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Schematic representation of the most important molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of andrographolide in central nervous system disorders. ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; ANDRO: andrographolide; ROS: reactive oxidative species; NO: nitric oxide; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide; IL: interleukins; TNF: tumor necrosis alpha; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. ATG 13 autophagy-related protein 13, ULK ½ Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase.
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Andrographolide (ANDRO), a bitter diterpene lactone found in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, possesses several biological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and organo-protective effects. Scientific reports suggest that it also has neuroprotective capacity in various test systems. The purpose of this review was to synthesize th...
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Andrographolide (ANDRO), a bitter diterpene lactone found in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, possesses several biological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and organo-protective effects. Scientific reports suggest that it also has neuroprotective capacity in various test systems. The purpose of this review was to synthesize th...
Citations
... Andrographolide (Andro) is one of the main constituents extracted from Ap leaves. Andro, a diterpene lactone, has attracted particular interest [73][74][75][76][77]. Ap is a plant of Asian origin, known since ancient times by the name "King of Bitters". ...
... Andro treatment was also tested in vivo on C57BL/6 mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (induced with the peptide MOG35-55), and it significantly reduced the incidence of the disease, as also shown by the reduced production of IFN and IL-2 [91]. Therefore, based on the data reported in the literature, we can state that both Ap and Andro are effective in treating the inflammatory and degenerative effects that occur in the nervous system during various disease states [75,78,92,93] (Table 1). Here, we will examine these effects on diseases involving the nervous system, focusing on those most prevalent in the world population. ...
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) affect millions of people worldwide, and to date, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases are the most common NDs. Of the many risk factors for neurodegeneration, the aging process has the most significant impact, to the extent that it is tempting to consider neurodegenerative disease as a manifestation of accelerated aging. However, genetic and environmental factors determine the course of neurodegenerative disease progression. It has been proposed that environmental stimuli influence neuroplasticity. Some clinical studies have shown that healthy lifestyles and the administration of nutraceuticals containing bioactive molecules possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have a preventive impact or mitigate symptoms in previously diagnosed patients. Despite ongoing research efforts, the therapies currently used for the treatment of NDs provide only marginal therapeutic benefits; therefore, the focus is now directly on the search for natural products that could be valuable tools in combating these diseases, including the natural compound Andrographis paniculata (Ap) and its main constituent, andrographolide (Andro). Preclinical studies have shown that the aqueous extract of Ap can modulate neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative responses, reducing inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in various NDs. Therefore, in this review, we will focus on the molecular mechanisms by which Ap and Andro can modulate the processes of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, which are significant causes of neuronal death and cognitive decline.
... Epilepsy is a syndrome of cerebral distress, which is manifested by epileptic seizures [10,98,109]. There are two factors in its genesis: convulsive predisposition and the existence of an anatomical or biochemical brain injury [39,47]. The medical term for seizures refers to abnormal, involuntary contractions of the muscles as a result of changes in the electrical activity of the brain and which generally occur in certain epileptic diseases [9,98]. ...
Background
A biennial or perennial plant of the Apiaceae family, Eryngium caeruleum M. Bieb. is traditionally used in medicine as an antitoxic, diuretic, digestive, anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug. This plant is widely distributed in temperate regions around the world. Young leaves of the plant are used in cooking as aromatic cooked vegetables in various local products in Iran.
Purpose
The current review aimed to highlight complete and updated information about the Eryngium caeruleum species, regarding botanical, ethnopharmacological, phytochemical data, pharmacological mechanisms as well as some nutritional properties. All this scientific evidence supports the use of this species in complementary medicine, thus opening new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of some diseases.
Methods
The information provided in this updated review is collected from several scientific databases such as PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, Mendeley, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Ethnopharmacology books and various professional websites were also researched.
Results
The phytochemical composition of the aerial parts and roots of E. caeruleum is represented by the components of essential oil (EO), phenolic compounds, saponins, protein, amino acids, fiber, carbohydrates, and mineral elements. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antihypoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties of E. caeruleum have been confirmed by pharmacological experiments with extracts using in vitro and in vivo methods. The syrup E. caeruleum relieved dysmenorrhea as effectively as Ibuprofen in the blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study.
Conclusion
Current evidence from experimental pharmacological studies has shown that the different bioactive compounds present in the species E. caeruleum have multiple beneficial effects on human health, being potentially active in the treatment of many diseases. Thus, the traditional uses of this species are supported based on evidence. In future, translational and human clinical studies are necessary to establish effective therapeutic doses in humans.
... Herbal medicines are still used in many diseases, primarily mental and neurological disorders (Sharifi-Rad et al., 2021c;Tsoukalas et al., 2021). According to the group of authors, plants used in traditional medicine contain main groups of components (Hossain et al., 2022;Painuli et al., 2022;. Tropane alkaloids (antagonists of acetylcholine) known as atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine isolated from Datura sp. have some anticholinergic activities (Taïwe and Kuete, 2014). ...
Neuropsychiatric diseases are a group of disorders that cause significant morbidity and disability. The symptoms of psychiatric disorders include anxiety, depression, eating disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. Various medicinal plants are frequently used as therapeutics in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Nowadays, using medicinal plants as an alternative medication has been considered due to their biological safety. Despite the wide range of medications, many patients are unable to tolerate the side effects and eventually lose their response. By considering the therapeutic advantages of medicinal plants in the case of side effects, patients may prefer to use them instead of chemical drugs. Today, the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is diverse and increasing, and these plants are a precious heritage for humanity. Investigation about traditional medicine continues, and several studies have indicated the basic pharmacology and clinical efficacy of herbal medicine. In this article, we discuss five of the most important and common psychiatric illnesses investigated in various studies along with conventional therapies and their pharmacological therapies. For this comprehensive review, data were obtained from electronic databases such as MedLine/PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, EMBASE, DynaMed Plus, ScienceDirect, and TRIP database. Preclinical pharmacology studies have confirmed that some bioactive compounds may have beneficial therapeutic effects in some common psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms of action of the analyzed biocompounds are presented in detail. The bioactive compounds analyzed in this review are promising phytochemicals for adjuvant and complementary drug candidates in the pharmacotherapy of neuropsychiatric diseases. Although comparative studies have been carefully reviewed in the preclinical pharmacology field, no clinical studies have been found to confirm the efficacy of herbal medicines compared to FDA-approved medicines for the treatment of mental disorders. Therefore, future clinical studies are needed to accelerate the potential use of natural compounds in the management of these diseases.
... Despite the intense efforts accomplished, no resolutive therapy for AD has been yet identified, pushing both pharma and academia in finding more effective therapeutic modalities. The wide scientific progression in the last century allowed researchers to investigate deeper the mechanism of action of old/existing/available drugs, revealing additional pharmacological activities and expanding their therapeutic potential [39]. ...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a tangle-shaped accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide fragments and Tau protein in brain neurons. The pathophysiological mechanism involves the presence of Aβ-amyloid peptide, Tau protein, oxidative stress, and an exacerbated neuro-inflammatory response. This review aims to offer an updated compendium of the most recent and promising advances in AD treatment through the administration of phytochemicals. The literature survey was carried out by electronic search in the following specialized databases PubMed/Medline, Embase, TRIP database, Google Scholar, Wiley, and Web of Science regarding published works that included molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways targeted by phytochemicals in various experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease in vitro and in vivo. The results of the studies showed that the use of phytochemicals against AD has gained relevance due to their antioxidant, anti-neuroinflammatory, anti-amyloid, and anti-hyperphosphorylation properties of Tau protein. Some bioactive compounds from plants have been shown to have the ability to prevent and stop the progression of Alzheimer’s.
... Andrographolide (AG) is the representative bioactive chemical of the plant Andrographis paniculata that is currently being explored in the pharmaceutical industry. This compound proposes significant beneficial advantages such as antibacterial [1], antiinflammation, cancer prevention, and neuroprotective properties (see Fig. 1) [2]. Antimicrobial activity is the most prominent effect, which has been applied to the treatment of infectious diseases since ancient times, for example, for gastrointestinal inflammation-related diseases and respiratory infection [3]. ...
Currently, herbs have been investigated for novel bioactivities and improvement of traditional therapeutic effectiveness. Among them, Andrographis paniculata, with the active component Andrographolide, is well recognized as an anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperglycaemic, hepatoprotective, and anti-hyperlipidaemic compound. However, Andrographolide has poor physicochemical properties that limit its medical application. In this review article, nano drug delivery systems including nanovesicles, inorganic nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanoemulsions, and microemulsions, which can deliver Andrographolide through different routes such as oral, injection, or dermal, and their influences in increasing treatment benefits are presented.
... Furthermore, ANDRO attenuated Parkinson's disease-like phenotypes and preserved mitochondrial morphology in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (Geng et al. 2019). In various AD models, the treatment with ANDRO ameliorated crucial molecular mechanisms and reduced deficits in learning and memory (Hossain et al. 2022). For instance, in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 and J20 transgenic mice, which express a mutant form of amyloid precursor protein (APP) exhibiting high accumulation of amyloid aggregates, ANDRO decreased Aβ and p-tau levels, improved cellular energy metabolism markers and neurogenesis, and preserved spatial and recognition memory (Serrano et al. 2014;Cisternas et al. 2019a, b;Arredondo et al. 2021). ...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder clinically manifested by a gradual cognitive decline. Intracerebroventricular injection (ICV) of streptozotocin (STZ), a model of sporadic AD (sAD), shows many aspects of sAD abnormalities (i.e., neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, protein aggregation), resulting in memory impairment. Andrographolide (ANDRO), a natural diterpene lactone, has numerous bioactivities including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Studies in rodents revealed that ANDRO has neuroprotective properties and restores cognitive impairment. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ANDRO in the ICV-STZ model relative to short-term spatial memory (object location test (OLT) and Y maze test), short-term recognition memory (object recognition test (ORT)), locomotor activity (open field test (OFT)), expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP), and activation of astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression) and microglia (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (Iba-1) immunohistochemistry) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP). Wistar rats were injected ICV with STZ (3 mg/kg) or vehicle and treated with ANDRO (2 mg/kg, i.p.; three times per week). After four weeks, ANDRO attenuated the impairments of the Y maze and ORT performances, and the increase of astrocyte activation in the PFC induced by the ICV-STZ model. In addition, ANDRO decreased the number of activated microglia cells in the HIP of STZ-injected rats. The APP expression was not altered, neither by the STZ nor ANDRO. ANDRO showed a beneficial effect on memory impairment and neuroinflammation in the STZ model of AD.
... Traditional medicine utilizes a combination of many ingredients; however, the ingredients might not show activities as a single entity but sometimes a combination of ingredients plays an important role in having synergistic effects and modulating other proteins which improve the efficacy of the bioactive principle [105][106][107]. Protein kinase inhibitors have recently been shown to be chemically linked to a class of plant chemicals known as sesquiterpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenolics, and diterpenoids, which are present in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants and have anti-cancer properties [44,108]. The FDA authorized 1453 new chemical entities in 2013 with natural products or analogues of natural substances accounting for 40% of the total [109]. ...
MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) or ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) pathway is an important link in the transition from extracellular signals to intracellular responses. Because of genetic and epigenetic changes, signal-ing cascades are altered in a variety of diseases, including cancer. Extant studies on the homeostatic and pathologic behavior of MAPK signaling have been conducted; however, much remains to be explored in preclinical and clinical research in terms of regulation and action models. MAPK has implications for cancer therapy response, more specifically in response to experimental MAPK suppression, compensatory mechanisms are activated. The current study investigates MAPK as a very complex cell signaling pathway that plays roles in cancer treatment response, cellular normal conduit maintenance, and compensatory pathway activation. Most MAPK inhibitors, unfortunately, cause resistance by activating compensatory feedback loops in tumor cells and tumor microenvironment components. As a result, innovative combinatorial treatments for cancer management must be applied to limit the likelihood of alternate pathway initiation as a possibility for generating novel therapeutics based on incorporation in translational research. We summarize current knowledge about the implications of ERK (MAPK) in cancer, as well as bioactive products from plants, microbial organisms or marine organisms, as well as the correlation with their chemical structures, which modulate this pathway for the treatment of different types of cancer.
... Any pathogenic stimulus leads to downstream pathological hallmarks mentioned above that are either the death of the dopaminergic neurons or the formation of Lewy bodies. There has also been evidence that disease manifestations can also occur due to mitochondrial dysfunction that leads to oxidative stress resulting in the oxidation of dopamine which is toxic (Hossain et al., 2022). All these mechanisms are however not independent of each other. ...
Neurodegenerative disorders Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with neuroinflammatory responses that lead to the neurodegeneration of the dopaminergic neurons. These neuroinflammatory mechanisms involve various cytokines produced by the activated glial cells. Tumour Necrosis factor α (TNF α) is one of the major mediators of the neuroinflammation associated with neurodegeneration. TNF α has a dual role of neuroprotection and neurotoxicity in the brain. The effective pathways of TNF involve various signalling pathways transduced by the receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2. Effective therapeutic strategies have been produced targeting the neurotoxic behaviour of the Tumour Necrosis Factor and the associated neurodegeneration which includes the use of Dominant Negative Tumour Necrosis Factor (DN-TNF) inhibitors like XENP 345 and XPro®1595 and peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists.
... Atherosclerosis is a disease of the middle and large arteries characterized by the formation in the inner tunic and middle deposits of atheromatous plaques, which contain accumulations of LDL-cholesterol, lipophage, and sometimes calcifications on former lesions that prevent normal blood flow through the vessel. It is a disease in which plaque accumulates inside the arteries and can trigger serious problems including heart failure, stroke, or death [132][133][134]. The pathogenic mechanisms are com-plex, involving lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, inflammation, or altered immune response, causing aging and degenerative brain damage [135][136][137]. ...
Plants including Rhizoma polgonati, Smilax china, and Trigonella foenum-graecum contain a lot of diosgenin, a steroidal sapogenin. This bioactive phytochemical has shown high potential and interest in the treatment of various disorders such as cancer, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, and cardiovascular disease, in addition to being an important starting material for the preparation of several steroidal drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. This review aims to provide an overview of the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies reporting the diosgenin’s pharmacological effects and to discuss the safety issues. Preclinical studies
have shown promising effects on cancer, neuroprotection, atherosclerosis, asthma, bone health, and other pathologies. Clinical investigations have demonstrated diosgenin’s nontoxic nature and promising benefits on cognitive function and menopause. However, further well-designed clinical trials are needed to address the other effects seen in preclinical studies, as well as a better knowledge of the diosgenin’s safety profile.
... Ex Nees is a medicinal plant that is frequently used in Unani and Ayurvedic medicines [15]. This bioactive compound has anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-thrombotic, anti-neoplastic [16], and neuropharmacological properties, among others [17][18][19][20]. Some earlier studies also reported the protective activity of AGL against hepato-toxins induced liver damage [21][22][23]. ...
The aims of this study to assess the efficiency of AGL against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatic toxicity that was generated by mitochondrial oxidative stress and glutathione depletion. Free radical scavenging potentiality was analyzed by using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. APAP-induced liver toxicity was formed at a dose level of 640 mg/kg mg/kg BW each, p.o. for 14 days for all experimental rats except the vehicle control group. AGL (5 and 10 mg/kg) were treated orally with negative control and negative control silymarin (50 mg/kg) group. To assess the protective effect, we looked at the levels of serum biochemical markers, liver histoarchitecture, and hepatic antioxidant enzyme activity. AGL showed in vitro anti-oxidant potentialities by scavenging radicals in the respective assays. As evidenced by serum biochemical indicators and relative liver weight, AGL co-administration substantially reduced toxicant-induced hepatic damage. APAP-intoxication increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and declined in cellular endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as reduced catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione, where, AGL treatment amended their level. In the same way, histopathological evaluation further verified that AGL protected the hepatocyte from APAP-induced damage. As AGL scavenges toxic free radicals, thereby protects mitochondria and other organelles from reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-mediated stress and its eventual consequence necrosis. Therefore, we propose the hepatoprotective activity of AGL through its antioxidant mechanism.
