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Nanotechnology has emerged strongly in most of the field of sciences at a tiny scale. At this size, atoms and molecules work differently and present a diversity of amazing and appealing applications. Pharmaceutical nanocarriers comprise nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanocapsules, nanoemulsion, nanoliposomes and nanoniosomes. The major objectives in d...
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Inflammation develops initiation and pathological process of cancer. Nanoscale drug carriers are required to be investigated for delivery of actives at cellular level for treatment of various cancer types. Solid lipid nanoparticles (CLX-SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (CLX-NLC) and a nanoemulsion (CLX-NE) of celecoxib (CLX), a selective cycloox...
Citations
... Surface charges can be modified with ligands, antibodies, or other molecules to enhance targeting and interaction with specific cells or tissues. This helps improve the selectivity of drug delivery [16]. ...
This book series invites all the Specialists, Professors, Doctors, Scientists, Academicians, Healthcare professionals, Nurses, Students, Researchers, Business Delegates, and Industrialists across the globe to publish their insights and convey recent developments in the field of Nursing, Pharmaceutical Research and Innovations in Pharma Industry. Book series on Pharmacy and Nursing covers research work in a set of clinical sciences and medicine.
... Surface charges can be modified with ligands, antibodies, or other molecules to enhance targeting and interaction with specific cells or tissues. This helps improve the selectivity of drug delivery [16]. ...
Bioavailability refers to the fraction of administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation in an unchanged form and is available to exert its therapeutic effects.
... Liposomes, metal, polymer, albumin, solid fat, and lipid nanocarriers carry pharmaceutical particles. These nanoparticles have high surface-to-volume ratio, biocompatibility, and surface modifiability, which makes them excellent for drug delivery [1][2][3] . Important biological usage of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) is owing to their Biocompatibility, low toxicity, durability, cost-effectiveness, and manufacturing simplicity make them successful. ...
This study examines the manufacturing, characterization, and biological evaluation of platinum nanoparticles, which were synthesized by Enterobacter cloacae and coated with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and Resveratrol (RSV). The formation of PtNPs was confirmed with the change of color from dark yellow to black, which was due to the bioreduction of platinum chloride by E. cloacae. BSA and RSV functionalization enhanced these nanoparticles' biocompatibility and therapeutic potential. TGA, SEM, XRD, and FTIR were employed for characterization, where PtNPs and drug conjugation-related functional groups were studied by FTIR. XRD confirmed the crystalline nature of PtNPs and Pt-BSA-RSV NPs, while TGA and SEM showed thermal stability and post-drug coating morphological changes. Designed composite was also found to be biocompatible in nature in hemolytic testing, indicating their potential in Biomedical applications. After confirmation of PtNPs based nanocaompsite synthesis, they were examined for anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. Pt-BSA-RSV NPs showed higher concentration-dependent DPPH scavenging activity, which measured antioxidant capability. Enzyme inhibition tests demonstrated considerable anti-inflammatory activity against COX-2 and 15-LOX enzymes. In in vitro anticancer studies, Pt-BSA-RSV NPs effectively killed human ovarian cancer cells. This phenomenon was demonstrated to be facilitated by the acidic environment of cancer, as the drug release assay confirmed the release of RSV from the NP formulation in the acidic environment. Finally, Molecular docking also demonstrated that RSV has strong potential as an anti-oxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agent. Overall, in silico and in vitro investigations in the current study showed good medicinal applications for designed nanocomposites, however, further in-vivo experiments must be conducted to validate our findings.
... Reflecting on the current clinical therapy, a discernible shadow looms large over chemotherapy due to significant drawbacks (Hirsch et al., 2017;Miller and Hanna, 2021;Wang et al., 2021). Examples of such shortcomings are rendered manifestations by the effects of drugs like paclitaxel and adriamycin, noted for their potent and toxic side effects (Jain and Thareja, 2019). These medications have been implicated in inducing drug-resistant mutations in a multitude of tumors, leading to escalation in the complexity of lung cancer therapy. ...
Amidst a global rise in lung cancer occurrences, conventional therapies continue to pose substantial side effects and possess notable toxicities while lacking specificity. Counteracting this, the incorporation of nanomedicines can notably enhance drug delivery at tumor sites, extend a drug’s half-life and mitigate inadvertent toxic and adverse impacts on healthy tissues, substantially influencing lung cancer’s early detection and targeted therapy. Numerous studies signal that while the nano-characteristics of lung cancer nanomedicines play a pivotal role, further interplay with immune, photothermal, and genetic factors exist. This review posits that the progression towards multimodal combination therapies could potentially establish an efficacious platform for multimodal targeted lung cancer treatments. Current nanomedicines split into active and passive targeting. Active therapies focus on a single target, often with unsatisfactory results. Yet, developing combination systems targeting multiple sites could chart new paths in lung cancer therapy. Conversely, low drug delivery rates limit passive therapies. Utilizing the EPR effect to bind specific ligands on nanoparticles to tumor cell receptors might create a new regime combining active-passive targeting, potentially elevating the nanomedicines’ concentration at target sites. This review collates recent advancements through the lens of nanomedicine’s attributes for lung cancer therapeutics, the novel carrier classifications, targeted therapeutic modalities and their mechanisms, proposing that the emergence of multi-target nanocomposite therapeutics, combined active-passive targeting therapies and multimodal combined treatments will pioneer novel approaches and tools for future lung cancer clinical therapies.
... Drug products with nanoparticle formulations are developed with the intention of (a) minimizing undesired consequences With growing advancement in pharmaceutical research, nanocarriers are being used as efficient colloidal drug delivery systems with particle size in submicron range typically < 500 nm. These systems can be characterized on the basis of their size and morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) whereas dynamic light scattering (DLS) is employed for determination of particle size and its distribution [25]. Additional characteristics and potential uses of the NPs may be affected by the size, size distribution, and organic ligands present on the particles' surfaces. ...
Nanotechnologies exploit a material’s
10−9 nanometric scale properties, which differ in
physicochemical and biological properties. Vari�ous biological mechanisms of the human body acti�vate at the nanometric scale. Nanoparticles (NPs)
can traverse via natural obstacles to find new deliv�ery targets and engage with DNA or small proteins
at various levels, making NPs useful in pharma�ceutical, biomaterial, and diagnostic applications.
Producing nanomaterials for specific uses requires
controlling synthetic NP’s size distribution, shape,
surface chemistry, dispersion, aggregation stabil�ity, elemental, and nanocrystalline content. NPs
are becoming increasingly relevant in fundamental
research and applications. The size measurement of
NPs still poses a challenge for many researchers and
pharmaceutical companies. NPs may frequently be
assessed using several techniques, including dynamic
light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis, tun�able resistive pulse sensing, atomic force microscopy,
and disc centrifugation, but there are advantages and
disadvantages associated with each technique. As per
regulatory requirements, the particle size of nano�particles used in biomedical applications requires an
orthogonal approach for characterizations. Therefore,
a combinatorial characterization approach is needed
to measure the sizes of nanoparticles in pharmaceu�tical formulations. This review provides a piece of
detailed knowledge on recent advancements in ana�lytical techniques with their sample preparations, data
interpretations, operational principles, and critical
strategies of each technique used for measuring nano�particle size in various pharmaceutical formulations
and vaccine research which will help researchers
choose the best appropriate techniques for measuring
NP’s size
... Drug products with nanoparticle formulations are developed with the intention of (a) minimizing undesired consequences With growing advancement in pharmaceutical research, nanocarriers are being used as efficient colloidal drug delivery systems with particle size in submicron range typically < 500 nm. These systems can be characterized on the basis of their size and morphology using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) whereas dynamic light scattering (DLS) is employed for determination of particle size and its distribution [25]. Additional characteristics and potential uses of the NPs may be affected by the size, size distribution, and organic ligands present on the particles' surfaces. ...
Nanotechnologies exploit a material’s 10⁻⁹ nanometric scale properties, which differ in physicochemical and biological properties. Various biological mechanisms of the human body activate at the nanometric scale. Nanoparticles (NPs) can traverse via natural obstacles to find new delivery targets and engage with DNA or small proteins at various levels, making NPs useful in pharmaceutical, biomaterial, and diagnostic applications. Producing nanomaterials for specific uses requires controlling synthetic NP’s size distribution, shape, surface chemistry, dispersion, aggregation stability, elemental, and nanocrystalline content. NPs are becoming increasingly relevant in fundamental research and applications. The size measurement of NPs still poses a challenge for many researchers and pharmaceutical companies. NPs may frequently be assessed using several techniques, including dynamic light scattering, nanoparticle tracking analysis, tunable resistive pulse sensing, atomic force microscopy, and disc centrifugation, but there are advantages and disadvantages associated with each technique. As per regulatory requirements, the particle size of nanoparticles used in biomedical applications requires an orthogonal approach for characterizations. Therefore, a combinatorial characterization approach is needed to measure the sizes of nanoparticles in pharmaceutical formulations. This review provides a piece of detailed knowledge on recent advancements in analytical techniques with their sample preparations, data interpretations, operational principles, and critical strategies of each technique used for measuring nanoparticle size in various pharmaceutical formulations and vaccine research which will help researchers choose the best appropriate techniques for measuring NP’s size.
Graphical abstract
... The major goals in designing nanoparticles as a delivery system are to control particle size, surface properties, and release of pharmacologically active agents to achieve the drug's site-specific action at the therapeutically optimal rate and dose regimen (63). ...
... They determine nanoparticle systems' in vivo distribution, biological fate, toxicity, and targeting ability. In addition, they can also influence the drug loading, drug release, and stability of nanoparticles (63). Many studies have shown that sub-micronsized nanoparticles are a better way to deliver drugs than microparticles (64,65). ...
... The zeta potential technique serves as an indirect means of assessing the surface charge of nanoparticles. The stability of Pt NPs was evaluated by measuring the zeta potential [39]. The results reveal that the zeta potential of Pt NPs in an aqueous solution was −12 ± 4 mV ( Figure 2E). ...
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a refractory chronic inflammatory disease involving the colon and rectum, falling under the category of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in local tissues has been identified as a crucial contributor to the escalation of inflammatory responses. Therefore, eliminating ROS in the inflamed colon is a promising approach to treating UC. Nanomaterials with intrinsic enzyme-like activities (nanozymes) have shown significant therapeutic potential in UC. In this study, we found that platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) exhibited remarkable superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) cascade catalytic activities, as well as effective hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging ability. The in vitro experiments showed that Pt NPs could eliminate excessive ROS to protect cells against oxidative stress. In the colitis model, oral administration of Pt NPs (loaded in chitosan/alginate hydrogel) could significantly alleviate UC, including reducing the colon length, the damaged epithelium, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Without appreciable systemic toxicity, Pt NPs represent a novel therapeutic approach to UC and are expected to achieve long-term inflammatory remission.
... Size and stability PEG-P(Asp-Hyd-Zer) copolymers represent a class of polymeric nanoparticles with nanocarrier capabilities, capable of forming nanoparticles through dialysis in aqueous solutions owing to their amphiphilic nature. The size and stability of these nanocarrier polymeric nanoparticles are critical properties that greatly impact their in vivo drug delivery [27,28]. These characteristics influence the biodistribution and circulation duration of drug carriers, leading to reduced uptake by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and enhancing their passive tumor-targeting capability through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect [29,30]. ...
This study aimed to develop a smart drug delivery system for zerumbone as an anticancer agent, to enhance its therapeutic efficacy against tumors. To this purpose, pH-sensitive polymer PEG-P(Asp-Hyd-Zer) was prepared by conjugating zerumbone to the side chain of the copolymer PEG-P(Asp-Hyd) via an acid-labile hydrazone bond. The resulting micelles were prepared in an aqueous solution with the size of 60 nm in diameter. The zerumbone pH-sensitive micelles remained stable at physiological pH = 7.4 but could be degraded in the acidic environment of endosomal/lysosomal compartments (pH < 6.0), allowing for targeted delivery of zerumbone to tumor cells. The release of zerumbone from the zerumbone pH-sensitive micelles was controlled by pH of the medium, with faster release observed under acidic conditions. In vitro and in vivo tests demonstrated that these zerumbone pH-sensitive micelles effectively induced cancer cell destruction under weakly acidic tumoral conditions, highlighting their potential as an effective delivery system for zerumbone. This synthesis method has potential applications in medicine for targeted drug delivery, especially for cancer treatments involving avascular tumor tissue.
... The particle size was 66.78 ± 0.64 nm and the PDI was 0.247 ± 0.02, which proved that the PDI was uniformly distributed in an aqueous solution ( Figure 1B). The physical stability, dispersibility and in vivo properties of nanocarrier dispersions depend on the surface charge of the nanoparticles (30). The potential of AST@PLGA was −9.8 ± 0.53 mV. ...
Introduction
Astaxanthin (AST) is a type of carotenoid with strong antioxidant effects. However, the development and use of AST are limited by its water insolubility and low bioavailability. This study aims to investigate whether AST@PLGA can inhibit UC and reveal its possible mechanism.
Methods
We tested the particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of AST@PLGA. Then, the in vitro release and antioxidant capacity of AST@PLGA were tested. Finally, the mouse model of colitis was established and SOD, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and P38 as well as ERK were detected from mice.
Results
Particle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential of AST @PLGA were 66.78 ± 0.64 nm, 0.247 and -9.8 ± 0.53 mV, respectively, and were stable within 14 days. Then, it was observed that the AST@PLGA nanoparticles not only maintained the effect of AST but also had a sustained release effect. Experiments in mice showed that AST@PLGA effectively reduced MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels and increased SOD levels. AST@PLGA also downregulated the protein expression of P38 and ERK. The results showed the positive protective effect of AST@PLGA in inhibiting acute colitis.
Discussion
AST@PLGA nanoparticles have good stability and alleviating effect in colitis, which could be functional foods in the future.
