Fig 1 - uploaded by Ming Su
Content may be subject to copyright.
Schematic representation of the Ru(bpy)3 2+ -Cl in situ detection cell. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [81].
Source publication
A comprehensive review on the development of analytical methods, by coupling electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection with capillary electrophoresis (CE) and microchip electrophoresis (ME), is presented. After the description of the basic mechanism of ECL, the addition mode of luminescence reagent in CE-ECL system has been discussed. The analytical...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... for in situ generation of Ru(bpy) 3 3+ at an electrode surface was developed and applied as a post-column reaction detector. This concept was illustrated by Wang and Bobbitt's group [81]. In their work, the separation reagent capillaries and reaction tube were held in place with a polyether ether ketone T-piece, respectively, as shown in Fig. 1. Ru(bpy) 3 2+ was continuously delivered to the reaction cell, through the reagent capillary by a syringe pump, and mixed with the separated analytes effused from the tip of separation capillary. Ru(bpy) 3 3+ was then electrochemically generated at the interface of separation capillary and a Pt wire working microelectrode that inserted ...
Similar publications
The electrogenerated upconversion was achieved in the uniformly doped organic nanowires based on triplet energy transfer from tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) to 9,10-diphenylanthracene.
The mononuclear complexes [Ru(2,3-Medpp)3]5+, [Ru(2,3-Medpp)2(bpy)]4+, and [Ru(2,3-Medpp)(bpy)2]3+ and the dinuclear complex [(2,3-Medpp)2Ru(μ-2,3-dpp)Ru(2,3-Medpp)2]8+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; 2,3-dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine; 2,3-Medpp+ = monomethylated 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine) have been synthesized. Their absorption spectra, luminescence p...
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL), that is, light emission from an electronically excited species generated by electrochemical means, sustains powerful (bio)analytical methods for the ultrasensitive detection of biological targets. Co-reactant systems involving an inexpensive organic molecule, most generally a tertiary amine, and a metal complex lumin...
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) is an electron transfer between redox products formed at an electrode that results in the formation of an excited state species, which is capable of photon emission. This excited state can be achieved by a reaction between an oxidized and a reduced form of the same luminophore, or via the reaction of the oxi...
Iridium(III) hydrido complexes containing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-based pincer ligand 1,3-bis(1-butylimidazolin-2-ylidene)phenyl anion (C1^C^C1) or 1,3-bis(3-butylbenzimidazolin-2-ylidene) phenyl anion (C2^C^C2) and aromatic diimine (2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (Me2bpy), or dipyrido-[3,2-f:2...
Citations
... Detecting DNA alterations is crucial, as is determining the best approaches to prevent or treat illness [9,10]. Different experimental techniques (Microchip capillary electrophoresis, flow injection chemiluminescence, ion-pairing liquid chromatography, laser-induced fluorescence detection, and micellar electrokinetic chromatography) have all been developed to identify DNA bases [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Although these approaches have certain advantages, they frequently require expensive apparatus, difficult processes, or time-consuming sample pre-treatments [18]. ...
To acquire substantial electrochemical signals of guanine-GUA and adenine-ADE present in deoxyribonucleic acid-DNA, it is critical to investigate innovative electrode materials and their interfaces. In this study, gold-loaded boron-doped graphene quantum dots ([email protected]) interface was prepared via ultrasound-aided reduction method for monitoring GUA and ADE electrochemically. Transmission electron microscopy-TEM, Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy-UV-Vis, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy-XPS, cyclic voltammetry-CV, and differential pulse voltammetry-DPV were used to examine the microstructure of the fabricated interface and demonstrate its electrochemical characteristics. The sensor was constructed by depositing the as-prepared [email protected] as a thin layer on a glassy carbon-GC electrode by the drop-casting method and carried out the electrochemical studies. The resulting sensor exhibited a good response with a wide linear range (GUA= 0.5-20 μM, ADE= 0.1-20 μM), a low detection limit-LOD (GUA= 1.71 μM, ADE=1.84 μM), excellent sensitivity (GUA= 0.0820 µAµM⁻¹, ADE=0.1561 µAµM⁻¹) and selectivity with common interferents results from biological matrixes. Furthermore, it seems to have prominent selectivity, reproducibility, repeatability, and long-lasting stability. The results demonstrate that the fabricated [email protected]/GC electrode is a simple and effective sensing platform for detecting GUA and ADE in neutral media at low potential as it exhibited prominent synergistic impact and outstanding electrocatalytic activity corresponding to individual AuNPs and B-GQDs modified electrodes.
... An alternative to LIF for MCE is ECL detection, where light is produced by high-energy electron-transfer reactions and subsequently emitted, without the need for an extra light source. Also, ECL has comparable sensitivity to LIF and even MS [86], profiting from high quantum yields and low background noise of luminophores [87]. A Ru(bpy) 3 2+ -based MCE-ECL analysis system was developed by Guo et al. [23] for the determination of racemic drugs in urine matrix. ...
This review summarizes recent developments (over the past decade) in the field of microfluidics-based solutions for enantiomeric separation and detection. The progress in various formats of microchip electrodriven separations, such as microchip electrophoresis (MCE), microchip electrochromatography (MCEC), and multidimensional separation techniques, is discussed. Innovations covering chiral stationary phases, surface coatings and modification strategies to improve resolution, as well as integration with detection systems, are reported. Finally, combinations with other microfluidic functional units are also presented and highlighted. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... The noise level associated with ECL detection is very low because there is no excitation source, and the ECL background is essentially zero. Thus, LODs in the nanomolar range have been reported with ECL [122][123][124]. ECL is generated when two chemical moieties are formed followed by an electron transfer to produce excited species via one of two pathways-the annihilation pathway or the co-reactant pathway. ...
... These excited species emit photons, and this occurs only at the electrode surface during the application of potential [125]. Many different luminophores have been reported since the first observation of ECL by Bard and co-workers using 9,10-diphenyl anthracene [124]. Currently, Ru(bpy) 3 2+ is the most common system employed for ECL experiments [122]. ...
Microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection (ME-EC) is a useful tool for the determination of redox active compounds in complex biological samples. In this review, a brief background on the principles of ME-EC is provided, including substrate types, electrode materials, and electrode configurations. Several different detection approaches are described, including dual-channel systems for dual-electrode detection and electrochemistry coupled with fluorescence and chemiluminescence. The application of ME-EC to the determination of catecholamines, adenosine and its metabolites, and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in microdialysis samples and cell lysates is also detailed. Lastly, approaches for coupling of ME-EC with microdialysis sampling to create separation-based sensors that can be used for near real-time monitoring of drug metabolism and neurotransmitters in freely roaming animals are provided.
Graphical abstract
... 2,3 Therefore, the analysis and detection of G and A are very significant for the diagnosis of clinical related diseases and insight into fundamental mechanisms of genetic information. 4 So far, several analytical methods have been established for their detection, such as, flow injection chemiluminescence (CL), 5,6 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 7 ion-pairing liquid chromatography (IPIC), 8,9 mass spectrometry (MS), 10 microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) 11,12 and laser-induced fluorescence detection. 13,14 Although these methods have some advantages, high costs, complicated operations, or timeconsuming sample pretreatments are usually involved. ...
Guanine (G) and adenine (A) are two important components of nucleic acid and some small molecules in an organism. In this paper, we developed a new and convenient biosensor for the simultaneous determination of G and A based on overoxidized polypyrrole/multi- walled carbon nanotube and molybdenum disulfide modified glassy carbon electrode (PPyox/ MWNTs-MoS2/GCE). The composite material exhibited remarkable electro-catalytic properties toward the oxidation of G and A due to its large surface area and fast electron transfer. The oxidation peak positions of G and A were at 0.73 V and 1.03 V, respectively, which allowed simultaneous detection of the two substances in coexistence solution. The designed biosensor exhibited linear responses to G and A both in the ranges 5–30 μM and 30–120 μM, with detection limits (S/N = 3) of 1.6 μM (G) and 1.7 μM (A), respectively. Moreover, interferences from some coexisting electro-active species including inorganic ions, glucose, glycine and citric acid were nearly negligible. Further, the sensing strategy was successfully used for the detection of G and A in real samples with satisfactory results, indicating a potential application for the simultaneous electrochemical detection of G and A.
... There are numerous reviews on ECL analytical applications [1,[9][10][11], specifically, in biosensing [2], immunoassays and DNA probe assays for clinical diagnostics [3], capillary electrophoresis coupling with ECL detection [12,13], immunosensors [14], immunosensing and biological and pharmaceutic analysis [15], and nanomaterials applications in ECL biosensors and biosensing [16][17][18][19]. However, particular issues about recent advances in ECL biosensing methods for pharmaceuticals have not yet been fully reviewed. ...
... The species reacts with the oxidized or reduced luminophore to produce the excited states that emit light. Based on luminophores used as ECL labels in coreactant ECL systems, ECL reagents (materials) can be mainly classified into three types including metal ion (Ru, Ir) complexes [3,[11][12][13], luminol and its derivatives [9,10], and nanomaterials [17][18][19]. ...
... Recently, nanosheets such as graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) have been reported [38][39][40][41][42]. Nanomaterials-based ECL biosensors have been shown as promising potentials compared with traditional ones in analytical applications [17,42]. A variety of pharmaceuticals have been determined by ECL methods self-molecular ECL [43], enhancing typical ECL systems [44][45][46], or coupling with separation methods such as capillary/ microchip electrophoresis [12,13]. ECL methods based on molecular-recognition have received much attention, since they offer high selectivity and accuracy. ...
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (electrochemiluminescence, ECL) generates species at electrode surfaces, which undergoes electron-transfer reactions and forms excited states to emit light. It has become a very powerful analytical technique and has been widely used in such as clinical testing, biowarfare agent detection, and pharmaceutical analysis. This review focuses on the current trends of molecular recognition-based biosensing methods for pharmaceutical analysis since 2010. It introduces a background of ECL and presents the recent ECL developments in ECL immunoassay (ECLIA), immunosensors, enzyme-based biosensors, aptamer-based biosensors, and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP)-based sensors. At last, the future perspective for these analytical methods is briefly discussed.
... Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) based on tris(2,2′bipyridyl) dichlororuthenium(II) (Ru(bpy) 3 Cl 2 ) or its derivatives has been extensively utilized due to its inherent advantages of good stability, regeneration ability, water-solubility, high efficiency, etc. [1][2][3][4]. It is well known that liquidstate and solid-state Ru(bpy) 3 2+ -based ECL systems are usually used. ...
Three-dimensional porous graphene (3D-pGR) was used to immobilize Ru(II) tris-bipyridyl [Ru(bpy)32+] for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) based sensing of tripropylamine (TPA). The 3D-pGR with interpenetrating porous structures was produced from freeze-drying dispersions containing graphene oxide followed by calcination. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize morphologies and the composition of the 3D-pGR. After immobilization of Ru(bpy)32+ onto the electrodes, the results indicated that the ECL intensity from the 3D-pGR modified electrode was higher by a factor of 2.5 than that from the graphene film, which was attributed to a larger active surface area and faster electron transfer. The modified electrode was further used to determine TPA in water, and a good linear range from 0.5 to 100 μM with the detection limit as low as 0.4 nM was obtained. The ECL assay presented here also exhibits potential applications in detection of biomolecules such as DNA, glucose, thrombin, lysozyme, etc.
Graphical abstract
Three dimensional porous graphene was used to immobilize Ru(bpy)32+ for electrochemiluminescence sensing. The electrochemiluminescence signal is 2.5 times higher than that from the common graphene film. The modified electrodes were successfully used to detect tripropylamine.
... [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 3þ reacts with tertiary amines to form the excited state [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2þ *, which will decay to the ground state emitting orange light at 610 nm. It is interesting to note that the luminophore is regenerated and can be recycled [14]. ...
... Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complexes is commonly used in immunoanalytics, clinical diagnostics and also pharmaceutical drug development. 55,[96][97][98][99][100] ECL works similar as the conventional ELISA, however, the signal amplification is facilitated by repeated oxidation and reduction of antibody-coupled tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complexes on electrode surfaces which leads to photon excitation upon regeneration with tripropylamine (Fig. 4b). ...
Recombinant DNA technology and corresponding innovations in molecular biology, chemistry and medicine have led to novel therapeutic biomacromolecules as lead candidates in the pharmaceutical drug development pipelines. While monoclonal antibodies and other proteins provide therapeutic potential beyond the possibilities of small molecule drugs, the concomitant demand for supportive bioanalytical sample testing creates multiple novel challenges. For example, intact macromolecules can usually not be quantified by mass-spectrometry without enzymatic digestion and isotopically labeled internal standards are costly and/or difficult to prepare. Classical ELISA-type immunoassays, on the other hand, often lack the sensitivity required to obtain pharmacokinetics of low dosed drugs or pharmacodynamics of suitable biomarkers. Here we summarize emerging state-of-the-art ligand-binding assay technologies for pharmaceutical sample testing, which reveal enhanced analytical sensitivity over classical ELISA formats. We focus on immuno-PCR, which combines antibody specificity with the extremely sensitive detection of a tethered DNA marker by quantitative PCR, and alternative nucleic acid-based technologies as well as methods based on electrochemiluminescence or single-molecule counting. Using case studies, we discuss advantages and drawbacks of these methods for preclinical and clinical sample testing.
... ECL is similar to CL, except that species generated at electrode undergo high-energy electron transfer reactions to form excited states and emit light [126,127]. ECL detection is suitable for microfluidic device since it offers comparable sensitivity to the more expensive LIF and MS detection, as well as the smaller size advantage [128,129]. The first ME-ECL was reported in 2001 for MEKC separation of dichlorotris (2,2 -bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) hydrate [Ru-(bpy)] and dichlorotris (1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) hydrate [Ru(phen)] on a microfabricated glass device [130]. ...
... Detecting DNA mutations is important and then to find appropriate ways to prevent or treat disease. Several analytical methods have been developed to detect DNA bases [8,9] such as, microchip capillary electrophoresis [10,11], flow injection chemiluminescence [12,13], ion pairing liquid chromatography [14], laser-induced fluorescence detection [15], and micellar electrokinetic chromatography [16]. Although these methods exhibit some merits, expensive instruments, complicated operations, or time-consuming sample pretreatments are usually involved [17]. ...
... Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013. 10.064. ...
