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Skin and skin appendages are vulnerable to injury, requiring rapidly reliable regeneration methods. In recent years, 3D bioprinting has shown potential for wound repair and regeneration. 3D bioprinting can be customized for skin shape with cells and other materials distributed precisely, achieving rapid and reliable production of bionic skin substi...
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... MSCs are a group of cells with the ability of self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation (Sun et al., 2022). MSCs play an important role in tissue repair and regenerative medicine (Weng et al., 2021). Furthermore, they can migrate to damaged tissue sites and differentiate into specific cells. ...
Methods: Herein, we obtained and characterized deltaN p63- and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily G member 2-expressing limbal stem cells (LSCs). Chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan (CTH) were cross-linked to be an in situ thermosensitive hydrogel (ACH), which was printed through four-dimensional (4D) printing to obtain a porous carrier with uniform pore diameter (4D-CTH). Rabbits were injected with alloxan to induce diabetes mellitus (DM). Following this, the LSC-carrying hydrogel was spread on the surface of the cornea of the diabetic rabbits to cure corneal epithelium injury.
Results: Compared with the control group (LSCs only), rapid wound healing was observed in rabbits treated with LSC-carrying 4D-CTH. Furthermore, the test group also showed better corneal nerve repair ability. The results indicated the potential of LSC-carrying 4D-CTH in curing corneal epithelium injury.
Conclusion: 4D-CTH holds potential as a useful tool for studying regenerative processes occurring during the treatment of various diabetic corneal epithelium pathologies with the use of stem cell-based technologies.
... This kind of bionic skin can reproduce full-thickness skin structures and skin appendages and can also induce vascularization after skin transplantation. 87 For instance, Luca Pontiggia's group has developed a new robotic platform, "SkinFactory", to generate a prevascularized and pigmented dermo-epidermal skin substitute (DESS) composed of a variety of human-derived cells. 88 This DESS contains fibroblasts, blood and lymphatic endothelial cells, keratinocytes, melanocytes, and collagen type I hydrogels, and can maintain pigmentation and reconstruct complete capillary and lymphatic networks in vivo. ...
Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA), which can effectively improve quality of life, is a promising therapy for repair and reconstruction after face or body trauma. However, intractable issues are associated with VCA, such as the inevitable multiple immunogenicities of different tissues that cause severe rejection, the limited protocols available for clinical application, and the shortage of donor sources. The existing regimens used to extend the survival of patients receiving VCAs and suppress rejection are generally the lifelong application of immunosuppressive drugs, which have side effects. Consequently, studies aiming at tissue engineering methods for VCA have become a topic. In this review, we summarize the emerging therapeutic strategies for tissue engineering aimed to prolong the survival time of VCA grafts, delay the rejection and promote prevascularization and tissue regeneration to provide new ideas for future research on VCA treatment.
... This involves a focused investigation of specific materials and techniques that are employed in 3D bio-printing [6,10]. Various studies were performed that successfully integrated cells associated with skin diseases into biomaterials, allowing for the construction of skin tissue through 3D bio-printing [5,23]. ...
... This technique enables the examination of the pathophysiology of skin diseases by printing skin tissue with pathogenic cells [23]. ...
... The crystal structure of the molecules must be available. [23,34,40,41] Virtual Screening (VS) Virtual screening is a computational method in drug discovery in which large databases of molecular structures are screened. VS does not rely on brute-force search and is based on the starting information of the receptor under inspection or its active ligands. ...
The emerging area of 3D bioprinting is enhanced rapidly. The 3D bioprinting idea was formulated in the 1970s since this technology has been used extensively. In this technology, a digital file is used to produce a living organ-like structure in three dimensions. Being extensively used in tissue regeneration, medical devices, sensors, tissue scaffolds, etc. it plays a major role in drug design. In the last few decades, drug discovery in its traditional ways spans along with huge cost. These earlier techniques like high-throughput screening, computer-aided drug designing, and fragment-based designing, etc. have various limitations. Meanwhile, the 3D bioprinting technology offers the advantages of fastness, ease, and cost-effectiveness. Several reviews and experimental data are available that cover the application of 3D bioprinting in various industries, but comprehensive literature focusing on the role of 3D bioprinting in the drug was scarce. Hence, this review aimed to document the role of 3D bioprinting in drug discovery, methods of 3D bioprinting, and exploit 3D bioprinting technology in the drug development and discovery process. The critically evaluated literature shows the positive usage of 3D bioprinting technology in the development of drug discovery and provides benefits i.e. fast nature, low cost, and ease handling.
... Furthermore, Ishack et al. reported that 3D-printed skin scaffolds stimulate granulation, speed healing time, and minimize wound contraction by promoting fibroblast proliferation and angiogenesis [9]. The use of 3D bioprinted tissue minimizes tissue scarring, ultimately improving cosmetic outcomes and providing a more patient-friendly alternative [37,47]. ...
... Another bottleneck of bioprinting involves technological constraints. While noteworthy advancements have been made in the field, constructing functional glandular tissue, hair follicles, and vasculature remains difficult [47]. Precisely mimicking the unique characteristics of human skin is challenging, but necessary to achieve the functionality of sensation, temperature control, and wound healing. ...
Mohs Micrographic Surgery (MMS) is effective for treating common cutaneous malignancies, but complex repairs may often present challenges for reconstruction. This paper explores the potential of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting in MMS, offering superior outcomes compared to traditional methods. 3D printing technologies show promise in advancing skin regeneration and refining surgical techniques in dermatologic surgery. A PubMed search was conducted using the following keywords: “Three-dimensional bioprinting” OR “3-D printing” AND “Mohs” OR “Mohs surgery” OR “Surgery.” Peer-reviewed English articles discussing medical applications of 3D bioprinting were included, while non-peer-reviewed and non-English articles were excluded. Patients using 3D MMS models had lower anxiety scores (3.00 to 1.7, p < 0.0001) and higher knowledge assessment scores (5.59 or 93.25% correct responses), indicating better understanding of their procedure. Surgical residents using 3D models demonstrated improved proficiency in flap reconstructions (p = 0.002) and knowledge assessment (p = 0.001). Additionally, 3D printing offers personalized patient care through tailored surgical guides and anatomical models, reducing intraoperative time while enhancing surgical. Concurrently, efforts in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are being explored as potential alternatives to address organ donor shortages, eliminating autografting needs. However, challenges like limited training and technological constraints persist. Integrating optical coherence tomography with 3D bioprinting may expedite grafting, but challenges remain in pre-printing grafts for complex cases. Regulatory and ethical considerations are paramount for patient safety, and further research is needed to understand long-term effects and cost-effectiveness. While promising, significant advancements are necessary for full utilization in MMS.
... The application of the currently available bio-based polymers has been demonstrated in various elds such as tissue engineering, 167 food production, 168 drug delivery, 169 bioimplants, 170 and so robotics. 171,172 In tissue engineering, skin bioprinting is a signicant area of advancement for 3D bioprinting, which has been used to manufacture diverse tissue-like constructions. ...
In the past ten years, there has been significant growth in the global 3D printing market, particularly in the development of natural and bio-based polymers. However, a major challenge is the limited availability of sustainable 3D printable resins capable of matching the performance of synthetic materials. This underscores the urgent need for the development of innovative and environmentally friendly resin materials. Herein, we introduce bio-based polymers, highlighting their recent advancements and offering a comprehensive overview of their diverse applications across various fields, including 3D printing. An area that has received less attention in this domain is polymers derived from vegetable oil (VO) or plant-based oil. Specifically, we thoroughly investigate the acrylation of epoxidized VOs and the subsequent formation of resins from these acrylates, which are essential materials for digital light processing (DLP), stereolithography (SLA), and extrusion-based 3D printing. The chemical modification of VOs, such as epoxidation and acrylation, is extensively explored, together with their respective types and applications. Furthermore, we delve deeply into the suitability of acrylate resins for 3D printing purposes. In conclusion, this review offers insights into the potential applications of 3D printed products utilizing materials derived from VOs.
... The clinical need for skin graft alternatives when treating burns, cancers, and other skin conditions has been strongly motivated by the limited availability of donor tissues and significant complications with scar formation, infection, and skin tightening. Biofabricated skin products remain at the pre-clinical stage, with strategies focusing on recapitulating the stratified structure, vascularization and inclusion of additional structure such as sweat glands and hair follicles [103]. ...
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an automated fabrication approach that underpins the field of biofabrication. With the ultimate goal of entirely regenerating entire damaged or diseased organs, this clinical outcome remains many decades away using biofabrication. The 3D printing techniques can, however, fabricate hierarchical tissue structures using bioresorbable materials that range from biomaterial implants to 3D cell culture scaffolds. Both of these areas have a specific focus on recapitulating the spatial arrangement of cells, their extracellular matrix, biomechanical behavior, and this influence on bioactive factors such as signaling molecules. This chapter highlights the successful clinically translated products of 3D printing to date, but casts an eye forward based on our capacity for controlling porosity, cell arrangement, patient-specificity, mechanical properties and vascularization. The translation pathways for the manufacturing of tissue engineered products from bench to bedside are then presented including examination of the regulatory landscape and their clinical impact as 3D (bio) printed materials.
... To mimic the mechanical properties (such as porosity and fibrous structure) and composition of in vivo skin, scaffolds are often fabricated from mixtures of different materials, both natural and synthetic, mixed or interwound with each other. Moreover, synthetic polymers and various additives, such as inorganic nanomaterials, allow the introduction of such desirable characteristics as antibacterial properties for wound healing or electrical conductivity for stimulation of neuron outgrowth [10,11]. The latest research shows that not only the composition but also the often-overlooked ultrastructure of the scaffold and the dermal-epidermal junction play an essential role in the correct maturation of the HSE [12]. ...
The ever-stricter regulations on animal experiments in the field of cosmetic testing have prompted a surge in skin-related research with a special focus on recapitulation of the in vivo skin structure in vitro. In vitro human skin models are seen as an important tool for skin research, which in recent years attracted a lot of attention and effort, with researchers moving from the simplest 2-layered models (dermis with epidermis) to models that incorporate other vital skin structures such as hypodermis, vascular structures, and skin appendages. In this study, we designed a microfluidic device with a reverse flange-shaped anchor that allows culturing of an in vitro skin model in a conventional 6-well plate and assessing its barrier function without transferring the skin model to another device or using additional contraptions. Perfusion of the skin model through vascular-like channels improved the morphogenesis of the epidermis compared with skin models cultured under static conditions. This also allowed us to assess the percutaneous penetration of the tested caffeine permeation and vascular absorption, which is one of the key metrics for systemic drug exposure evaluation.
... In general, 3D printing in medicine has been involved in engineering probes and tools for medical testing [9], orthoses and prostheses [10], anatomical models [11], and medical instruments for diagnosis and surgery [12,13]. Recently, it has been widely applied in tissue engineering areas by integrating biomaterials, growth factors, and cells to generate scaffolds for organ regeneration [14][15][16][17]. ...
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a fast prototyping fabrication approach that allows the development of new implants for tissue restoration. Although various materials have been utilized for this process, they lack mechanical, electrical, chemical, and biological properties. To overcome those limitations, graphene-based materials demonstrate unique mechanical and electrical properties, morphology, and impermeability, making them excellent candidates for 3D bioprinting. This review summarizes the latest developments in graphene-based materials in 3D printing and their application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Over the years, different 3D printing approaches have utilized graphene-based materials, such as graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO (rGO), and functional GO (fGO). This process involves controlling multiple factors, such as graphene dispersion, viscosity, and post-curing, which impact the properties of the 3D-printed graphene-based constructs. To this end, those materials combined with 3D printing approaches have demonstrated prominent regeneration potential for bone, neural, cardiac, and skin tissues. Overall, graphene in 3D bioprinting may pave the way for new regenerative strategies with translational implications in orthopedics, neurology, and cardiovascular areas.
... 142 Finally, 3D bioprinting techniques are novel and also promising fabrication technologies developed in recent years that has been applied in several biomedical applications, including some encouraging results in skin regeneration studies. [143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150] 3D bioprinting involves a variety of techniques to control the printing process. Some of these techniques use extrusion-based methods, others rely on laser-assisted methods, and stereolithography is also a common option used for different applications. ...
Auxetic materials are known for their unique ability to expand/contract in multiple directions when stretched/compressed. In other words, they exhibit a negative Poisson’s ratio, which is usually positive for most of materials. This behavior appears in some biological tissues such as human skin, where it promotes wound healing by providing an enhanced mechanical support and facilitating cell migration. Skin tissue engineering has been a growing research topic in recent years, largely thanks to the rapid development of 3D printing techniques and technologies. The combination of computational studies with rapid manufacturing and tailored designs presents a huge potential for the future of personalized medicine. Overall, this review article provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on auxetic constructs for skin healing applications, highlighting the potential of auxetics as a promising treatment option for skin wounds. The article also identifies gaps in the current knowledge and suggests areas for future research. In particular, we discuss the designs, materials, manufacturing techniques, and also the computational and experimental studies on this topic.
... Additionally, synthetic biomaterials, such as polycaprolactone, polyethylene glycol, and polylactic acid, are commonly used in extrusion-based bioprinting. The broad selection of biomaterial options in extrusion-based bioprinting facilitates the customization of bioinks to meet the specific demands of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine [151]. These bioinks, typically composed of a combination of high-molecular-weight polymers, exhibit shear-thinning properties, making them suitable for extrusion through printing nozzles. ...
Nanocellulose-based tissue adhesives show promise for achieving rapid hemostasis and effective wound healing. Conventional methods, such as sutures and staples, have limitations, prompting the exploration of bioadhesives for direct wound adhesion and minimal tissue damage. Nanocellulose, a hydrolysis product of cellulose, exhibits superior biocompatibility and multifunctional properties, gaining interest as a base material for bioadhesive development. This study explores the potential of nanocellulose-based adhesives for hemostasis and wound healing using 3D printing techniques. Nanocellulose enables the creation of biodegradable adhesives with minimal adverse effects and opens avenues for advanced wound healing and complex tissue regeneration, such as skin, blood vessels, lungs, cartilage, and muscle. This study reviews recent trends in various nanocellulose-based 3D printed hydrogel patches for tissue engineering applications. The review also introduces various types of nanocellulose and their synthesis, surface modification, and bioadhesive fabrication techniques via 3D printing for smart wound healing.
