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Schematic view of the preshower effect observed by gamma-ray telescopes; in the geomagnetic field, an ultra-high-energy photon is converted into an e + /e − pair, which radiate synchrotron photons. A CRE composed of thousands of photons and a few electrons/positrons reaches the top of the atmosphere within a few square centimeters. An EAS is subsequently produced and, due to the high zenith angle observation mode, the electromagnetic and hadronic components are mostly absorbed. The surviving muonic component emits Cherenkov radiation which can be detected by ground-based Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes [153].
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The Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is a newly formed, global collaboration dedicated to observing and studying cosmic rays (CR) and cosmic-ray ensembles (CRE): groups of at least two CR with a common primary interaction vertex or the same parent particle. The CREDO program embraces testing known CR and CRE scenarios, and prepa...
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... one might consider alternative observables and alternative infrastructures, more sensitive to electromagnetic multi-primary EAS origins, e.g., those connected with Cherenkov emission induced by air shower particles and being observed by gamma-ray telescopes. A study in this direction was presented in Ref. [153], where the authors analyze the feasibility of detecting preshower-induced EAS using Monte Carlo simulations of nearly horizontal air showers for the example of the La Palma site of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), as illustrated in Figure 5. ...
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The Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is a newly formed, global collaboration dedicated to observing and studying cosmic rays (CR) and cosmic ray ensembles (CRE): groups of a minimum of two CR with a common primary interaction vertex or the same parent particle. The CREDO program embraces testing known CR and CRE scenarios, and p...
The Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is a newly formed, global collaboration dedicated to observing and studying cosmic rays (CR) and cosmic ray ensembles (CRE): groups of a minimum of two CR with a common primary interaction vertex or the same parent particle. The CREDO program embraces testing known CR and CRE scenarios, and p...
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... One of the main challenges of this approach is the need to avoid enormous training data sets that would result computationally expensive. That is precisely the case of Monte Carlo (MC) generators like CORSIKA [18]. A recent study has shown that the Nakamura-Kamata-Greisen (NKG) distribution can capture the main features of full-fledged simulations. ...
This contribution presents the recent research developments within the Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory in the search for resolution of various scientific puzzles, ranging from fundamental physical questions to applications like the determination of earthquake precursors. The state-of-the art theoretical, numerical and computational aspects of these phenomena are addressed, as well as recent experimental developments for detection.
... Well-known examples include the famous discovery of the cosmic microwave background (CMB; Penzias & Wilson 1965) and the more recent observation of the Fermi bubbles (Dobler et al. 2010;Su et al. 2010). A globally distributed network of cosmic-ray sensors is a novel instrument for the exploration of cosmic rays (DECO 2012; Homola et al. 2020), with the potential to reveal unexpected or previously unobserved planetscale phenomena such as widely separated simultaneous extensive air showers. ...
... Comparatively smaller-scale and higher-cost campaigns to detect simultaneous showers have been ongoing for the past 50 yr (Fegan et al. 1983;Carrel & Martin 1994;Kitamura et al. 1997;Unno et al. 1997;Potgieter et al. 1998;Kieda et al. 1999;Kampert et al. 2001;Ochi et al. 2001; also see Appendix). A truly global network of dedicated devices would seem to be prohibitively expensive; however, the foundation for crowdsourcing consumer smartphones to detect extensive air showers has been laid previously by multiple collaborations (Whiteson et al. 2016;Meehan et al. 2017;Homola et al. 2020). The physical, electrical, and enclosing attributes of smartphone camera chips differ significantly from those of silicon detectors used in particle experiments as the former are optimized solely to be photoelectric transducers. ...
We explore the sensitivity offered by a global network of cosmic-ray detectors to a novel, unobserved phenomenon: widely separated simultaneous extended air showers. Existing localized observatories work independently to observe individual showers, offering insight into the source and nature of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. However no current observatory is large enough to provide sensitivity to anticipated processes such as the Gerasimova–Zatsepin effect or potential new physics that generate simultaneous air showers separated by hundreds to thousands of kilometers. A global network of consumer electronics (the Cosmic Rays Found In Smartphones (CRAYFIS) experiment), may provide a novel opportunity for observation of such phenomena. Two user scenarios are explored. In the first, with maximal user adoption, we find that statistically significant discoveries of spatially separated but coincident showers are possible within a couple years. In the second, more practical adoption model with 10 ⁶ active devices, we find a worldwide CRAYFIS to be sensitive to novel “burst” phenomena where many simultaneous extensive air showers (EAS) occur at once.
... The Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) Collaboration (see Ref. [940] and the topical references therein) asks under which circumstances and with which conditions Cosmic Ray Ensembles (CREs) can reach the Earth and be at least partly detected with the available or possible infrastructure. ...
The present white paper is submitted as part of the "Snowmass" process to help inform the long-term plans of the United States Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation for high-energy physics. It summarizes the science questions driving the Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic-Ray (UHECR) community and provides recommendations on the strategy to answer them in the next two decades.
... T HE application of smartphone cameras as cosmic ray detectors is a new research opportunity actively pursued for a few years now. Citizen science initiatives like CREDO [1], DECO [2] and CRAYFIS [3] have attracted tens of thousands of users who provided cosmic ray hits registered with their devices for the analysis. Classifying individual hits observed in smartphones turned into detectors is already a relatively well-studied [4]- [7] topic. ...
Applying Machine Learning (ML) methods for the analysis of muon lateral distributions in Extensive Air Showers detected by citizen science projects, while taking into account the spatial distribution of detectors requires enormous training data sets. Therefore, generating these data sets with typical Monte Carlo (MC) generators like CORSIKA is computationally prohibitive. Here we present a method which by the application of special augmentation procedures produces the training dataset that is compatible in all essential aspects to the data produced with regular MC computations while avoiding their time overhead. We utilize the Nakamura-Kamata-Greisen (NKG) distribution which was proven to be an attractive alternative to full-fledged simulations. The simulation of 10
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muons at the ground level takes just a few seconds using our implementation of the NKG approach. For 10
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muons this figure is still around 1 minute. For comparison, CORSIKA based simulation performed on Prometheus supercomputer at CYFRONET computing center an ensemble of ~ 100 showers initiated by a particle of 10
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eV
resulted in ~ 10
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muons and ~ 10
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electrons required computation time of the order of a few days.
... The main imperfection of these cr showers is their low statistics-especially for extremely high energies. Thus, the way out of this situation is to significantly increase the recording area by deploying detectors all over the Earth [1,2]. Even the largest professional cr observatories, such as Pierre Auger or Ice Cube, have not done this so far. ...
... Such a phenomenon has never been seen, but there are several models under which such an event is a possibility, including the decay/annihilation of superheavy dark matter particles [3]. Searching for such hypothesized Cosmic Ray Ensembles (CRE) is the driving science case behind the CREDO Project [4][5][6]. It formally commenced operations on Sept. 11, 2019 after approximately three years of network and software infrastructure development [6,7]. ...
... Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory). Завдяки наявності світлочутливого сенсора і GPS-модуля смартфон із встановленим застосунком CREDO Detector стає складником у розподіленій мережі детекторів зі смартфонів волонтерів [1]. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій зарубіжних та вітчизняних науковців та педагогівпрактиків, як-от: П. Ваттанайотін, П. Воґт, У. Делябр, А. Здещиц, В. Здещиц, О. Колесникова, В. Колмакова, Дж. ...
У статті акцентовано увагу на використанні датчиків смартфону: акселерометра, гіроскопа, магнітометра, датчика освітленості, мікрофона, барометра та інших в учнівських STEM-проєктах. Запропоновано часткове розв’язання проблеми застарілості матеріально-технічної бази шкільних кабінетів фізики через проведення лабораторних робіт у застосунку Phyphox і 3D-друк допоміжних елементів, попередньо розроблених у середовищі моделювання Tinkercad. Phyphox був розроблений в Університеті RWTH Aachen. Застосунок дає змогу на основі даних, що надходять з датчиків смартфону, створити повноцінний лабораторний комплекс і проводити нетривіальні експерименти, а також зберігати масиви даних для подальшої інтерпретації. Визначено такі особливості застосунку Phyphox: наявність готових фізичних експериментів, можливість створення власних експериментів, опрацювання й унаочнення даних із датчиків смартфону в режимі реального часу, підтримка експорту результатів експерименту у файли різних форматів (csv, xls). Phyphox може керуватися дистанційно з будь-якого пристрою, що перебуває в тій самій мережі, що й смартфон, і має веббраузер. Як приклад розглянуто типові фізичні експерименти, що пропонуються у Phyphox, й авторські ініціативи, як-от: встановлення залежності між освітленістю і збільшенням відстані до джерела світла, встановлення закону руху підвісної гойдалки на основі даних акселерометра, визначення ваги пасажира в кабіні рухомого ліфта, встановлення функції, за якою рівень звуку змінюється зі збільшенням відстані від джерела звуку, дослідження резонансних явищ повітря залежно від об’єму порожнини, визначення швидкості руху радіокерованої автомоделі (на прикладі ефекту Доплера). Перспективним напрямом є проведення лабораторних робіт з використанням зовнішніх датчиків, підключених до платформ Arduino, із синхронізацією зі смартфоном через Bluetooth, що потребує подальших навчально-методичних розробок.
... On the Earth the observational signature of such extended cascade can be searched in the form of temporal clustering of the cosmic ray events [29]. In addition, a global collaboration named The Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) [30] is dedicated to searching the footprints of such spatially correlated cosmic ray events that might have initiated by UHE photons. ...
In this work, I present a qualitative discussion on the prospect of production of ultra-high photons in blazars. The sources are a subclass of active galactic nuclei which host supermassive black holes and fire relativistic jets into the intergalactic medium. The kpc scale jets are believed to be dominated by Poynting flux and constitute one of the most efficient cosmic particle accelerators, that potentially are capable of accelerating the particles up to EeV energies. Recent IceCube detection of astrophysical neutrino emission in coincidence with the enhanced gamma-ray from Tev blazar TXS 0506 + 056 further supports hadronic models of blazar emissions in which particle acceleration processes such as relativistic shocks, magnetic re-connection, and relativistic turbulence could energize hardrons, e. g. protons, up to energies equivalent to billions of Lorentz factors. The ensuing photo-pionic processes may then result in gamma-rays accompanied by neutrino flux. Furthermore, the fact that blazars are the dominant source of observed TeV emission encourages us to search for signatures of acceleration scenarios that would lead to the creation of ultra-high energy photons.
... Such cascades are hereafter referred to cosmic-ray ensembles (CRE), and can differ by size, shape and constituents, correlated spatially and/or temporarily. Since recently, such phenomena became a key scientific interest of the Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) collaboration [22][23][24]. ...
Cosmic rays interact with fields and background radiation as they propagate in space, producing particle cascades of various sizes, shapes and constituents. The potential observation of at least parts of such phenomena, referred to as cosmic-ray ensembles (CRE), from Earth would open a new channel of cosmic-ray investigation, since it might be a manifestation of fundamental symmetries of nature. Research dedicated to CRE is one of the main scientific objectives of the Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) Collaboration, and with this article we address one of the cornerstones of the relevant scientific program: the simulation method dedicated to CRE studies. Here we focus on CRE resulting from synchrotron radiation by high energy electrons as one of the most prevalent energy loss processes. Providing the example of simulation output analysis, we demonstrate the advantages of our approach as well as discuss the possibility of generalization of current research.
... The macroscopical properties of compact stars may be affected from quantities like the cosmological constant [36] or the presence of DM, the latter considered here. Observations of the effects of a strong phase transition on supernova explosions, compact stars, and their mergers [37] or of NS cooling as well as detection of associated cosmic rays [38], eccentric binary orbits [39], emissions from evolutionary stages [40], or the growth of black holes as DM in the interior of rotating NS [41], may allow for Mass-radius diagram for compact stars which includes measurement regions as well as exclusion regions. Each curve corresponds to a sequence of compact stars for the same parameters within our model which is characterized by the hadronic m 0 parameter. ...
... Stellar moment of inertia I (left panel) and dimensionless tidal deformability Λ (right panel) related to the compact star mass M with corresponding measurements in electromagnetic and gravitational signals, respectively. A recent Bayesian estimation of the moment of inertia reports I * = 1.15 +0.38 −0.24 × 10 45 g cm 2[35]. ...
We present a model of compact stars with a dark matter core. The hadronic equation of state is based on the parity doublet model and does not present a phase transition to quark matter. Instead, a strong first-order phase transition to dark matter described by a constant speed of sound model leads to the scenario of compact star mass twins. Compact star structural properties which obey state-of-the-art measurements and constraints are presented.
