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Schematic representation of the flow sheet and operation of polishing ponds fed with sequential batches without (left, (a)) and with (right, (b)) an intermediate transfer pond.
Source publication
Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) are commonly used for sewage treatment. These systems are composed of a series of ponds: (1) anaerobic ponds, (2) facultative ponds, and (3) maturation ponds. WSPs generally produce good-quality effluent in terms of organic matter and pathogen removal, but their application has disadvantages. The most serious disadv...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... A series of ponds receiving the UASB effluent sequentially in each pond (Figure 7a). and the DO concentration rapidly increased from a value of about 0 mg/L at the start of the batch to a value above the saturation concentration in the shallow ponds (0.2 to 0.4 m). ...
Context 2
... A series of ponds receiving the UASB effluent sequentially in each pond (Figure 7a). ...
Context 3
... number of ponds for the treatment is the retention time plus the time to fill the pond. (2) A series of ponds receiving the effluent from an intermediate transfer pond between the UASB and LPBS (Figure 7b). ...
Citations
... The generally used technique to treat leachate in Indonesia is stabilization ponds (E Noerfitriyani et al., 2018;Eki Noerfitriyani et al., 2018;Oktiawan et al., 2020). This technique has weaknesses, such as the detention time required is quite long, so the land required is quite large, while the land is difficult to obtain, especially in urban areas (dos Santos & van Haandel, 2021). In addition, the leachate character will change according to the age of the waste generation, so the processing must adapt to the leachate character. ...
Leachate is one of the results of the waste degradation process that can pollute the environment. Leachate is usually treated by biological processes, including aerobic processes that require sufficient oxygen. Oxygen transfer by aeration process is one way to consider gas transfer coefficient (KLa). This study aims to determine the gas KLa kinetics in leachate. This study used a chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration limit of 100 mg/L. The oxygen flow rates used in this study were 1 L/minute and 1.5 L/minute. The main parameter measured in this study is dissolved oxygen (DO) which is measured by a DO meter every minute. The final DO in this study can be as high as 4 to 6 mg/L. The KLa values in this study show values at the flow of 1 and 1.5 L/min, respectively 0.0095/min and 0.017/min. These results also show that the detention time required for 1 and 1.5 L/min flow rates is 1.75 hours and 0.96 hours. This indicates that the greater the flow rate is given to the oxygen transfer process, the greater the flow rate the KLa value will increase. This will also affect the volume required for the oxygen transfer process. In addition, further research is needed with more diverse variations to further determine the appropriate detention time in leachate processing.
... Furthermore, the results of the final effluent quality obtained from the Maturation Pond ( This percentage removal not withstanding, the effluent quality did not meet the designated standard for Total Nitrogen and Phoshate removal. This corroborates the fact that WSP is not very efficient for nutrient removal (Sells et al., 2018;Lahiri and Ghosh, 2018;dos Santos and van Haandel, 2021). More so, an overall system treatment efficiency of 77.78 % was achieved by the WSP model. ...
Appropriate treatment of wastewater before disposal into the environment or reuse is very important in the quest to protect the environment and safeguard public health. This paper investigated the performance evaluation of a waste stabilization pond (WSP) for treatment of wastewater from a tertiary institution campus located in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State in North Central Nigeria. The waste stabilization pond of the tertiary institution campus was designed for a wastewater flow rate of 12,945 m3/day. In order to evaluate the performance of the WSP, a model was developed following the Froude’s number dimensional analysis technique. The model was evaulated based on a wastewater flow of 0.4 m3/day. The final effluent from the maturation pond had 80 mg/L BOD, 195 mg/L COD, 75 CFU/100ml Total Coliforms, 610 mg/L Total solids, 19 mg/L Total Nitrogen, 210 mg/L Chloride, 28 mg/L Phosphate, 1.3 mg/L Ammonia and 7.0 pH. The WSP was able to achieve an overall efficiency of 77.78% reducing all quality parameters to recommended limited with exception of total nitrogen and phosphate. The implementation of this design will go along way to aid the treatment of wastewater from the campus of the university.
... The study emphasized the role of numerical modelling and maintenance in sustainable WSP management [16]. The replacement of the anaerobic and facultative ponds in a series of anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor has been recommended [17]. dos Santos and van Haandel [17] stated that the replacement of the anaerobic and facultative ponds with an UASB produces good-quality effluent with low concentrations of biodegradable organic material, nutrients, and pathogens [17]. ...
... The replacement of the anaerobic and facultative ponds in a series of anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor has been recommended [17]. dos Santos and van Haandel [17] stated that the replacement of the anaerobic and facultative ponds with an UASB produces good-quality effluent with low concentrations of biodegradable organic material, nutrients, and pathogens [17]. Over the years, the use of solar radiation in water treatment has continued to gain popularity. ...
... The replacement of the anaerobic and facultative ponds in a series of anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor has been recommended [17]. dos Santos and van Haandel [17] stated that the replacement of the anaerobic and facultative ponds with an UASB produces good-quality effluent with low concentrations of biodegradable organic material, nutrients, and pathogens [17]. Over the years, the use of solar radiation in water treatment has continued to gain popularity. ...
The study investigated the structure of the integrated solar and hydraulic jump enhanced waste stabilization pond (ISHJEWSP) variables. Also, to determine the cluster of the most important variables that account for the performance of the ISHJEWSP using principal component analysis (PCA). Three sets of experimental ponds were constructed with varying locations of the points of initiation of hydraulic jump. Wastewater samples collected from the inlet and outlet for varying inlet velocities were examined for physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics for a period of nine months. The Pearson's R-matrix and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistics were used for evaluating the structure of the variables. Consequently, the variables of temperature, pH, algae concentration, solar radiation, and location of the point of initiation of the hydraulic jump were subjected to PCA. Two components had eigenvalues above the Jolliffe's criterion and in combination explained 90.66% of the total variance. The inflexion of the scree plot justified the retained components. The analysis after rotation revealed that the parameters of pH, temperature, solar radiation, and algae concentration loaded highly to component 1. This underscored the precedence of ambient climatic conditions, alongside the state of the wastewater, to the inlet velocity and location of the point of initiation of the hydraulic jump.
... The results reveal significant increases in DO levels in all the maturation ponds ranging between 131 and 800% when comparing with the previous study. The presence of algae and penetration of solar radiation after desludging might have facilitated photosynthesis by algae resulting in the production of oxygen during daytime hence high concentration of DO observed, and this was also promoted b shallower maturation ponds [65]. It was expected that the level of DO from the facultative pond effluent will be high but because of no BOD removal in the anaerobic pond or over loading might have contributed as much BOD was removed in the facultative pond. ...
The scarcity of fresh water for agricultural purposes requires the reuse of wastewater, if the effluent is of acceptable quality and is regularly monitored. The quality of the wastewater in the individual treatment units of waste stabilisation ponds was monitored after desludging and upgrading with a trickling filter unit. The overall hydraulic retention time had increased to 80% of the design value compared to 30% before desludging and upgrading. The biochemical oxygen demand, the chemical oxygen demand, the turbidity, and total suspended solids effluent concentrations were 41 ± 8 mgL⁻¹, 83 ± 9.3 mgL⁻¹, 43 ± 37 NTU, and 45 ± 38 mgL⁻¹ respectively, compared to 40 mgL⁻¹, 190 mgL⁻¹, 145 ± 66 NTU, and 150 ± 127 mgL⁻¹ before desludging and upgrading.The corresponding national thresholds for biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity and total suspended solids are 30, mgL⁻¹, 30 NTU, and 25 mgL⁻¹ respectively. Effluent log counts after upgrading were 2.4 ± 2.32 2.96 ± 2.3, 2.82 ± 2.42, and 2.44 ± 2.37 respectively, for E. coli, and the total coliforms and faecal coliforms compared to 5.4 ± 4.1, 5.1 ± 4.1, and 4.1 ± 23 log counts before upgrading. Helminth eggs were greater than 1 egg L⁻¹ in the final effluent. The pHosphate effluent concentration was greater than the national threshold value (1.5 mgL⁻¹) for discharge into the environment. Desludging and the addition of the trickling filter improved the removal efficiency of some of the contaminants. Operation and maintenance of the system needs to be improved and monitored to find out insights into poor performance even after desludging and addition of a trickling filter unit.
... The period of maintenance depends on the design of the system and the solid loading rate. According to several studies [81,92,93], WTPs have an advantage due to the simplicity of construction, operation, and maintenance cost. Polprasert [94] and Polprasert and Kittipongvises [82] indicated that the treated effluent could be used for land irrigation purposes. ...
This paper analyses the latest techniques for treating wastewater to make it suitable for agricultural applications in regions where irrigation water is scarce. Micro-filtration (MF) techniques yield a significant reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Total Bacterial Count (TBC) of wastewater, which makes it suitable to be used for irrigational purposes. Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology is a viable solution for treating wastewater discharged from many industrial sectors, such as the food processing industry, for reclaiming water for agro-applications. Such industrial water may seal soil pores if directed untreated to agricultural fields. Concerning the treatment of microbial contamination of wastewater, the removal rate of pressurized membrane bio-booster (MBR) is significantly large for coliform and metals such as lead, copper, chromium, and arsenic. Both electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation are applied in the removal of oxidable chemicals from wastewater. However, the electrocoagulation process shows a higher efficiency in terms of removing COD. Contamination of agricultural fields with heavy metals is considered an adverse impact on the human and animal safety of discharging wastewater into agro-fields. Thus, removing such contaminants should be given the utmost priority in wastewater treatment, especially from industrial discharge, before they are directed to agricultural usage. Factors that govern the sustainability of a given method in a water-scarce region are also discussed.
... This special issue consists of fourteen selected articles, that cover a wide spectrum of Ecosystem Services (ES) of lakes and reservoirs, including: (1) water purification [1,2]; ...
... Despite the many abovementioned advantages, WSPs have several drawbacks, such as long retention time, odor nuisance, low nutrient removal efficiency, and fluctuating performance [20,21], which are addressed and investigated in two articles in this Special Issue. Particularly, dos Santos and van Haandel [2] propose an alternative for typical APs and preliminary FPs by a combination of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and sequential batch polishing ponds (SBPP) for pre and post-treatment, respectively. The results of pilot-scale experiments showed that this configuration produced higher quality effluents with low concentrations of organic matter, nutrient and pathogens with a much smaller treatment area. ...
This special issue consists of fourteen selected articles, that cover a wide spectrum of Ecosystem Services (ES) of lakes and reservoirs, including: (1) water purification [...]
... and 3177-4267 cysts L −1 of Giardia spp. in UASB effluent and obtained good removal rates (2-log) treating it with dissolved air flotation. In another case, dos Santos and van Haandel [20] used waste stabilization ponds to treat UASB effluent pointed out an acceleration of the decay of pathogens and the removal of nutrients. ...
The interest in research on up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors is growing. The meta-analysis of bibliometric data highlighted the growing interest in four diverse topics: (i) energy recovery production; (ii) combination with other treatments; (iii) the study of processes for the removal of specific pollutants and, (iv) characterization of microbial community and granular sludge composition. In particular, the papers published in the first 6 months of 2021 on this process were selected and critically reviewed to highlight and discuss the results, the gaps in the literature and possible ideas for future research. Although the state of research on UASB is to be considered advanced, there are still several points that will be developed in future research such as the consolidation of the results obtained on a semi-industrial or real scale, the use of real matrices instead of synthetic ones and a more in-depth study of the effect of substances such as antibiotics on the microbiota and microbiome of UASB granular biomass. To date, few and conflicting data about the environmental footprint of UASB are available and therefore other studies on this topic are strongly suggested.
An attempt has been made to assess the performance of the third expansion of the Al-Rustamiya wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This plant serves approximately 1,500,000 people in east Baghdad city, the capital of Iraq, and the increase of the population in this part of the city has reached about 4 million which led to deterioration in their effluents quality. Furthermore, the plant has no improvement on their processing units. Al-Rustamiya WWTP uses a biological water treatment method known as the activated sludge process with an average wastewater treatment of about 300 million liters. In the present paper, a wastewater quality data of ten years has been subjected to a multivariate statistical technique to identify the most important factors that affect the performance of the plant and estimating its efficiency. The data was collected and examined by the central laboratory of the Al-Rustamiya wastewater treatment plant in the mayoralty of Baghdad. Factor Analysis has been used to assess the important water quality parameters: pH, Total Suspended Solids, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The results revealed that the major factor that affects the performance is the organic load of raw wastewater and the removal efficiency of the WWTP. Furthermore, the results present that the performance of the current plant system is acceptable exclude for the removal efficiency of BOD below the prescribed limit. As well as, The BOD and COD correlation can evaluate wastewater treatment plant efficiency, aid in prompt intervention, and monitor harmful substances.
Wastewater nutrient dynamics is characterized by the enhanced activities of microbial enzyme complex resulting in the decomposition of domestic sewage and maintaining ecological resilience of a waste stabilization pond. This altered stress-induced bacterial metabolism has been studied for nutrient reclamation through bacterial multi-enzyme signature assessment (MESA) of domestic wastewater. Strong correlation between the protease activity (PA) and NH4-N (r = 0.918) and proteolytic bacteria (r = 0.990) at the inlet suggests a consistent protein degrading activity (2 U/ml) of high-protein load present in inflowing organic nitrogenous waste products indicating the predominance of ongoing ammonification process. Higher correlation between PO4-P and alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) at the inlet (r = 0.866) and outlet (r = 0.968) than the mid-site (r = 0.654) suggests substrate dependent but enzyme limited high phosphate uptake at inlet by biological integrity and PO4-P reclaimed favorable environment (PO4-P: 1 ± 0.02 mg/l) for bacterial growth at outlet. Higher cellulase activity (CA) being positively correlated with organic-C (r = 0.839) at the oxygen-deficient inlet site revealed efficient utilization of high organic-C load by both aerobic and facultative anaerobic cellulolytic bacteria and negative correlation between CA and BOD is due to aerobic organic matter degradation favored by grazing food chain dominated ecological integrity of mid-site and outlet. Enzyme signature index trend of APA > PA > CA clearly revealed higher nutrient and BOD–COD removal than carbon metabolism by the present system dynamics being influenced by a shifting dominance of substrate-induced to enzyme-induced bacterial metabolism from sewage inflow to outflow. Thus, MESA reveals the adaptation of wastewater grown nutrient cycling bacteria to luxuriant storage of nutrients in excess of their requirement mediated by their released enzymes responsible for wastewater reclamation and ecological resilience.
