of a notable growth mark that allowed us to count the number of micro-striae formed between transfer and sampling dates. Micro-striae counts showed a deposition rate of one stria per day independent of rearing condition. This result allowed us to analyse the relationships between growth increments and environmental conditions. We therefore examined the deviations between observed growth rates and growth rates predicted from a Von Bertalanffy growth function. Cross-correlation analysis revealed significant correlations, without time-lag, between these deviations and both particulate organic carbon and nitrogen concentration in the bottom treatment. Additionally, we observed negative correlations with temperature and current speed at this depth with time-lags of 1 and 10 days respectively. In the suspended treatment, we observed a significant negative correlation with temperature, only with a 12-day lag-time. Our results show that growth response to environmental variability is not always instantaneous. This delay can be explained by the time delay over which metabolic processes need to be performed (e.g. digestion, use/movements of reserves, growth, reproduction). Further modelling studies could help to better understand these processes.
... Following El Niño events in 1982-1983 purpuratus populations in southern Peru proliferated notably due to several factors including increased growth rate and larval survival, improved recruitment and reduced mortality from predation (Arntz et al., 2006). Consequently, both fishery and mariculture activities increased remarkably which caused the beginning of exportation activities (Bandin and Mendo, 1999). A. purpuratus stocks were overexploited afterward, due mainly to a high fishing pressure and to environmental conditions normalization (Mendo et al., 1988). ...
The population genetic structure of the Peruvian scallop Argopecten purpuratus from three different wild populations along the Peruvian coast was analyzed using nine microsatellite loci and a partial region (530bp) of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. A total of 19 polymorphic sites in the 16S rRNA gene defined 18 unique haplotypes. High genetic diversity was presented in all populations. Statistical analysis of mitochondrial DNA revealed no significant genetic structure (ΦST=0.00511, P=0.32149) among the three localities. However, microsatellite analysis showed low (2.86%) but highly significant (P=0.0001) genetic differentiation among populations, most of the variation was found in Independencia Bay population, which is located in the Peruvian National Reserve of Paracas. Neutrality tests based on mitochondrial haplotypes were performed to assess signatures of recent historical demographic events. Overall results from Tajima's D and Fu's FS tests indicated significant deviations from neutrality. To our knowledge, this study constitutes the first investigation based on mitochondrial and microsatellite markers on the genetic structure of A. purpuratus.
... Mendo & Jurado (1993) reportan una tasa de crecimiento de 0,53 mm mes -1 en bancos naturales durante un evento del Niño moderado en 1987-88, mientras el crecimiento en sistemas de cultivo suspendidos presentó una tasa mayor (2,9 mm mes -1 ). Por otra parte, Wolff (1981) y Yamashiro & Mendo (1988) reportaron, en periodos fríos, tasas menores de crecimiento con valores entre 0,41 y 0,52 mm mes -1 . En el caso de A. purpuratus, temperatura por sobre los 20°C se asocia con mayores tasas de crecimiento (K = 2,68 año -1 para bahía Paracas en Perú; Wolff, 1987). ...
In Chile crops of the northern scallop Argopecten purpuratus have been developed intensively from seeds obtained in natural environment, and since 1980 from hatchery's seed, when this technique could be controlled and developed. In order to provide information on the performance of seeds of northern scallops in this study growth in length between cohorts produced from seeds obtained in natural environment (CN) and hatchery (CH) in Tongoy (Chile) was compared using ANCOVA. We assessed the consistency of this comparison in different years and seasons. The compared cohorts are pairs of cohorts produced simultaneously in the years 2003 (spring), 2005 (winter) and 2006 (summer). Statistical analysis showed that there are significant statistical differences between cohorts obtained from natural environment and those obtained in hatchery. The Tukey's test showed differences between CN2003 and CH2003 and also between CN2005 and CH2005, while there were no significant differences between CN2006 and CH2006. These differences indicate that the cohorts of natural environment seeds grew faster than those of hatchery. Inter annual comparison showed significant statistical differences. These results are discussed in terms of the cultivation temperature and the heterozygosity for the growing population.
... Según Mendo y Wolff (2003), tiene una superficie de alrededor de 150 km 2 y una profundidad promedio de cerca de 25 m. La mayor parte del sustrato es arenoso y pedregoso, pero existen también áreas de sustrato rocoso en la zona sur de la bahía (Bandin & Mendo, 1999). ...
ciclo reproductiVo Y aspectos morFológicos de Semele corrugata (soWerBY, 1833) (BiValVia: semelidae) de BahÍa independencia, ica, perÚ reproductive cycle and morphological aspects of Semele corrugata (soWerBy, 1833) (Bivalve: semelidae) from independence Bay, ica, peru. RESUMEN Se colectó mensualmente un promedio de 24 ejemplares de S. corrugata, de noviembre del 2000 a octubre del 2001, en la bahía Independencia (14° 9' S y 76° 15' O), Pisco, Perú. En el laboratorio se tomaron los datos morfométricos de cada individuo y las gónadas fueron procesadas con las técnicas histológicas. De los 297 ejemplares colectados, 144 (48.5%) fueron machos, 139 (46.8%) hembras y 14 (4.7%) no determinados. El largo de S corrugata oscilo entre 53,8 y 93 mm, el ancho desde 42,7 mm hasta 80,3 mm y la altura entre 22,4 mm y 40,4 mm. El peso total osciló entre 21,2 g y 130,4 g, y el peso de las partes blandas, entre 6.9 g y 73 g. Hay que señalar que el peso de las partes blandas representa el 34,5% del peso total del animal. Del estudio histológico de las gónadas se determinaron cinco estadios de madurez: indiferenciado, inmaduro, madurante, maduro y evacuación. Se reproducen durante todo el año con dos picos de evacuación de gametos, él más intenso durante agosto y febrero, y el segundo durante enero, febrero y marzo. Se encontró 6 individuos con parásitos en la gónada, que por sus características serian echinocercarias de la familia Echinostomastidae Palabras clave: bivalvia, reproducción, histología, morfología, Semele corrugata ABSTRACT From November 2000 to October 2001; monthly, it was collected an average of 24 specimens of S corrugata, from Independencia Bay (14 ° 09 S and 76 ° 15 W), Pisco, Peru. In the laboratory, morphometric data were taken out from each animal and gonads were processed by histological techniques. Of the 297 specimens collected, 144 (48.5%) were male, 139 (46.8%) females and 14 (4.7%) undetermined. The length of S. corrugata ranged from 53.8 to 93 mm, width from 42.7 mm to 80.3 mm and the height between 22.4 mm to 40.4 mm. The total weight ranged from 2.21 g to 130.4 g, weight of soft tissue from 6.9 g to 73 g. The weight of the soft tissues represents 34.5% of the total weight of the animal. The histology of the gonads determined five stages of sexual development: undifferentiated, immature, maturant, mature and evacuation. They reproduce throughout the year with two peaks for the disposal of gametes, the most intense during August and February and the second one during January, February and March. We found 6 specimens with parasites in the gonad, which features would be an echinocercaria from the Echinostomastidae family
