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Schematic representation of the amperometric sensor interface: it is connected to the auxiliary, reference and working electrode of the hemolysis sensor. The voltage drop at V WorkAmp can be controlled and the current I H is determined
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130 million people in Western Europe and the USA suffer from chronic cardiac degeneration or kidney insufficiency. The medical treatment requires a routine medical examination accompanied by laboratory blood analyses. This is cost-intensive for the health care system and also time consuming for the patients. This paper presents an economical, wirel...
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Citations
... Ordinarily, the NFC antenna is a multi-turn loop of conductors connected to a capacitor that resonates at 13.56 MHz [1]. The use of NFC in medical applications such as blood potassium level measurement has been reported in [2]. In this work, the potassium level in the blood sample is measured via a chip integrated to the NFC antenna and is reported to the reader. ...
With the ongoing trend toward miniaturization via system-on-chip (SoC), both radio-frequency (RF) SoCs and on-chip multi-sensory systems are gaining significance. This paper compares the inductance of a miniaturized on-chip near field communication (NFC) antenna versus the conventional screen-printed on-substrate ones that have been used for the transfer of sensory data from a chip to a cell phone reader. Furthermore, the transferred power efficiency in a coupled NFC system is calculated for various chip coil geometries and the results are compared. The proposed NFC antenna was fabricated via a lithography process for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip. The chip had a small area of 2.4 × 2.4 mm2, therefore a miniaturized NFC antenna was designed, whereas the screen-printed on-substrate antennas had an area of 35 × 51 mm2. This paper investigates the effects of different parameters such as conductor thickness and materials, double layering, and employing ferrite layers with different thicknesses on the performance of the on-chip antennas using full-wave simulations. The presence of a ferrite layer to increase the inductance of the antenna and mitigate the interactions with backplates has proven useful. The best performance was obtained via double-layering of the coils, which was similar to on-substrate antennas, while a size reduction of 99.68% was gained. Consequently, the coupling factors and maximum achievable power transmission efficiency of the on-chip antenna and on-substrate antenna were studied and compared.
... More recently, presented a smartphone-based system with graphene modified screen printed electrodes for glucose detection. Very recently, a NFC-based system for potassium concentration measurement in capillary blood has been reported (Kollegger et al., 2018). ...
The tracking and monitoring of environmental parameters of significant interest such as temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation and substances or gases concentration is a growing demand in different sectors: from personal and clinic healthcare areas to food safety and industrial fields, including applications in the context of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and Internet of Things (IoT).
Besides, the emergence of Printed Electronics (PE) technology has enabled the development of sensing devices on flexible substrates such as paper, textile or plastic foils. Using printing techniques to fabricate electronic devices promises lower production costs because of the additive nature of the technology and the advantage of large-area processes with reduced infrastructure. Printed devices can benefit from their potential advantages to be flexible, thin, lightweight, conformal, transparent, wearable, easy-to-integrate, cost-effective and environmentally friendly.
The development of printed sensor devices that are selective, sensitive, with fast response, low cost, low power consumption and connected by means of wireless technologies such as Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Near Field Communication (NFC) is an option of great scientific and technological interest. Additionally, it is highly desirable to be able to obtain the information from the sensor systems using general-purpose devices that are readily available to all. The combination of printing technologies and sensor devices with wireless connectivity leads to the next paradigm of smart products.
The aim of the thesis is the design, development, fabrication and evaluation of sensor systems fundamentally based on the use of printing technologies on flexible substrate as the main manufacturing process. Methodological objectives include the study, characterization and validation of the main printing techniques used in the development of PE on flexible substrates: inkjet and screen printing. Post-processing of printed patterns are also addressed as an essential step towards achieving conductive structures after the printing process. The main strategies are:
Inclusion of commercially available sensors in passive architectures capable of energy harvesting and remote sensor data transmission by means of wireless technologies such as RFID or NFC.
Integration of novel printed sensors into passive systems with conditioning stages where sensor information can be accessed using RFID/NFC or other wireless mechanisms.
Design of printed sensor systems in which the monitored magnitude causes a variation in the electrical properties of the system that can be remotely detected.
Development of smartphone-based sensor platforms in which mobile devices with custom-designed applications allow the powering, data communication and processing of the associated passive sensor systems.
The magnitudes of interest are temperature, humidity, radiation and concentration of different gases related to modified atmosphere and food preservation. The outcomes of this work will be passive sensor systems in the form of smart RFID/NFC tags or other simple and low-cost sensor platforms with feasibility to be used in fields such as environmental assessment, healthcare monitoring and smart packaging applications.
Potassium is an important bodily electrolyte which is kept within tight limits in health. Many medical conditions as well as commonly-used drugs either raise or lower blood potassium levels, which can be dangerous or even fatal. For at-risk patients, frequent monitoring of potassium can improve safety and lifestyle, but conventional venous blood draws are inconvenient, don't provide a timely result and may be inaccurate. This review summarises current solutions and recent developments in point-of-care and self-testing potassium measurement technologies, which include devices for measurement of potassium in venous blood, devices for home blood collection and remote measurement, devices for rapid home measurement of potassium, wearable sensors for potassium in interstitial fluid, in sweat, in urine, as well as non-invasive potassium detection. We discuss the practical and clinical applicability of these technologies and provide future outlooks.
An integrated microfluidic Au nanoparticle (AuNP) aptasensor device is proposed for monitoring the concentration of potassium (K⁺) ions in the bloodstream of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In the proposed detection device, the AuNPs in the AuNP/aptamer complex are displaced by the serum K⁺ ions and react with NaCl to produce a color change in the detection region from which the K⁺ ion concentration is then inversely derived. The microfluidic device comprises two main components, namely an AuNP aptasensor PMMA (Poly(methyl methacrylate))/paper-microchip and a colorimetric analysis system for the quantitative detection of K⁺ ion concentration in whole blood. The functions of PMMA/paper microchips include reagent storage, K⁺ ion/aptamer reaction, and separation of serum from whole blood samples (blood filter). Experimental results show that the microfluidic device provides a linear response over the K⁺ ion concentration in range of 0.05–9 mM in artificial serum and has a detection limit (LOD) of 0.01 mM. Moreover, the detection results obtained for the 137 whole blood and 287 serum samples of CKD patients are very consistent (R² = 0.968 and R² = 0.980) with the measurement results obtained using an ion-selective electrodes (ISE) method. Results confirm that the current microfluidic aptasensor device provides a highly-sensitive and convenient method for performing the point-of-care (POC) monitoring of the whole blood K⁺ ion concentration.
Most electrochemical sensing requires affordable, portable and easy-to-use electrochemical devices for use in point-of-care testing and resource-limited settings. This work presents the design and evaluates the analytical performance of a near-field communication (NFC) potentiostat, a flat card-sized electrochemical device containing a microchip for electrical analysis and an NFC antenna for smartphone connection. The NFC interface is a wireless connection between the microchip and smartphone to simplify measuring units and make the potentiostat into a passive operated device, running without a battery. The proposed potentiostat can perform the common electrochemical techniques including cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry with a current range and voltage range of ±20 µA and ±0.8 V. The performance of the NFC potentiostat is compared to a commercial benchtop potentiostat using ferricyanide as a standard solution. The results show that the NFC potentiostat is comparable to a commercial benchtop potentiostat for both cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements. The application of the proposed potentiostat is demonstrated by measuring ascorbic acid concentration. As described, the NFC potentiostat, which is compatible with a smartphone, is low-cost, small in size and user-friendly. Thus, the device can be developed for on-site measurement to apply in various fields.
