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Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is the staple food of majority of
the poor and small land holders, as well as a source of feed and fodder for
livestock in the rainfed regions of the country. Pearl millet excels all other
cereals because it is a C4 plant with high photosynthetic efficiency and dry
matter production capacity. It require...
Citations
... The simplest and common way of utilizing pearl-millet in traditional foods include thick porridge (fermented and unfermented), thin porridge (gruel), flat and unfermented bread such as chapati (Tara Satyavathi et al., 2017). ...
... Pearl millet flour fortified with soy flour and other ingredients used in the preparation of flat breads resulted in a product with high puffing, protein efficiency ratio, minimal thickness and other physical parameters such as uniform texture and color (Tara Satyavathi et al., 2017). ...
Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), also called bajra, is an important cereal crop cultivated in the tropics. It is a very hardy crop and can adapt to even very low rainfall. This review paper deals with the discussion of nutraceutical, functional properties and antidiabetic properties of pearl millet. Pearl millet is popular for its nutraceutical property. The bioactive compounds present in pearl millet indicate the efficacy and capacity of the nutraceutical property present in pearl millet. Several products prepared from pearl millet flour were found to induce low glycemic index when compared to wheat flour and many of the few acids present, produced antioxidant activity. Different types of sweet, savoury food products and beverages prepared from pearl millet grains and their flours provide higher potential due to their profound nutritional benefits which include rich dietary fibres, minerals and high protein content. As a result of being a viable low cost crop with several added benefits such as lower incidence of developing mycotoxins, resistance to high temperatures and low rainfall requirements pearl millet is an accessible alternative for consumers in need of highly nutritious, low priced and sustainable food products.
... Pearl millet has ovoid shape and may be creamy, pale yellow, brown, greyish brown, brown, slate blue, purple or purple black in colour. The most common is the slate grey colour (Tara et al., 2017). They are gluten-free grain with low-glycemic index with nutritional and nutraceutical advantages, that are commonly used in the preparation of a common infant complementary food called ogi. ...
Ogi was produced from two varieties of millet (finger and pear millet) using three processing methods: dry milling, soaking and dry milling; and the traditional soaking, wet milling and wet sieving processes. Evaluation of physiochemical, functional, pasting, proximate and sensory properties of millet ogi samples was by standard analytical methods. Finger and pearl millet ogi had pH, total titratable acidity and viscosity of 4.22 - 5.29 and 3.88 – 5.32, 0.39 – 0.58 and 0.28 – 0.79 % Lactic acid and 138.40 – 145.80 and 8.36 – 11.81 Pa.s respectively. Bulk density, water absorption capacity and swelling power of the finger and pearl millet ogi ranged from 1.73 - 2.00 and 1.82 – 1.88 (g/ml), 1.80 – 2.00 and 1.50 – 1.80 g/g and 0.02 – 0.31 and 0.03 – 0.17 g/g respectively. Proximate composition varied respectively, from 2.75 – 7.50, 3.20 - 4.10, 6.16 - 9.71, 2.73 - 5.65, 1.57 - 3.96 and 70.28 - 79.85% for moisture, fat, protein, crude fibre, ash and carbohydrate for finger millet and 3.50 - 11.00, 6.00 - 9.10, 6.29 - 12.39, 2.08 - 3.15, 0.42 – 1.49 and 72.07 - 73.04% for pearl millet. Pasting properties for finger millet ogi ranged from 272.62 - 310.84, 131.04 - 202.87, 117.93 - 131.59 and 249.53 - 331.56 RVU for peak, trough, setback and final viscosities respectively while pearl millet ogi had values of 182.42 - 310.84, 23.55 - 121.34, 28.25 - 126.41 and 52.33 - 247.76 RVU. Pasting temperature and time were 80.05 - 93.70 and 78.19 - 81.10oC; and 5.08 - 5.69 and 4.07 - 4.26 min for finger and pearl millet ogi. Samples had varying degrees of likeness for the sensory attributes. Protein and energy ratios signified that 100 g of the millet ogi would meet >80 and >100% of infant protein and energy requirement respectively. The results are significant as a guide in utilizing millet as raw material for good quality ogi production.
... fat (5 mg 100 g -1 ), dietary fiber (1.2%), minerals (2.3 mg 100 g -1 ) and B-vitamins. It is rich in unsaturated fatty acids (75%) with higher content of nutritionally important n-3 fatty acids than other cereal grains (Satyavathi et al., 2017). Besides grains, pearl millet stover is also important as dry fodder and green forage. ...
... With marginal input requirements, these C4 plants with high photosynthetic efficiency, have great potential in addressing sustainable farming needs. Pearl millet and foxtail millet have been discussed in a later section as representative examples of the strengths of millets as nutritionally-rich cereals ("nutri-cereals") and some of their limitations, that are being presently addressed, yet need additional scientific and technological solutions [4]. Recognizing the environmental and nutritional importance of millets, the United Nations General Assembly declared 2023 as the International Year of Millets (IYM 2023), with Food and Agriculture Organization as the lead agency (https://www.fao. ...
... A comprehensive strategy to overcome these limitations calls for integrating existing practices with newer solutions. Presently, a variety of pre-processing and post-processing treatments are available that include: decortication to remove the oil-rich germ, solvent-based defatting of pearl millet flour, enzyme inactivation, pH lowering to inactivate enzymes, use of antioxidants to retard auto-oxidation of triglycerides, heat-treatment, fermentation, malting, use of different packaging material and in-package desiccants and oxygen scavengers, and microwave treatment [4]. Identification of low-rancid pearl millet varieties and hybrids, innovative packaging solutions, effective pre-processing treatments, automation of processing line are suggested pointers for technological improvements in promoting millet based products. ...
... fat (5 mg 100 g -1 ), dietary fiber (1.2%), minerals (2.3 mg 100 g -1 ) and B-vitamins. It is rich in unsaturated fatty acids (75%) with higher content of nutritionally important n-3 fatty acids than other cereal grains (Satyavathi et al., 2017). Besides grains, pearl millet stover is also important as dry fodder and green forage. ...
Front-line demonstrations were carried out in ICAR-Farmer FIRST Project in different villages of Jodhpur (Rajasthan) from Kharif 2017 to 2020 to demonstrate the potential of improved crop production technologies of pearl millet for enhancing the crop productivity and farmers’ income. In ‘improved practices’ (IP) pearl millet hybrids like MPMH-17 and HHB-67(I) with or without the recommended dose of fertilizers (60 kg N + 30 kg P2O5/ha) were demonstrated with existing ‘farmer’s practice’ (FP) of pearl millet production. The grain yield in IP ranges from 13.6 to 16.4 q/ha whereas in FP it was in the range of 10.7 to 13.4 q/ha. The percent increase in grain yield with IP over FP was recorded in the range of 17.8 to 26.7% whereas the percent increase in stover yield was between 31.1 to 36.0%. An extension gap ranging from 2.06-3.07 q/ha was found between IP and FP during the different years. Both the technology gap (38.1-40.8 q/ha) and technology index (69.7-74.9) were higher with hybrid MPMH-17 irrespective of fertilizer application whereas, these were lowest with hybrid HHB-67(I). The highest increase in Net returns and added net returns were observed in improved hybrid MPMH-17 supplemented with fertilizers followed by improved hybrid HHB-67(I). However, the incremental cost-benefit ratio was recorded lower in HHB-67(I) than in MPMH-17. The improved hybrids MPMH-17 and HHB-67(I) performed better over the farmer’s practice indicating that for realizing profitable yield of pearl millet farmers should adopt improved cultivars and apply recommended dose of fertilizers for realizing the food security as well as helps in improving the economic and social status.
... Pearl millet grains are of good nutritive value with 73% carbohydrates, 11% proteins, 8.4% fat and rich source of minerals such as iron (6-7mg/100 g) and zinc (3.4 mg/100 g) (Malik, 2015). Among micro-nutrients, it is loaded with minerals with relative abundance of Iron and Zinc (Satyavathi et al., 2017). These two micronutrients iron and zinc are essential for balanced human nutrition. ...
The present investigation consists of 98 genotypes (two CMS lines, 30 testers, 60 hybrids and six checks) studied to assess the magnitude of genetic variability and character association of iron, zinc and protein with other agronomic traits. Pearl millet grain has rich iron content, zinc content and protein and are essential for human nutrition. Estimation of genetic parameters viz., variability, heritability, genetic advance will provide the basis for selecting systematic breeding strategy to improve the genotypes with desirable traits. Moderate PCV and GCV values were observed for grain iron and protein content, high PCV and GCV values were observed for zinc content. Influence of environment on these traits is low because of the less difference between the estimates of GCV and PCV. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for zinc content. Strong correlation was observed between grain iron and zinc content and their weak correlations with other agronomic traits indicated there is a possibility to breed high grain Fe and Zinc contents simultaneously in different plant agronomic backgrounds might be suitable for different agro-climatic regions.
... However the shelf-life of pearl millet flour, as is stored by urban consumers. is short ( 1 Q-12 days) because of rapid development of rancidity at ambient conditions (Satyavathi et al., 2017). ...
This book contains 20 chapters, divided into two sections: (i) Quantitative Genetics: Plant Breeding, Bioinformatics, Genome Editing and G×E Interaction (Chapters 2-12) and (ii) Intersection of Breeding, Genetics and Genomics: Crop Examples (Chapter 13-20). Section 1 emphasizes the application of genomics, and genome and epigenome editing techniques, in plant breeding, bioinformatics, quantitative trait loci mapping, and the latest approaches of examining and exploiting genotype—environment interactions. Section 2 describes the use of cutting-edge molecular breeding and quantitative genetics techniques applied to wheat, rice, maize, root and tuber crops and pearl millet. Overall, the book focuses on using genomic information to help evaluate traits that can combat biotic/abiotic stresses, genome-wide association mapping, high-throughput genotyping/phenotyping, biofortification, use of big data, orphan crops, and gene editing techniques.
... It excels all other cereals being of C4 plant with high photosynthetic efficiency, high dry matter production capacity and is grown under the most adverse agro-climatic conditions where other crops like sorghum and maize fail to produce economic yields. The crop is rightly termed as "nutricereal" as it is a good source of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, ash, dietary fiber, iron and zinc (Satyavathi et al. 2017). Protogyny condition of the crop promotes cross pollination hence, the plant maintains heterozygous balance. ...
Research Article Genetic architecture of morpho-physiological traits over environments in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] Abstract Thirty pearl millet accessions including inbreds and hybrids procured from ICRISAT, Hyderabad were evaluated during summer 2017 over three sowing dates. The wide range of phenotypic variation was noted in an individual and pooled environment for all fourteen qualitative and quantitative traits. Higher estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed over the genotypic coefficient of variation for the number of effective tillers per plant, grain yield per plant, number of total tillers per plant, harvest index, leaf area, test weight and seed setting on main tiller. The high GCV (%) and PCV (%) were obtained for most of the traits. High heritability was associated with high genetic advance (% mean) for plant height, dry fodder yield, earhead girth and length, leaf area, grain yield, test weight, harvest index and number of total tillers per plant suggesting additive gene action for inheritance and could be improved through selection. The trait grain yield was positively and highly significantly correlated with earhead girth, seed setting on main tiller, plant height, leaf area, dry fodder yield, test weight, number of total tillers per plant, number of effective tillers per plant and harvest index at genotypic, phenotypic and environmental levels. The path coefficient analysis concluded that the desirable ideotype for improving grain yield should possess maximum earhead girth, more number of effective tillers with moderate plant height and flowering time.
The present study aimed at selecting indigenous Azospirillum spp. strains exhibiting plant growth promoting traits and tolerance to osmotic stress, for their potential application as bioinoculants in rainfed pearl millet. Seventy-five putative Azospirillum spp. isolates were retrieved from the rhizosphere of pearl millet cultivated under diverse edaphoclimatic conditions of India using differential media. The isolates exhibited nitrogenase activity (range between 0.2 and 200 nmoles ethylene produced h− 1), indole acetic acid production (range between 2.5 and 28.3 µg ml− 1), siderophore production and mannitol tolerance (up to 1000 mM). The 16 S rRNA gene sequence (amplified using universal primers 8 F and 1492R) analysis with reference to NCBI nucleotide database revealed that majority of the isolates obtained from different locations exhibited maximum identity (93.31–99.32%) to A. formosense, whereas two isolates AIM1 and AIM45 exhibited maximum identity to A. soli (98.54% identity) and A. oryzae (93.86% identity), respectively. However, the homology below 97% indicated the possibility of novel strains/species among the isolates. Selected strains were evaluated by designing a vertical agar plate assembly (VAPA) for their effect on root traits and growth of pearl millet (RHB173) seedlings. Bacterial inoculation significantly improved plant biomass (shoot and root) and influenced root architecture (root branching and root hair density). Microscopic observations revealed extensive colonization on the root surface as well as in the endorhizosphere. The VAPA assay helped in selecting promising strains AIM19, AIM57, AIM80, AIM38 and AIM3 which were able to influence plant growth and root architecture, the trait helpful in survival under stressful conditions. The present study indicated the abundance of multifunctional A. formosense strains in the rhizosphere of pearl millet grown under diverse locations. Also, the VAPA assay demonstrated in the present study that it can be used for the screening of large number of isolates for early stage plant growth promotion studies.
Pearl millet is a rainfed crop grown and distributed worldwide over tropical zones covering nearly 30 countries. Globally, India is the leader both in terms of area under pearl millet cultivation and production. Due to unpredicted nature of weather, low seed cost, and more resilience for various abiotic and biotic stresses, open pollinated varieties are still very popular among the pearl millet farmers of India and arid regions of Africa. Pearl millet is often considered to be a ‘super cereal’ due to its rapid growth, high photosynthetic efficiency, balanced nutritional profile, and tolerance properties to extreme climatic conditions. Besides, pearl millet grains have immense medicinal value and have been encouraged by dieticians and nutritionists as a super food for the benefit of a large section of society. With the rise in some of the key global issues like malnutrition, climate change, global warming, pearl millet has received special attention amongst farmers, consumers, and policymakers during recent years as a crop of choice. This chapter mainly deals with the basics of pearl millet as a crop, its breeding strategies, variety developmental procedure, and also the key future researchable areas.KeywordsNutritional propertiesGene poolBreeding techniquesHybrid developmentBiotic and abiotic stresses
