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![Kandoo two levels of controllers [4].](publication/266086207/figure/fig1/AS:1088950064156678@1636637335528/Kandoo-two-levels-of-controllers-4_Q320.jpg)
Software defined network (SDN) provides a programmable network through decoupling the data plane, control plane, and application plane from the original closed system, thus revolutionizing the existing network architecture to improve the performance and scalability. In this paper, we learned about the distributed characteristics of Kandoo architect...
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Centralizing routing decisions offers tremendous flexibility, but sacrifices the robustness of distributed protocols. In this paper, we present Fibbing, an architecture that achieves both flexibility and robustness through central control over distributed routing. Fibbing introduces fake nodes and links into an underlying link-state routing protoco...
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... In a multiple SDN controller architecture, controller disposition is either hierarchical (vertical disposition) or fully distributed (flat disposition) [18] as shown in Figure 2. In a hierarchical model as shown in Figure 2(a), just the roots controller possesses the status of the global network and controls it. Some examples of hierarchical models are Kandoo [19], improved Kandoo [20], [21], and FlowBroker [22]. This architecture may not tolerate failures since it uses a root controller wish can be a SPOF. ...
Previous years have seen increased interest in a new network paradigm, Software defined networking (SDN). The basic idea behind this new concept consists of removing the smart parts of the connectivity components and moving them to a seul control point known as a controller. This centralized network view makes the network maintenance and management easier and facilitates the creation of new services. Despite many advantages of SDN, the concentration of network intelligence in a single controller raises serious challenges that impact SDN scalability, performance, and fault tolerance. One of the main problems in SDN is controller failure. In this article, we develop a fault tolerant model called fault-tolerant load balancing (FTLBC) for SDN controllers. To reduce the cascading failure problem, the proposed model requires the load of the failing controller to be shared among other controllers. In the case of a controller failure, The FTLBC model concentrates on distributing the load among the remaining controllers based on the load of the orphans' switches and the load of the remaining controllers.
... Also, Baggan and Panda in their other paper explored various dimensions of Border Gateway Routing Protocol (BGP) as de-facto of Routing Protocol for inter Autonomous Systems (AS) [24]. The last, Jingjing, et al., in their publication paper, learned about the distributed characteristics of Kandoo architecture, improved, and optimized it based on Routing Control Platform (RCP), and analyzed the deployment strategies of BGP and OSPF protocol in a distributed control plane of SDN, in which the simulation results show that the deployment strategies are superior to the traditional routing strategies [25]. Two research questions must be answered at the conclusion, namely: 1.) How is the technical implementation of SDN IP using ONOS on BGP? 2.) How technical is SDN IP testing to see if it is running well to see connections between networks and how to SDN IP to learn additional routes? ...
The development of computer network technology in the form of Software Defined Networking (SDN), provides many facilities for users to be able to develop network control applications, which can separate the data plane function from the control plane. The existence of this separation on routers and switches makes it easy for developers to centrally develop software and devices according to what is needed by users. However, there were obstacles to implementing SDN on IP networks in a short time. For this reason, it is necessary to implement SDN in stages by adding SDN to the existing IP network in the form of SDN IP, so that SDN can be connected and exchange routing information autonomously. This study focuses on the design and implementation of SDN IP using the Open Network Operating System (ONOS) on the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). The results show that the design and implementation of SDN IP based on ONOS and BGP can be done well, where SDN can connect and exchange routing information with the Autonomous System (AS) native BGP-based network. Key word(s): Autonomous System (AS) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Open Network Operating System (ONOS) Software-Defined Networking (SDN) SDN IP
... SDN abstracts physical network devices and moves all the decision-making to the control plane, see Figure 2. It is in the control plane where all the network intelligence takes place including packet forwarding, and network management policies. It is this structure of SDN that allows for robust administration, and scalability of the network [5,14,16,17]. SDN controller enables the entire network to be controlled from a centralised point. Therefore, simplifying network design, and the network control becomes vendor-independent, which results in the utilization of simpler network devices. ...
In the current technology driven era, the use of devices that connect to the internet has increased significantly. Consequently, there has been a significant increase in internet traffic. Some of the challenges that arise from the increased traffic include, but are not limited to, multiple clients on a single server (which can result in denial of service (DoS)), difficulty in network scalability, and poor service availability. One of the solutions proposed in literature, to mitigate these, is the use of multiple servers with a load balancer. Despite their common use, load balancers, have shown to have some disadvantages, like being vendor specific and non-programmable. To address these disadvantages and improve internet traffic, there has been a paradigm shift which resulted in the introduction of software defined networking (SDN). SDN allows for load balancers that are programmable and provides the flexibility for one to design and implement own load balancing strategies. In this survey, we highlight the key elements of SDN and OpenFlow technology and their effect on load balancing. We provide an overview of the various load balancing schemes in SDN. The overview is based on research challenges, existing solutions, and we give possible future research directions. A summary of emulators/mathematical tools commonly used in the design of intelligent load balancing SDN algorithms is provided. Finally, we outline the performance metrics used to evaluate the algorithms.
... Since this solution is focused on the transport network, one of its goals is to optimize the use of network resources. A similar problem, but from scalability perspective, is considered in [3], where implementations of Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) protocols in a distributed control plane of SDN are presented. Scalability problem of routing algorithm in SDN networks is also addressed in [4]. ...
... Kandoo [9] , Improved Kandoo [19] , DSDN [20] and FlowBroker [21] are examples of two-level hierarchical controllers. ORION [22] , ANT [23] , and multi-level controllers [24] are examples of multilevel hierarchical controllers, and heterogeneous multi-level hierarchical controllers [25] is an example of the clustered hierarchical controllers. ...
In Software-Defined Networks (SDNs) the role of the centralized controller is crucial, and thus it becomes a single point of failure. In this work, a distributed controller architecture is explored as a possible solution to improve fault tolerance. A network partitioning strategy, with small subnetworks, each with its own Master controller, is combined with the use of Slave controllers for recovery aims. A novel formula is proposed to calculate the reliability rate of each subnetwork, based on the load and considering the number and degree of the nodes as well as the loss rate of the links. The reliability rates are shared among the controllers through a newly-designed East/West bound interface, to select the coordinator for the whole network. This proposed method is called “Reliable Distributed SDN (RDSDN).” In RDSDN, the failure of controllers is detected by the coordinator that may undertake a fast recovery scheme to replace them. The numerical results prove performance improvement achievable with the adoption of the RDSDN and show that this approach performs better regarding failure recovery compared to methods used in related research.
... DevoFlow [8] and DIFANE [9] attempt to transfer partial control plane tasks to the forwarding plane, but they require modifications in the flow table structure and the hardware of switches. ASIC [10] and Kandoo [11], etc., apply multiple collaborative controllers to improve the capability of SDN control plane, these distributed solutions are considered to be able to solve various problems encountered in SDN. ...
... and the distributed optimal route can be formulated as Take the simple topology in Fig. 4 as an example, assume that the routing request is d= (S,T,20), it will take 4 steps of CSR in total for the fully distributed routing, in which step 1 is based on G ag1 with UC1 and r 1 =((b,c,3), (3,4),4), step 2 compute CSR based on G ag2 with UC2 and r 2 =((4,e,6), (6,8), 8), step 3 compute CSR based on G ag3 with UC3 and r 3 =( (8,h,k,11), (11,12), 12), and step 4 is based on G ag4 with UC4, r 4 =(12,l,m). Then the final distributed optimal route can be obtained easily by combining the results of these steps. ...
Compared with the traditional design of network architecture, Software Defined Network (SDN) can be programmed to provide more flexible, fine-grained and differentiated services because of its control centralization property. However, with a variety of network functions such as firewall and multicast are gradually added to the SDN controller, the heavy computational load on SDN control plane has made it the bottleneck of whole network architecture in large scale networks. Among all the solutions proposed in the literature, distributed control plane is very promising in solving the problem. This paper presents HawkFlow, a scheme based on hierarchically distributed control plane, to improve the efficiency and scalability of SDN control plane. HawkFlow proposes blocking island theory and network aggregation mechanism to reduce the searching space of Centralized Single Controller Routing (CSR) algorithms. Routing requests are divided into three levels according to the destination IP address, in which routing processes in local networks are designed to be CSR to reduce the average routing complexity. Experimental results show that the mechanisms discussed in this paper can greatly improve the efficiency of hierarchically distributed control plane, especially in the networks with large proportions of local network traffic such as data centers or campus networks.
... The routing control platform (RCP) can be exploited in SDN architecture for implementing the distributed protocol [14]. This control platform consists of three modules: interior gateway pro- tocol (IGP) indicator, Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routing en- gine, and router control server. ...
The network infrastructure used in modern ICT systems consists of devices, individually configured to process network packets. The disadvantage of such an approach is a complicated and inflexible management process that introduces great difficulty in creating and implementing new network solutions. The administrator must configure each device separately to achieve the desired network operation.
Software defined networking (SDN) separates the data layer and the control layer to achieve logical centralization, scalability and programmability. In hierarchical software defined networking (HSDN), controllers are classified into the upper controller- Root Controller (RC) and the lower controller- Local Controller (LC) to improve the scalability of the network. HSDN effectively relieve the workload of controllers. However, the features of HSDN puts forward higher requirements of data privacy protection and access control. Because RC stores global network data, it must ensure authorized access and prevent the forged data. The attribute-based encryption scheme can provide fine-grained data access control and data privacy protection of controllers at the same time. When LC accesses data in RC, the algorithm of ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption with identity authentication (CP-ABE-IA) is presented to protect the data privacy of RC and guarantee the legitimate access of LC. When LC sends message to RC, we propose an algorithm of key-policy attribute based signcryption for multi-access structures (KP-ABSC-MAS). KP-ABSC-MAS provides data privacy protection and verification as well as the authentication of LC.
