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Schematic setup of the free space optical switching system. The source fiber is imaged (4f system) onto one of the receiver fibers by moving the lens laterally.
Source publication
In this letter, we demonstrate the limitations for 1 /spl times/ N free space optical switch with a moving macro-lens. We use a deformable mirror to overcome these limitations. The adaptive mirror corrects for the aberrations. Power coupling efficiencies between 6 and 3 dB (including losses due to the optical elements) are feasible for an optical s...
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Citations
... Nonmechanical optical shutters and switches often use acousto-optic [9] or electro-optic devices. MEMS-based optical switches with optical, electrical, and mechanical functionalities have been integrated in optical telecommunication networks with a large number of interconnects [10,11]. Recently, a wide variety of liquid-based optical devices have been demonstrated as adaptive optical elements, including electrowetting lenses and prisms [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19], liquid crystals [20,21], pressure driven elastic membranes [22], and other optofluidic devices [23][24][25][26][27]. ...
An optical switch based on an electrowetting prism coupled to a multimode fiber has demonstrated a large extinction ratio with speeds up to 300 Hz. Electrowetting prisms provide a transmissive, low power, and compact alternative to conventional free-space optical switches, with no moving parts. The electrowetting prism performs beam steering of ±3° with an extinction ratio of 47 dB between the ON and OFF states and has been experimentally demonstrated at scanning frequencies of 100–300 Hz. The optical design is modeled in Zemax to account for secondary rays created at each surface interface (without scattering). Simulations predict 50 dB of extinction, in good agreement with experiment.
... As an alternative to translating lenses, investigators have explored variable-power optical elements that can be controlled electronically. Varifocus lenses have already been demonstrated in microscopy [1][2][3][4][5], ocular adaptive optics [6,7], cameras [8][9][10][11], astronomy [6,12,13], optical interconnects [14][15][16], pulse compression or shaping [17][18][19], optical data storage [20][21][22][23], micromachining [24,25], and optical tweezers [26]. Active optical elements include deformable membrane mirrors [9,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33], liquid-filled lenses [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41], and spatial light modulators [42][43][44]. ...
Electrostatically actuated deformable mirrors with four concentric annular electrodes can exert independent control over defocus as well as primary, secondary, and tertiary spherical aberration. In this paper we use both numerical modeling and physical measurements to characterize recently developed deformable mirrors with respect to the amount of spherical aberration each can impart, and the dependence of that aberration control on the amount of defocus the mirror is providing. We find that a four-zone, 4 mm diameter mirror can generate surface shapes with arbitrary primary, secondary, and tertiary spherical aberration over ranges of ± 0.4 , ± 0.2 , and ± 0.15 μm , respectively, referred to a non-normalized Zernike polynomial basis. We demonstrate the utility of this mirror for aberration-compensated focusing of a high NA optical system.
... In the following section, we will present one solution to prevent large aberrations in the system by reducing the employed aperture of the achromat. Other approaches include the use of a deformable mirror to correct for the aberrations [8] or the use of a specially designed holographic optical element (HOE) in order to minimize the aberrations for every configuration. Such an approach has been proposed and investigated [9] ...
... In the following section, we will present one solution to prevent large aberrations in the system by reducing the employed aperture of the achromat. Other approaches include the use of a deformable mirror to correct for the aberrations [8] or the use of a specially designed holographic optical element (HOE) in order to minimize the aberrations for every configuration. Such an approach has been proposed and investigated [9] for holographic optical scanners. ...
The authors investigate a 1 × N free-space microoptical fiber switch for a large number of interconnects. The system to be studied is a reflective 4 f optical system. Alignment tolerances and coupling efficiency are investigated and the benefit brought by collimating microlens arrays is reported (theoretically and experimentally). The use of microlenses enables power coupling efficiency between 3 and 2 dB (including losses due to the optical elements) for an optical switch allowing up to 3000 receiver fibers.
... O PTICAL switching between a single input fiber and multiple output fibers is often implemented with a free-space arrangement using a single tilting mirror that performs the task of beam steering [1] [see Fig. 1(Top)]. A diffraction grating may be inserted into the optical path to construct a wavelength-selective switch version [2] [see Fig. 1(Bottom)], in which case a 1-D array of tilting micromirrors is required, one for every wavelength channel. ...
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... D EFORMABLE mirrors (DMs) play important roles in military devices, astronomical observation [1], optical fiber switches [2], and biomedical science [3]. In vision science [3], adaptive optics is a promising approach for studying live retinal tissue. ...
This letter presents a deformable mirror (DM) which consists of a 25-mm square flexible membrane and an array of 67 hexagonal electrodes that can pull down a membrane by electrostatic force. The membrane is a 2.15-mum-thick fluoropolymer film and is bonded to an electrode substrate with an 80-mum-thick adhesive acrylic spacer. The fabrication process is completed by a microelectromechanical systems batch process. The surface roughness of polymer membrane is approximately 41 nm. The device demonstrated maximum 38-mum center deflection by applying 250 V because of small residual stress (2.2 MPa) and low Young's modulus (15 GPa) of fluoropolymer film. The response time of the DM is experimentally demonstrated around 10 ms in atmosphere. The proposed device is suitable for large stroke and low sampling rate applications.
... A deformable membrane has a lot of applications, such as adaptive optics [15], and 1 × N optical switches [16], etc. In this paper, we made use of fabricated membranes as high-resolution variable optical attenuators. ...
We have fabricated low-stress polyimide membranes for use as high-resolution variable optical attenuator (VOA). Polyimide membranes are assembled with fiber collimators to perform 3-D beam spoiling that varies the optical power with 0.01-dB resolution. The measured residual stress and Young's modulus of the polyimide membrane are 3.2 MPa and 15 GPa, respectively. The 41-mum deformation of the membrane is demonstrated by the electrostatic force with 170 volts. The 0.46-dB insertion loss and >15-dB dynamic range are achieved at 1550-nm wavelength
... Optical switches based on mirrors/gap-closing electrostatic actuators [2] have very low insertion loss and crosstalk, but their switching speeds are medium, on the order of 1 ms. A 1 × N free-space optical switch with a fiber bundle, a macro-lens, and a deformable/adaptive mirror based on an optical MEMS membrane [14] has a higher switching speed, submillisecond, but higher insertion loss and crosstalk, which are believed to be independent of the number of ports. From Table 1, the switching speed of free-space switches is medium, on the order of 1 ms, which is suitable for protection and restoration in the optical layer with no frequent change of connection states. ...
Optical switching technologies are very crucial to future mobile broadband all-optical IP networks. Many different optical switching technologies are currently available or under development. The main purpose of the article is to conduct performance comparisons on optical switching technologies in terms of basic performance, network requirements, and system requirements based on a literature survey. The technologies include switching based on optical microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), thermal optical switching, electro-optic switching, and acousto-optic switching technologies. Each optical switching technology has unique performance characteristics specific to the utilized optical phenomena. It might be crucial to integrate some technologies together to achieve a better solution for optical switching. Optical switching is a very hot topic attracting much research effort. Optical MEMS-based switching technology might be one of the most promising approaches at present. Many new optical switching technologies might be created in the near future. Through the impact of nanotechnology, some innovative approaches to optical switching might emerge.
... The editor believes that this bibliography contains references to most genetic algorithms in telecommunications contributions upto and including the year 1998 and the editor hopes that this bibliography could give some help to those who are working or planning to work in this rapidly growing area of genetic algorithms. [608,649] IEEE Journal on Selecte, [613] IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, [639,650,660] IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, [588] IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, [101] IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, [665] IEEE Potentials, [229] IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, [493,499] Optical Fiber Technology, [800] Optics Communications, [659] Optics Letters, [526] PC AI (USA), [770] Phys. Med. ...
... 1986, [603] 1987, [841,842] 1990, [459] 1991, [669,457,601] 1992, [458,461] 1993, [326,327,514,455,456,840,843,844,251,602,460,252,462,463,253,464,845,846] 1994, [ 369,733,734,735,370,371,560,152,561,153,154,372,373,155,156,374,736,375,376,157,158] 1997, [143,149,151,562,377,737,159,160,161,378,379,380,162,738,739,740,163,563,381,382,383,741,564,742,565,384,743,164,744,566,165,385,386,387,567,166,388,745,746,167,747,168,748,749,750,389,390,568,391,169,751,752,753,170,754,755,569,171,756,570,172,757,758,759,760,761,173,762,763,174,764,571,175,572,392,176,177,573,393,765,178,766,394,395,767,396,397,768,574,398,769,770,399,575,771,772,179,400,576,401,180,577,773,774,181,182,402,403,578,775,776,777,404,778,183,184,579,405,580,185,779,406,407,408,186,187,409,188,189,410,780,581,411,190,412,191,582,781,192,413,782,414,415,416,417] 1998, [418,583,193,783,194,419,195,420,784,196,785,786,421,787,197,788,789,422,790,198,199,423,424,200,201,791,792,793,584,585,794,795,796,202,203,797,425,798,799,586,204,205,206,426,587,427,800,428,588,801,207,802,429,430,803,804,805,431,208,806,807,432,433,209,808,809,210,589,810,590,811,211,212,434,591,213,214,592,435,215,593,812,813,436,814,594,815,437] 1999, [216,217,816,438,817,218,219,220,221,222,223,818,439,595,819,224,820,821,822,823,596,824,225,440,226,227,228,825,229,597,826,230,231,827,828,232,441,233,442,234,598,443,444,235,599,829,830,236,237,600,445,831,832,446,238,239,447,833,448,834,835,836,240,449,837,241,242,243,838,244,450,451,452,839,245,246,247,247,248,249,453,250,454] 2000, [256,11,604,12,257,13,14,15,258,605,16,17,465,18,19,20,606,21,22,607,259,260,466,23,24,25,608,26,261,609,27,28,467,610,29,611,468,262,30,469,612,263,613,31,32,614,615,264,616,33,470,617,265,618,34,619,35,471,620,621,622,36,266,267,37,38,39,40,623,624,268,625,626,627,472,473,42,269,474,43,475,270,271,476,628,272,273,477,478,44,45,46,274,479,47,48,275,49,50,276,277,51,52,278,53,54,77,80] 2001, [41,279,280,55,56,57,58,629,59,630,281,60,61,631,282,62,283,63,64,65,480,66,284,67,68,69,632,285,633,286,287,634,70,71,72,635,481,636,637,638,288,289,73,74,639,290,640,482,75,641,291,642,292,76,483,78,79,81,293,82,83,643,644,294,295,296,297,84,85,645,86,87,88,646,89,647,484,485,90,648,91,486,298,92,649,93,299,94,650,487,95] 2002, [300,301,488,302,96,651,97,652,98,653,654,99,100,655,101,656,657,489,303,490,658,491,492,493,304,659,494,660,495,661,496,497,662,663,498,499,664,665,666,102,103,305,500,104,105,501] 2003, [306,502,503,307,504,308,309,310,847] 2004, [505,667,106,311,312,313,314,315,254] 2005, [506,316,507,668,255] 2006, [317,318,319,508,320,321,509,107] 2007, [322,323,324] 2008, [510,325] 2009, [511,512,513] ...
... [519,678,788,824] channel equalization,[733] coding,[683,694] compression,[650] computer networks,[734] configuration,[845] connectivity,[753] data transfer,[838] fiber,[665] frequency assignment,[530,702,738,743,785,787,630] frequency planning,[807] image,[828,839] Internet,[739] LAN,[673,675,686,708,714,730,745,756,791,643] layout design,[676] link partitioning,[750] link speed design,[841,842] load balancing,[835] local access network,[778] local networks,[699] military,[834] mobile,[767,622,475,629,653] mobile phone,[833] modulation,[795] MPLS,[631] multimedia,[831] multiuser detection,[606,660] network,[772] network configuration,[771,780,782] network design,[680,719,722,757,765,769,792,806,616,623,632,633,637,649,666] network optimization,[687,696] network services,[801] network topology,[669,805] networks,[783,803,832] neural networks,[774] optical,[843,790,821,825,615,628,659] optical cross-connect,[621] optical fiber,[693,667] optical fibers,[789,655] optical net,[755] optical network,[712] optical networks,[716,748,793] packet switched,[717] partitioning,[674] planning,[604] power control,[498,500] protocols,[760,826,634] QOS,[689] quantum,[640] radio,[511,512] reliability,[700,803] ring loading,[843,752] route selection,[741] routing,[844,709,720,724,736,740,747,802,809,813,818,819,830,613,619,625,635,664,654,658] satellite,[743,744,470] scheduling,[829,645] service,[617] signal detection,[685] signature verification,[647] SONET,[636] teleconferencing,[668] topology design,[846] traffic control,[690] traffic diagnosis,[768,781] traffic supervision,[749,779] transmission network,[822] transmission planning,[746] TV,[627] wavelength allocation,[815] wireless,[797,638] www,[763] terminal assignment problem,[670] testing materials,[317,322] nondestructive,[317] ...
Dan Marom earned the B.Sc. degree in Mechanical Engineering (1989) and the M.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering (1995), both from Tel-Aviv University. He was awarded the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering by the University of California, San Diego, in 2000. In his doctoral research, under the guidance of Prof. Yeshaiahu (Shaya) Fainman, Dan explored nonlinear wave mixing for optical signal processing of ultrafast waveforms.
