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This article reviews utilisation of plasmas as activation media for the partial oxidation of natural or associated gases to produce synthesis gas (H-2 + CO). These feedstocks can also be converted into syngas via plasma-assisted steam reforming. In this case plasmas play a role as catalysts and, at the same time, provide the very active and necessa...
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... process used such an arc to provide the endothermic heat for CO 2 dry reforming or an amount of energy just necessary to assist a POX by oxygen. Figure 1 presents a schematic view of the reactor containing a classical plasma torch as the first stage, the feed and oxidant introduction (mixing system), and a controlled discharge chamber with the second anode. The torch had a thoriated tungsten cathode and a copper anode with a hole. ...
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This study evaluates the performance of a molten carbonate fuel cell and micro gas turbine (MCFC/MGT) hybrid power system bi-fueled by city gas and biogas. The performance of the MCFC/MGT hybrid power system and MFCF/MGT hybrid power system response have been investigated experimentally and numerically. Results show that the MCFC, steam reformer, a...
Compact fuel processors using natural gas, LPG and biogas for μCHP fuel cell systems have been developed at ZBT for over 10 years. The technology, based on steam reforming, includes a reformer and a WGS reactor, a water evaporator, heat exchangers and a fuel/anodic offgas burner integrated in an insulated housing. For coupling with a LT-PEMFC today...
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... The resulting sample was designated ESC-800/ PL. The plasma reactor used in this study was described by Lesueur et al. (1988) and Czernichowski (2001). It is made of two metal electrodes in aluminum, connected to a highvoltage generator (GHT 40 kHz, 9-10 kV, 100 mA) placed in a Pyrex insulating envelope, and equipped with a cooling system. ...
Clays are often envisaged as an alternative to activated carbon for wastewater pollutant adsorption. However, conclusive results have only been obtained for clays heavily chemically modified. In this study, a greener approach is proposed to improve the retention capacity of clays. It consists in mixing clay (C) with eggshell (ES) and calcine, and then exposing to gliding arc plasma (ESC-800/PL). The resulting materials were characterized by nitrogen physisorption, FTIR, XRD, TGA/ DTG, and point of zero charge analyses. The preparation gives porous platelet agglomerates resulting from the kaolinite-metakaolinite transition, thereby increasing their internal specific surface area and capacity to retain pollutants. This granular distribution is kept stable by partial pozzolanic reactions avoiding deagglomeration. The specific surface area and total pore volume increased respectively from 14 m 2 g −1 and 0.049 cm 3 g −1 to 89 m 2 g −1 and 0.061 cm 3 g −1 leading to an enhanced removal efficiency of Fast Green and Orange G dyes from polluted water. The maximum adsorption capacity occurred at 298 K attaining values of 32.34 and 14.78 mg g −1 for OG and FG, respectively. The pH plays a crucial role in the maximum sorption of dyes, and the experimental data were successfully adjusted to pseudo-first-order kinetic and Liu isotherm model.
... The installations used for Syngas production via biomass gasification are called Macro-TG. They consist of an electrically heated furnace and either a manual or an automatic system, which allows the samples to be placed inside the furnace at a certain time [80,[85][86][87]. Plasma technology can be used to achieve the same goal. ...
... Plasma technology can be used to achieve the same goal. The temperature-induced by the electric arc in hydrogen plasma is high (̰1,500 °C ), resulting in the production of syngas (CO and H 2 ) with a conversion rate of about 100% [85][86][87]. The efficiency of generating electricity and hydrogen-based on hydrogen plasma and carbon fuel cell technology varies between 87% and 92%, which is more than twice that of the installations fed with coal and based on conventional steam. ...
The emission of greenhouse gases, specifically CO 2 , has reached non-acceptable levels causing global warming with adverse effects. Owing to rigorous ongoing research, these harmful substances might be converted to beneficial sources. The main objective of this study was to review the most effective processes that might utilize carbon dioxide to produce various substances, chemicals, and energy. For this, different existing and projected short-term and long-term strategies have been presented and discussed. Specifically, processes like the artificial tree of Lackner to capture CO 2 , chemical looping combustion (CLC), the application of CO 2 in the food and processing industry, wastewater treatment, supercritical and refrigerant CO 2 , hydrogenation of CO 2 , the cultivation of microalgae, thermolysis, electrolysis, and photoelectrocatalysis techniques for producing hydrogen and biofuels, based on thermochemical processes, are the most promising ways to reduce and reuse CO 2. Such behavioral changes can lead to the exchange of CO 2 between natural reservoirs and help to maintain CO 2 equilibrium among the atmosphere, the upper mixed layer of the sea, and the deep sea. Consequently, the mean global temperature and the climate are directly affected.
... The plasma treatment experiments were carried out in a 500 mL gliding arc plasma reactor [33]. The experimental device of Fig. 1 consist of a high voltage generator (an Aupem Sefli HV transformer: 10 kV; 160 mA in open conditions) connected to two diverging knifeshaped electrodes disposed vertically in a double-walled cylindrical quartz tank when the generator was switch-on, an electric arc was ignited at the minimum narrow gap and blown along the electrodes axis under the wet air effect, coming from a bubbler containing distilled water. ...
4-chlorophenol (4-CP) is recognized as a highly toxic organic which can cause damage effects on human life and the aquatic environment. Since conventional wastewater techniques were unable to remove non-biodegradable chlorophenols, advanced oxidation process was investigated to achieve this goal. Amongst them, non-thermal plasma was recently proposed as an alternative and promising technique. However, the energy efficiency of most non-thermal plasma technique is very low as well as the input energy is dissipated in many forms such as heat, UV radiation, electromagnetic waves, etc., that are not totally involved in the pollutant degradation. In this work, quantitative analyses of UV radiation and H2O2 in a moist air gliding arc plasma (glidarc) were performed using potassium ferrioxalate actinometry and peroxytitanyl complex method, respectively. The role of UV light emitted in gliding arc plasma was elucidated by performing parallel experiments: H2O2, glidarc alone, glidarc + H2O2, glidarc + H2O2 + Fe³⁺ (plasma-Photo-Fenton). The results show that the incorporation of Fenton reagents in 4-CP solution exposed to the plasma enhanced the yields of chemical active species, which were available for efficient removal and mineralization of 4-CP.
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... Controlling the H 2 /CO ratio in syngas might be useful for valorization purposes [43], as it influences the downstream process. For instance, syngas very rich in CO is valuable for the production of oxygenated chemicals [12,44]. In Fig. 6, the error bars represent the standard error of the mean considering the variations between the different flow rates and peak currents. ...
The environmental impact of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane can be reduced if they are used as feedstock to synthesize chemical building blocks such as syngas (CO, H2) via dry reforming. Methane dry reforming is investigated using an Ar/CO2/CH4 rotating gliding arc (RGA) reactor powered by a dual-stage pulsed DC power supply. Tangential gas injection combined with a static magnetic field enabled the rotation and upward displacement of the arc along the conical cathode and the grounded anode, yielding to a larger plasma volume. Different parameters such as peak arc current (0.74 and 1.50 A), total gas flow rate (3.7, 4.7 and 6.7 SLPM), CO2/CH4 ratio (1.0, 1.5, 2.0) and gas inlet preheating (room temperature, 200 °C) were studied to determine the most efficient parameter combination. Gas conversion was measured online using a calibrated mass spectrometer and offline using a gas chromatograph. Noticeable increases in CO2 and CH4 conversions, as well as H2 and CO yields, were obtained when doubling the peak arc current. For the larger peak current, higher H2 yields were obtained at a CO2/CH4 = 1.0, and the best energy efficiencies were obtained at the lowest specific energy input values. No significant effect of the gas inlet temperature on the conversions or yields was found. Trace amounts of acetylene and ethylene, as well as some carbon deposits were observed as by-products of syngas generation. The low amount of by-products obtained implies a good selectivity for CO and H2, i.e., a cleaner syngas when produced with RGA discharge.
... The conventional gliding arc (GA) discharge [10][11][12][13] was one of the rst types of intermediate plasma. This type of plasma has been intensively studied by Fridman et al [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. ...
Intermediate arc discharge plasmas allow working with ions at lower temperatures than thermal plasmas and can generate greater selectivity in certain chemical reactions due the high vibrational and electron temperature. In this paper, a magnetic gliding arc discharge (MGA), which is an intermediate plasma, operating in air at atmospheric pressure was developed. It presents increased arc length and stability by using a cylindrical notched cathode (CNC). The constructed rectangular section of the notch channel on the cylindrical cathode surface allowed the arc to be confined within the channel with enhanced stability. The changes in the cathode geometry allowed the system to reach 40 mm arc length, 102 mm plasma disk diameter, and from 300 to 400 mA current, using CO2 as the working gas. A low cost electro-optical device was set up to determine the arc rotation frequency and is described in detail. Measurements of frequency (f) as a function of current (I) indicates that the developed MGA-CNC follows the relation f ∝ I0.5, which agrees with the theoretical prediction. In order to compare the MGA-CNC data acquired with other reported MGAs, an analysis considering the distinct magnetic field intensities (Br) and different cathode diameters (D) was performed. Thus, a linear relationship was observed for f D/(Br=D/2)½ as a function of of I½, which may represent the general experimental behavior of different MGA operated in air at atmospheric pressure. The arc diameter (d) in the region near the cathode (at r = D/2) can be determined from the slope α of the plot (α = 6.03 m/kg1/2); the obtained value (d = 3.2 ± 0.7 mm) is coherent with measured values elsewhere.
... Non-thermal plasma (NTP) represents a relatively new technology being used in a wide range of domains. There are already consecrated and in continuously development NTP applications such surface treatment, [1], degradation or conversion of organic pollutants in aqueous solutions [2], [3], or the treatments of air and solutions [4], [5]. There are also applications of NTP in medicine (e.g. ...
... Besides the particular chemical reaction of plasma constituted of a mixture of charged species (mostly electrons and cations) and noncharged species (excited/metastable atoms and molecules), we take advantage of the robustness and the malleability of the reactor which allow to perform coatings on various supports. Here, we present a technique for the controlled deposition of N-TiO 2 overcoats based on the plasma-liquid interactions as reported by Czernikovski [16]. The mild operating conditions and relatively simple and robust equipment make attractive the use of this technique, especially when large scale coating is envisaged. ...
The surface of textile fibers were coated with nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanoparticles obtained from an aqueous solution of TiCl3 via a plasma-assisted oxi-precipitation process at atmospheric pressure. The photocatalytic activities hence self-cleaning properties of the coated fabrics were investigated. The structural analysis was characterized by FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; while the surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result, it was demonstrated that visible, efficient photocatalyst with both anatase and rutile TiO2 phases and average grain size of 8–12 nm were synthesized and grafted durably onto the textile even after three successive washes in hard conditions. The coated fabrics exhibited a stable and promising photocatalytic property and therefore could be a good candidate to manufacture long life self-cleaning clothes under visible light irradiation (daylight source).
... Auto-thermal reforming, a combination of steam reforming and POX [17], requires specific reactant ratios and high temperatures. It is prone to coking, catalyst deactivation [18], and slowly responds to system changes making it impractical for mobile applications [5,19]. ...
... Biogas reforming using methods such as microwave discharge [47], plasma shade [48], and AC-pulsed gliding arc discharge have been studied [18,30,31,47,49]. Stabilization of gliding arc plasma within a reverse vortex flow has shown encouraging results [4,50]. ...
... Gliding arcs and forward vortex reactor chambers [18,31,32] have been used to reform biogas. Fig. 1(a) shows schematic of conventional gliding arc where the arc propagates in the Z direction and move upward with time. ...
Biogas is being produced everyday around the world due to land filling of organic wastes. Reforming of biogas to hydrogen rich gas offers a green source of energy. This work demonstrates reforming biogas into hydrogen rich gas via a non-thermal gliding arc plasma stabilized in a reverse vortex flow with very low and competitive specific energy requirement. Parametric tests determined the individual effects of power input (140-300 W), steam to carbon ratio (0.0-3.0), and equivalence ratio (0.1-0.7) on reformer performance. Factorial tests identified optimal operating condition based on minimizing the specific energy requirement, determined to be 184 kJ/mol H 2 or 1.91 eV/H 2 molecule, significantly below the value for conventional steam reforming of methane, 3.37 eV/H 2 molecule produced. The optimum operating conditions were found at an equivalence ratio of 0.11, a steam to carbon ratio of 0.14, and an input plasma power of 160 W, resulting in methane conversion of 48.8%, hydrogen yield of 23.4%, hydrogen selectivity of 47.8%, and an efficiency of 25.3%. Hydrogen sulfide as a common contaminant in landfill gas has detrimental effects on downstream facilities. The reactor was also evaluated on synthetic biogas containing hydrogen sulfide at low concentration (21 ppm). About 5.7% of the sulfur input to the system was partitioned to the dry outlet reformate stream with the remainder captured as sulfate in a downstream impinger or recovered as a solid of unknown molecular structure deposited on tubing surfaces between the reformer and the impinger. This reforming technology offers potential to be deployed as a lightweight compact portable system for on-site applications such as landfills, and depending on available fuels, in mobile applications such as ships.
... Non-thermal plasma (NTP) technologies were successfully used in different applications such the degradation or conversion of organic pollutants in aqueous solutions [1], [2], solutions treatment, [3], [4], air treatments, [5], bio-medical applications such the wound treatment, [6] or for surface treatments, [7]. One of the newest NTP application is for agriculture, where the plants treated, direct or indirect, by plasma-activated water (PAW) showed significant differences. ...
... All experiments were carried out in a 500 mL gliding arc plasma reactor [27]. The experimental system in Fig. 1 was initiated by a high voltage generator (an Aupem Sefli HV transformer: 10 kV; 160 mA in open conditions), which produce an electric arc between two diverging knife-shaped electrodes. ...
In this study, laterite soil containing various mineral oxides (e.g., Al2O3, Fe2O3 and TiO2), used as an alternative catalyst, was combined with gliding arc plasma treatment for Orange G (OG) degradation in aqueous solution. The results showed that the incorporation of laterite soil (as catalyst) in (OG solution exposed to plasma led to a significant degradation enhancement from 17% for plasma treatment alone to almost 100%. Compared with P25 TiO2, Fe2O3, and TiO2/Fe2O3 photocatalysts, the decolorization rate of OG can be increased from 56, 68 and 75% respectively to 100% after 60 min laterite-mediated plasma treatment. In the calcinated laterite, Fe2O3 was considered not only as TiO2 sensitizer due to its narrow band-gap but also as the heterogeneous Fenton catalyst. These synergistically enhanced the generation of the reactive species, i.e., [rad]OH, in the gliding arc plasma system and thus process efficiency for OG removal. Under optimized operating conditions, approximately 83% mineralization of OG solution was achieved within 60 min of treatment with the combined process. From the kinetics point of view, OG oxidation fitted with Langmuir–Hinshelwood model with the second-order rate constant (kr) and adsorption constant (Ks) of 5.74 mg min⁻¹ and 0.12 L mg⁻¹, respectively, suggesting that the reaction occurs at the catalyst surface. The catalyst was highly stable even after 5 consecutive cycles.
