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This article describes a facile low-cost synthesis of polyaniline nanotube (PANINT)–carbon nano-onion (CNO) composites for solid-state supercapacitors. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analyses indicate a uniform and ordered composition for the conducting polymer nanotubes immobilized on a thin gold film. The obtained nanocomposites exhibit a br...
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... and infrared spectroscopy were utilized as the main experimental techniques for the qualitative characterization of the composite materials containing the carbon nanoparticles. Figure 1 shows the Raman spectrum of the oxidized CNOs. The spectrum was excited at a wavelength of 514 nm. ...Context 2
... and infrared spectroscopy were utilized as the main experimental techniques for the qualitative characterization of the composite materials containing the carbon nanoparticles. Figure 1 shows the Raman spectrum of the oxidized CNOs. The spectrum was excited at a wavelength of 514 nm. ...Similar publications
Biometals in the brain, such as zinc, copper, and iron, are often discussed in cases of neurological disorders; however, these metals also have important regulatory functions and mediate cell signaling and plasticity. With the use of synchrotron X-ray fluorescence, our lab localized total, both bound and free, levels of zinc, copper, and iron in a...
In-situ assessment of background gamma radiation exposure rates and dose levels were carried out on Nkalagu-Ezillo rice farms during and after planting to ascertain the level of the radiological contamination of the farmland. The radiation exposure rates were measured using GQ GMC-320 Plus nuclear radiation meter at an elevation of 1.0 m above grou...
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... The electrochemical microcapacitors shows an ED of 1 × 10 −2 Wh cm −3 at a PD of 1 kW cm −3 . Polyaniline nanotube (PANI NT )-carbon nano-onion (CNO) composites (shown in Fig. 3) with brush-like architecture is developed by Marta and his group which shows a specific capacitance of 946 F g −1 at 1 mV s −1 [16]. ...
The increasing need for electronic devices that are flexible, wearable, and hybrid has piqued the interest of researchers and industries alike. Supercapacitors have emerged as alternative sources of renewable energy with extraordinary properties such as high capacity, stability, fast charging and discharging rates, stable cycle life, low cost, and ease of production. Great advancements have been made in the past decades to enhance the potential and performance of supercapacitors with novel engineering in materials synthesis, configuration, and characterization techniques. Out of all the available flexible energy storage materials, the nanocarbons or nanocarbon-based materials (such as activated carbon, carbon dots, graphene, fullerene, and nanofibers) stand out with high surface area, exceptional mechanical and electrical properties, and outstanding electrochemical characteristics. In the present book chapter, the brief introduction of different nanocarbons for energy storage devices is explained along with the different carbon-based composites and their design and assembling as flexible supercapacitor materials. A brief elaboration of different synthesis methods and how they can be helpful in developing suitable electrodes for supercapacitors. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives in the development and optimization of nanocarbon composites as futuristic supercapacitors are explained.
... While the band that has a less obvious shoulder at 1299 cm − 1 is linked to C -H in-plane benzenoid ring bending. The PANI spectrum also exhibits two specific peaks which are a single peak at 1490 cm − 1 , corresponding to the C--N stretching mode of the quinonoid units, and double peaks in the range of 1620 cm − 1 to 1738 cm − 1 , corresponding to the C -C and C--C stretching vibrations [51]. For PVA, the peak around 2900 cm − 1 is attributed to symmetric and asymmetric -CH 2 stretching vibrations [52]. ...
... Same strategy tried by Olejnik et al. [104] making a facile, low-cost synthesis of polyaniline nanotube (PANInt) /CNOs composite for supercapacitors applications. As usual, CNOs possess a spherical morphology with 5 nm diameter with concentric graphite layer and their aggregation was reduced after surface modifications. ...
... Use was further extended to solid-state supercapasiters by utilizing the conducting PANI to form nanotube architecture. The enhancement of capacitance value was observed for PANInt/ox-CNO composite [104]with a specific capacitance of 946F g − 1 at a scan rate of 1 mV s − 1 due to high conductivity attributed by well-developed surface area and porous structure of the composites formed. Lack of long-term durability, poor charge exchange and power densities are some of the reason for electrode damage. ...
Carbon nano-onions (CNOs) are carbonaceous, concentric-shelled nanostructures of fullerenes. CNOs are considered efficient reinforcing materials for polymers due to their improved conductivity, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility. CNO-based polymer nanocomposites currently find applications in different fields and thus open their own space in the research field. Owing to their safety and less toxicity, CNOs are used in the field of biomedicine for bioimaging. This review tries to give an idea of the structure of CNO and specifies the recent investigations on their structural modifications. Moreover, this review sheds light on the CNO based polymer nanocomposites, their morphology and properties relationships, and applications.
... Furthermore, the porous texture of the composites enhances their electrochemical performance and specific capacitance 41,42 . The nanostructural polyaniline, synthesized as nanotubes, used for the preparation of the composite containing conducting polymer and the oxidized CNO, allows obtaining material with more than three times higher capacitance than amorphous polyaniline reaching 946 F g −1 43 . ...
Herein, we report the functionalization of carbon nano-onions (CNOs) with the hydroxyaryl group and subsequent modifications with resins: resorcinol–formaldehyde using porogenic Pluronic F-127, resorcinol–formaldehyde-melamine, benzoxazine made of bisphenol A and triethylenetetramine, and calix[4]resorcinarene-derived using F-127. Following the direct carbonization, extensive physicochemical analysis was carried out, including Fourier transform infrared, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and adsorption–desorption of N2. The addition of CNO to the materials significantly increases the total pore volume (up to 0.932 cm³ g⁻¹ for carbonized resorcinol–formaldehyde resin and CNO (RF-CNO-C) and 1.242 cm³ g⁻¹ for carbonized resorcinol–formaldehyde-melamine resin and CNO (RFM-CNO-C)), with mesopores dominating. However, the synthesized materials have poorly ordered domains with some structural disturbance; the RFM-CNO-C composite shows a more ordered structure with amorphous and semi-crystalline regions. Subsequently, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge method studied the electrochemical properties of all materials. The influence of resins' compositions, CNO content, and amount of N atoms in carbonaceous skeleton on the electrochemical performance was studied. In all cases, adding CNO to the material improves its electrochemical properties. The carbon material derived from CNO, resorcinol and melamine (RFM-CNO-C) showed the highest specific capacitance of 160 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 2 A g⁻¹, which is stable after 3000 cycles. The RFM-CNO-C electrode retains approximately 97% of its initial capacitive efficiency. The electrochemical performance of the RFM-CNO-C electrode results from the hierarchical porosity's stability and the presence of nitrogen atoms in the skeleton. This material is an optimal solution for supercapacitor devices.
... Due to both nanostructures' high conductivity and ordered brush-like structures, which have extraordinarily large porosities, the nanocomposite has greater specific capacitance values. In particular, "conductive" channels were developed in which charge transfer is facilitated by interactions between the multilayered fullerenes and p-electrons of the PANI quinonoid and aromatic structures [152]. ...
Citation: Paramshetti, S.; Angolkar, M.; Al Fatease, A.; Alshahrani, S.M.; Hani, U.; Garg, A.; Ravi, G.; Osmani, R.A.M. Revolutionizing Drug Delivery and Therapeutics: The Biomedical Applications of Conductive Polymers and Composites-Based Systems. Abstract: The first conductive polymers (CPs) were developed during the 1970s as a unique class of organic substances with properties that are electrically and optically comparable to those of inorganic semiconductors and metals while also exhibiting the desirable traits of conventional polymers. CPs have become a subject of intensive research due to their exceptional qualities, such as high mechanical and optical properties, tunable electrical characteristics, ease of synthesis and fabrication, and higher environmental stability than traditional inorganic materials. Although conducting polymers have several limitations in their pure state, coupling with other materials helps overcome these drawbacks. Owing to the fact that various types of tissues are responsive to stimuli and electrical fields has made these smart biomaterials attractive for a range of medical and biological applications. For various applications, including the delivery of drugs, biosensors, biomedical implants, and tissue engineering, electrical CPs and composites have attracted significant interest in both research and industry. These bimodalities can be programmed to respond to both internal and external stimuli. Additionally, these smart biomaterials have the ability to deliver drugs in various concentrations and at an extensive range. This review briefly discusses the commonly used CPs, composites, and their synthesis processes. Further highlights the importance of these materials in drug delivery along with their applicability in various delivery systems.
... [1] Carbon-related bands originating from higher order vibration modes (2D at %2700 cm À1 and D þ G at %2900 cm À1 ) are usually present in the third spectral range (3). [52] Although previous reports show that the intensity of the 2700 cm À1 peak is much higher than the 2900 cm À1 one, [52,53] our results indicate that only the latter is present in the spectra. Furthermore, the spectra in the third region also contain a band at approximately 3180 cm À1 . ...
... [1] Carbon-related bands originating from higher order vibration modes (2D at %2700 cm À1 and D þ G at %2900 cm À1 ) are usually present in the third spectral range (3). [52] Although previous reports show that the intensity of the 2700 cm À1 peak is much higher than the 2900 cm À1 one, [52,53] our results indicate that only the latter is present in the spectra. Furthermore, the spectra in the third region also contain a band at approximately 3180 cm À1 . ...
Changes in the structure and composition of bare titanium (Ti) surface have been investigated using femtosecond laser ablation in n‐heptane environment. The efficient formation of a titanium carbide (TiC) layer and the presence of high carbon concentration in the photoformed layer covering the Ti surface are demonstrated. Surprisingly, the synthesized ceramic layers are found to contain also nitrided and oxidized species (TiN, TiCN) due to transport of air to the titanium surface during laser ablation. Additionally, by tuning the experimental conditions, how to delicately control two key surface characteristics like surface morphology and composition is showed. Remarkably, the photoformed ceramic layers exhibit low cytotoxicity toward human cells and improve corrosion inhibition efficiency compared to pristine Ti. The findings reveal deep insights into the formation of ceramic layers on Ti surface and, thus, help in the development of novel materials for a whole host of engineering and biomedical applications.
... During the charging and discharging process, the synergy among the multiple components can attenuate the volume contraction and expansion of the electrode material, thus gaining a high specific capacitance and outstanding cycling stability. Many binary composites are synthesized as important raw materials for supercapacitors, such as carbon-conducting polymers [14,15], metal oxides-carbon materials [16,17], metal oxides-conducting polymers [18,19], and metal oxides-metal oxides [20,21]. Zheng et al. reported the preparation of amorphous FeOOH nano flowers@multiwalled carbon nanotubes composites by a convenient and scalable method [22]. ...
Nano core–shell structured materials have different or better properties than single components, which can realize the design and optimization of nanoscale particle structure and properties. Additionally, hollow core–shell materials have the advantages of large specific surface area, abundant active sites, low density, short mass transfer path, and wide cavity structure, which are widely used in the fields of electrochemistry, biomedicine, and environmental protection. Herein, hollow core–shell FeOOH@MnO2 nanorod composites were prepared by easiest hydrothermal method. Due to the synergy and versatility between the hollow FeOOH nanorods core and the MnO2 nanosheets shell, the FeOOH@MnO2 composite exhibits outstanding electrochemical characteristic as an electrode material with specific capacitance of 924 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, admirable rate capability (capacitance retention of 75.9% from 1 to 10 A g−1), and remarkable cycling stability (91.2% of initial capacity retained after 5000 charge/discharge cycles). Notably, the assembled FeOOH@MnO2//activated carbon (AC) asymmetric supercapacitor facility possessed an energy density of 53.4 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 722 W kg−1, indicating that the hollow core–shell FeOOH@MnO2 nanorod nanocomposite is a viable electrode material that can be used in supercapacitors.
... On the basis of observations it was proved that small amount additions of CNOs particles to a polymer host can noticeably modify the composite response to EM radiation [310]. Olejnik et al. (2018) fabricated polyaniline nanotube (PANI NT )e carbon nano-onion (CNO) composites for solid-state supercapacitors by using the template method. Specially, the nanostructural properties of both the mentioned components and the unique perpendicular organization of the conducting nanotubes relative to the surface electrode affected the unusual electrochemical properties of these materials. ...
... 950 F/g. The most important benefit of composites is their potential application as a conductive material in solid-state supercapacitors [311] respectively. Macutkevic et al. ...
The present review offers readers with an update over current and novel developments of carbon nano onions (CNOs) in recent years. Here we concisely detailed out the synthesis routes, growth mechanism in different synthetic routes, purification methods, chemical, electronic, optical, electro-magnetic and tribological properties, applications in energy storage sectors especially in the field of ion batteries and supercapacitors, polymeric composites of carbon nano onion, publication, patent-research trends data (1980–2020) and a brief market analysis respectively.
... The combination of carbon nanomaterials with conducting polymers is very often used in the construction of electrochemical sensors. This combination significantly increases the specific surface area, induces high porosity, facilitates charge conduction, increases the number of active sites and improves the cycling stability [30][31][32]. Among the conductive polymer applied in the electrochemical sensing field, polyaniline stands out. ...
... 50 Scm À 1 ), high chemical stability, and ease and low cost of preparation. Recently, it has been proven that the composition PANI nt /CNOs ox (oxidized form of CNOs) revealed a high specific capacitance of 950 F g À 1 [31]. Moreover, PANI nt is able to efficiently eliminate the impact of additional chemical interactions on the electrochemical response [35][36][37]. ...
... One of the most effective and simple methods of PANI nt production is chemical template synthesis. The use of an easily soluble matrix allows for the control of nanotubes size, which determines the final properties of the polymer [31,38,39]. ...
Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were modified with nanocomposites containing conductive polyaniline nanotubes (PANInt) and carbon nano‐onions (CNOs). Herein we report a simple and sensitive way for DA determination at concentrations between 1 and 10 µM by linear sweep voltammetry using GCE/PANInt/CNOs system. The DA electrochemical behavior was examined in two buffer environments (pH 7.5 and 4.5) using electrodes modified with the oxidized CNOs or their derivatives containing carboxyl and benzylamino functional groups. The direct electrooxidation of DA was observed at +0.65 V and +0.8 V at pH 7.5 and at +0.7 V and +1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl at pH 4.5.
... Recently, abundant carbon-based materials have been studied and evaluated for possible developments of SSSCs, in order to meet the demand of requisite energy storage. Example attempts include activated carbon [160,161], porous carbon [162], carbide-derived carbon [163], carbon nano-onions [164], carbon aerogels [165], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [166], graphene [167][168][169], and graphene aerogel [170]. ...
This review acmes the latest developments of composites of metal oxides/sulfide comprising of graphene and its analogues as electrode materials in the construction of the next generation of supercapacitors (SCs). SCs have become an indispensable device of energy-storage modes. A prompt increase in the number of scientific accomplishments in this field, including publications, patents, and device fabrication, has evidenced the immense attention they have attracted from scientific communities. These efforts have resulted in rapid advancements in the field of SCs, focusing on the development of electrode materials with features of high performance, economic viability, and robustness. It has been demonstrated that carbon-based electrode materials mixed with metal oxides and sulfoxides can perform extremely well in terms of energy density, durability, and exceptional cyclic stability. Herein, the state-of-the-art technologies relevant to the fabrication, characterization, and property assessment of graphene-based SCs are discussed in detail, especially for the composite forms when mixing with metal sulfide, metal oxides, metal foams, and nanohybrids. Effective synthetic methodologies for the nanocomposite fabrications via intercalation, coating, wrapping, and covalent interactions will be reviewed. We will first introduce some fundamental aspects of SCs, and briefly highlight the impact of graphene-based nanostructures on the basic principle of SCs, and then the recent progress in graphene-based electrodes, electrolytes, and all-solid-state SCs will be covered. The important surface properties of the metal oxides/sulfides electrode materials (nickel oxide, nickel sulfide, molybdenum oxide, ruthenium oxides, stannous oxide, nickel-cobalt sulfide manganese oxides, multiferroic materials like BaMnF, core-shell materials, etc.) will be described in each section as per requirement. Finally, we will show that composites of graphene-based electrodes are promising for the construction of the next generation of high performance, robust SCs that hold the prospects for practical applications.
