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Schematic shows the characteristic properties of polymers needed to be considered for the design and development of nanoparticles.
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As we researched the currently available textbooks covering the basic principles, applications, and promises of nanotechnology as it applies to medicine, we noted a dearth of introductory material tailored specifically for students. While a number of comprehensive books exist outlining the promise of nanosciences applicable to medical applications,...
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... Nano-based therapeutics are suitable formulation strategies for the delivery of active drug ingredients because of their harmonious morphological design and features. The novel drug delivery systems are [76]. The objectives of the preformulation study for nano-based formulations are to design and demonstrate kinetic profile, acceptability with the other substances, physicochemical parameters, and polymorphism of the new drug entity to design an elegant dosage form [77]. ...
The physicochemical properties of pharmacological molecules have a tremendous effect on safety and efficacy. Poor physicochemical properties can often make it hard to set up a reliable structure-activity relationship (SAR) with no prominent efficacy in preclinical and clinical models. This can lead to more variability in capability and higher drug development costs in the entire development process, and in the worst case, even to stop the clinical trials in the later period. Understanding the basic physicochemical properties makes it possible to separate and untangle investigational observations hence poor molecular properties can be changed or fixed during the design phase. This makes it more likely that the molecule will make it through the long and difficult development process. The decline in innovator pharmacotherapeutics number registrations decline each year and the industry is under even more pressure than in the past to speed up the drug development process. This reduces the length of time required for development and introduces innovative pharmaceutical products. To do this, it is imperative to proceed with an organised approach and act appropriately the first time. The current chapter aims to focus on the important physicochemical properties of the selected molecule, along with how those properties are evaluated and implicated in both discovery enablement and final dosage form development.
Aptamers, short strands of either DNA, RNA, or peptides, known for their exceptional specificity and high binding affinity to target molecules, are providing significant advancements in the field of health. When seamlessly integrated into biosensor platforms, aptamers give rise to aptasensors, unlocking a new dimension in point-of-care diagnostics with rapid response times and remarkable versatility. As such, this review aims to present an overview of the distinct advantages conferred by aptamers over traditional antibodies as the molecular recognition element in biosensors. Additionally, it delves into the realm of specific aptamers made for the detection of biomarkers associated with infectious diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolomic and neurological disorders. The review further elucidates the varying binding assays and transducer techniques that support the development of aptasensors. Ultimately, this review discusses the current state of point-of-care diagnostics facilitated by aptasensors and underscores the immense potential of these technologies in advancing the landscape of healthcare delivery.
Nanofabrication involves the systematic framework of individual elements or molecules of inorganic or organic substances. Micelles were the first polymeric nanoparticles to be created by polymerization techniques. Multiple techniques developed for synthesizing polymeric nanoparticles, each tailored to specific needs of particular application or set of physicochemical properties of a specific drug. The process of mechanically compressing bulk substances employing template unless original size is greater than nanovalue. Top-down approaches include milling, laser ablation, etching, sputtering, and electroexplosion. The first approach devised for polymeric NPs from preformed polymer was solvent evaporation where a polar organic solvent serves to dissolve polymer and add then active component are dispersed. Emulsification-solvent evaporation is employed for polymeric NPs fabrication with dimensions of approximately 100 nm, also to acquire nanospheres or nanocapsules. Active principles dissolved or dispersed in a polymeric solution to create nanospheres, while drugs dissolved in oil followed by emulsified in an organic polymeric solution to create nanocapsules, which are then dispersed in an external phase. This method operates on the basis of polymer interfacial deposition upon transit of organic solvent passes from lipophilic to aqueous phase. Nanoparticles can be physically labeled with a tag like a dye, magnetic particle, or radioactive marker. Numerous imaging approaches, notably fluorescence microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), can detect a physical identification. Methods for chemically labeling nanoparticles involve the attachment to particular functional groups that can react with target molecules or receptors such as to target particular receptors on cancer cells, scientists have coupled polymeric nanoparticles with ligands including folate, transferrin, or epidermal growth factor. Using diverse techniques, such as avidin–biotin, streptavidin–biotin, and covalent bonding, researchers have functionalized polymeric nanoparticles with antibodies that target specific cancer cells, such as breast cancer or melanoma cells.
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has been regarded as a biomarker that can be applied as a predictor for the severity of COVID-19-infected patients. The IL-6 level also correlates well with respiratory dysfunction and mortality risk. In this work, three silanization approaches and two types of biorecognition elements were used on the silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (SiNW-FETs) to investigate and compare the sensing performance on the detection of IL-6. Experimental data revealed that the mixed-SAMs-modified silica surface could have superior surface morphology to APTES-modified and APS-modified silica surfaces. According to the data on detecting various concentrations of IL-6, the detection range of the aptamer-functionalized SiNW-FET was broader than that of the antibody-functionalized SiNW-FET. In addition, the lowest concentration of valid detection for the aptamer-functionalized SiNW-FET was 2.1 pg/mL, two orders of magnitude lower than the antibody-functionalized SiNW-FET. The detection range of the aptamer-functionalized SiNW-FET covered the concentration of IL-6, which could be used to predict fatal outcomes of COVID-19. The detection results in the buffer showed that the anti-IL-6 aptamer could produce better detection results on the SiNW-FETs, indicating its great opportunity in applications for sensing clinical samples.
Developing safe and effective double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) delivery systems remains a major challenge for gene silencing, especially in lepidopteran insects. This study evaluated the protamine sulfate (PS)/lipid/dsRNA nanoparticle (NP) delivery system for RNA interference (RNAi) in cells and larvae of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, a major worldwide pest. A highly efficient gene delivery formulation was prepared using a cationic biopolymer, PS, and a cationic lipid, Cellfectin (CF), complexed with dsRNA. The NPs were prepared by a two-step self-assembly method. The formation of NPs was revealed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The formation of CF/dsRNA/PS NPs was spherical in shape and size, ranging from 20 to 100 nm with a positive charge (+23.3 mV). Interestingly, prepared CF/dsRNA/PS NPs could protect dsRNA (95%) from nuclease degradation and thus significantly improve the stability of dsRNA. Formulations prepared by combining EGFP DNA with CF/PS increased transfection efficiency in Sf9 cells compared to PS/EGFP and CF/EGFP NPs. Also, the PS/CF/dsRNA NPs enhanced the endosomal escape for the intracellular delivery of dsRNA. The gene knockdown efficiency was assessed in Sf9 Luciferase (Luc) stable cells after a 72 h incubation with CF/dsRNA/PS, PS/dsRNA, CF/dsRNA, or naked dsRNA. Knockdown of the Luc gene was detected in CF/dsRNA/PS (76%) and PS/dsRNA (42.4%) not CF/dsRNA (19.5%) and naked dsRNA (10.3%) in Sf9 Luc cells. Moreover, CF/dsIAP/PS (25 μg of dsRNA targeting the inhibitor of apoptosis, IAP, gene of FAW) NPs showed knockdown of the IAP gene (39.5%) and mortality (55%) in FAW larvae. These results highlight the potential application of PS/lipid/dsRNA NPs for RNA-mediated control of insect pests.
