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Background: Hydroxyethyl Ester of Mefenamic acid (HEMA), which is an available derivative of mefenamic acid (MFA) in the literature, was shown to exert a strong resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis in various buffer solutions as well as in the plasma. However, there are no studies yet that investigate the biological effects of HEMA as a possible acti...
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Context 1
... distress that is associated with HEMA side effects was evaluated in comparison to the distress produced by MFA treatment (40 mg/kg) using the mouse grimace scale ( Fig.1). Each action unit was taken a value of 0 (indicates the action unit was absent in all photos), 1 (indicates the action unit was present in at least one photo with a mild feature) or 2 (indicates the action unit was obvious). ...Context 2
... distress that is associated with HEMA side effects was evaluated in comparison to the distress produced by MFA treatment (40 mg/kg) using the mouse grimace scale ( Fig.1). Each action unit was taken a value of 0 (indicates the action unit was absent in all photos), 1 (indicates the action unit was present in at least one photo with a mild feature) or 2 (indicates the action unit was obvious). ...Citations
... Studying the toxicity of substances is very important [23][24][25][26][27]. In our previous studies, we investigated the levels of toxic metals in various pharmaceutical preparations from a local market in Jordan, which is claimed to be a relatively safe option for users [28,29]. ...
The rate of smokers in Jordan has been among the highest globally. Electronic Nicotine Delivery systems (ENDs) are considered helpful in smoking cessation but also have the potential for metals exposure resulting from their transfer from the metallic coils to the e-liquid upon use. Metal exposure is associated with severe health outcomes. We sought to assess the levels of toxic metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni and Al) transfer from two of the most popular coils used in ENDs among users in Jordan. The validated inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) with limit of detections (LODs) of 0.10, 0.90, 0.15, 0.13 and 1.00 mg.kg−1 was employed to measure the levels of toxic metals in the e-liquid samples. Following a repetitive usage of coils in both tank and pod systems for five continuous days, the cumulative amount of toxic metals; Ni, Cr, Al and Pb levels were significantly increased in all e-liquids used (p < 0.0001) compared to the fresh unheated samples. The obtained results showed a time-dependent increase of metals transfer from coils to e-liquids, thus highlighting the need for additional studies to re-assess the safety claims of using ENDs for smoking cessation.
