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![Schematic representation of siNGs coated with surfactant protein‐containing proteolipid mixtures and therapeutic effect of coated siNGs in vivo. A) Schematic illustration of proteolipid‐coated siNGs. B) Schematic diagram of the animal experiment: the mice were treated with different nanoparticles, and LPS‐induced acute lung injury 24 h later, and TNF‐α in the lung of the mice was detected 48 h later. C) The expression of TNF‐α in different administration group (the data represent the mean ± SD, n = 4; * p ≤ 0.05, *** p ≤ 0.001). Reproduced with permission.[¹²³] Copyright 2018, Elsevier.](publication/358998346/figure/fig7/AS:11431281173076339@1688754436652/Schematic-representation-of-siNGs-coated-with-surfactant-protein-containing-proteolipid.png)
Schematic representation of siNGs coated with surfactant protein‐containing proteolipid mixtures and therapeutic effect of coated siNGs in vivo. A) Schematic illustration of proteolipid‐coated siNGs. B) Schematic diagram of the animal experiment: the mice were treated with different nanoparticles, and LPS‐induced acute lung injury 24 h later, and TNF‐α in the lung of the mice was detected 48 h later. C) The expression of TNF‐α in different administration group (the data represent the mean ± SD, n = 4; * p ≤ 0.05, *** p ≤ 0.001). Reproduced with permission.[¹²³] Copyright 2018, Elsevier.
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The respiratory system holds crucial importance in the biology of vertebrate animals. Injuries of the respiratory system caused by viral infections (e.g., by COVID‐19, MERS, and SARS) can lead to severe or lethal conditions. So far there are no effective treatments for respiratory injuries. This represents a highly unmet clinical need, e.g., during...
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Cancer remains a serious health problem in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide. As a result, researchers are working to identify new chemotherapeutic therapies or, potentially, to use innovative drug delivery methods in existing therapies. Recently, there has been a lot of interest in using nanocarriers as drug delivery systems, particularly...
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... Despite advances in critical care, there is currently no effective medication targeting the underlying pathophysiology of ALI, and management of this disease remains supportive, mostly focusing on addressing the inciting cause [30]. The limited success of pharmacological therapies has led to the development of new agents, such as innovative nanomedicine approaches, specifically aimed at treating ALI [31][32][33][34][35]. ...
The application of nanomedicine in the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI) has great potential for the development of new therapeutic strategies. To gain insight into the kinetics of nanocarrier distribution upon time-dependent changes in tissue permeability after ALI induction in mice, we developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for albumin nanoparticles (ANP). The model was calibrated using data from mice treated with intraperitoneal LPS (6 mg/kg), followed by intravenous ANP (0.5 mg/mouse or about 20.8 mg/kg) at 0.5, 6, and 24 h. The simulation results reproduced the experimental observations and indicated that the accumulation of ANP in the lungs increased, reaching a peak 6 h after LPS injury, whereas it decreased in the liver, kidney, and spleen. The model predicted that LPS caused an immediate (within the first 30 min) dramatic increase in lung and kidney tissue permeability, whereas splenic tissue permeability gradually increased over 24 h after LPS injection. This information can be used to design new therapies targeting specific organs affected by bacterial infections and potentially by other inflammatory insults.
... The most successful drug delivery platform for COPD currently under development is nanoparticles used as carriers (Figure 2) because nanoparticles provide various advantages [51][52][53][54]. For instance, the use of nanoparticles allows for better penetration into alveolar epithelial tissue than conventional treatments, minimizes drug dosage by attachment of targeting function, and can transport poorly soluble drugs, leading to enhanced treatment efficacy together with reducing toxicity [55]. ...
Mitochondrial dysfunction significantly contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To treat mitochondrial dysfunction in COPD, novel drug delivery systems (DDS) are needed. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the current understanding of the factors in COPD and highlight the trends in novel nanocarriers/nanoparticles for targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. These drug-encapsulated nanoparticles are still in the early stages of clinical application but represent the most promising system for COPD therapy.
... As a drug carrier, nanoparticles have been used for several purposes such as enhancing the solubility and permeability of active agents; boosting their stability against extracellular enzymes and clearance systems; enabling sustained drug release and active/positive targeting of a specific cell type or a disease site. A comprehensive description of the applications of nanotechnology in the different types of lung diseases can be found in a number of recent review articles such [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. ...
Nanoparticles have been developed to overcome the limitation of free therapeutics and enable targeting of specific sites in a controlled manner; they have been proven to be effective as drug carriers and diagnostic tools. Pulmonary drug delivery is greatly preferred in the treatment of lung diseases and has its advantages over other drug delivery routes in the treatment of systemic diseases as well. However, delivering nanoparticles to the lung is hindered by their physical instability and poor lung deposition efficiency due to particle-particle interaction and low inertia, respectively. Developing inhalable nanoparticles as part of an inhalable solid state dry powder combines the advantages of pulmonary and nanoparticle drug delivery systems and offers unique advantages. Several particle engineering techniques have been utilized to combine nanoparticles within a form of micron-scale dry powder carrier with improved handling and aerosolization properties and the ability to release the nanoparticles upon deposition in the lungs. This chapter will describe the different classes of nanoparticles and the different inhalable nano-in-micro dry particle frameworks. The different particle engineering techniques used for developing these frameworks will also be discussed.
... In this context, nanotherapeutics are concerned with constructing, fabricating, regulating, and applying therapeutic drugs and devices with a size in the nano-range (at least one dimension). Many nanotherapeutics are evaluated for pulmonary administration to achieve enhanced drug solubility, targeted drug delivery, improved intracellular uptake, reduced toxicity, improved deposition kinetics, and controlled drug release in the lungs [3,8,9]. For example, amikacin, an antibiotic, is widely used to treat pulmonary ailments like pneumonia or COPD accompanied by lung infections. ...
Pulmonary diseases pose an immense threat to global health. Several nanotherapeutics-based approaches aimed to tackle pulmonary ailments in recent years. The current innovation includes developing nanomedicine for pulmonary delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), repurposed drugs, host-directed therapies, or molecules with unconventional mechanisms (such as antimicrobial peptides). But pulmonary delivery of nanomedicines is troublesome due to poor aerodynamic properties for lung deposition and expulsion during inhalation. Nanomedicine can deliver drugs directly into lung tissue via aerosol or dry powder for inhalation to target deep lung deposition and subsequent therapeutic efficacy. Particulate-based drug delivery systems are potentially complementary to conventional inhaled drugs. There are several ways to produce an aerosol or DPI-based therapeutics, and we reviewed some standard methods used to develop nanotherapeutics for inhalation. The developed inhalable formulations can be delivered using inhalation devices, and advanced inhaler device technology has allowed the efficacious delivery of therapeutic compounds via inhalation. In addition, particle engineering is a crucial criterion in developing inhalable formulations to improve drug delivery, enhance therapeutic effects, and perform superior targeting. Technological advancements in inhalation devices have improved the efficiency of lung-based drug delivery mechanisms. This review also enumerated the assessment of pulmonary drug delivery systems, i.e., in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo, or in silico models, which have made significant strides in recent years.
... Moreover, INMs themselves can be used as nanomedicines for the treatment of lung diseases. Although INMs can directly interact with the mucus and AMs in respiratory system, the risk can be alleviated by coating them with hydrophilic polymers [155]. For instance, Codullo et al. designed an engineered AuNPs that had an amphiphile polymer surface formed by condensation of polyisobutene-maleic anhydride and laurylamine. ...
With excellent physicochemical properties, inorganic nanomaterials (INMs) have exhibited a series of attractive applications in biomedical fields. Biological barriers prevent successful delivery of nanomedicine in living systems that limits the development of nanomedicine especially for sufficient delivery of drugs and effective therapy. Numerous researches have focused on overcoming these biological barriers and homogeneity of organisms to enhance therapeutic efficacy, however, most of these strategies fail to resolve these challenges. In this review, we present the latest progress about how INMs interact with biological barriers and penetrate these barriers. We also summarize that both native structure and components of biological barriers and physicochemical properties of INMs contributed to the penetration capacity. Knowledge about the relationship between INMs structure and penetration capacity will guide the design and application of functional and efficient nanomedicine in the future.
... 102,103 By conjugating drugs with an anti-ICAM-1 antibody, researchers have developed nanocarriers/nanoparticles that can selectively target the lungs and release the drug in the inflamed lung tissues. 104 ICAM-1-targeted pulmonary drug delivery has been confirmed in mice models for several drugs, such as simvastatin, 105,106 dexamethasone, 107 and 2-[(Aminocarbonyl)-amino]-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiophenecarboxamide. 108 However, the outcome of this technology remains unclear in humans and requires further clinical studies. ...
Several human host proteins play important roles in the lifecycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Many drugs targeting these host proteins have been investigated as potential therapeutics for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The tissue-specific expressions of selected host proteins were summarized using proteomics data retrieved from the Human Protein Atlas, ProteomicsDB, Human Proteome Map databases, and a clinical COVID-19 study. Protein expression features in different cell lines were summarized based on recent proteomics studies. The half-maximal effective concentration or half-maximal inhibitory concentration values were collected from in vitro studies. The pharmacokinetic data were mainly from studies in healthy subjects or non-COVID-19 patients. Considerable tissue-specific expression patterns were observed for several host proteins. ACE2 expression in the lungs was significantly lower than in many other tissues (e.g., the kidneys and intestines); TMPRSS2 expression in the lungs was significantly lower than in other tissues (e.g., the prostate and intestines). The expression levels of endocytosis-associated proteins CTSL, CLTC, NPC1, and PIKfyve in the lungs were comparable to or higher than most other tissues. TMPRSS2 expression was markedly different between cell lines, which could be associated with the cell-dependent antiviral activities of several drugs. Drug delivery receptor ICAM1 and CTSB were expressed at a higher level in the lungs than in other tissues. In conclusion, the cell- and tissue-specific proteomics data could help interpret the in vitro antiviral activities of host-directed drugs in various cells and aid the transition of the in vitro findings to clinical research to develop safe and effective therapeutics for COVID-19.
Microbial biofilms are complex three‐dimensional structures where sessile microbes are embedded in a polymeric extracellular matrix. Their resistance toward the host immune system as well as to a diverse range of antimicrobial treatments poses a serious health and development threat, being in the top 10 global public health threats declared by the World Health Organization. In an effort to combat biofilm‐related microbial infections, several strategies have been developed to independently eliminate biofilms or to complement conventional antibiotic therapies. However, their limitations leave room for other treatment alternatives, where the application of nanotechnology to biofilm eradication has gained significant relevance in recent years. Their small size, penetration efficiency, and the design flexibility that they present makes them a promising alternative for biofilm infection treatment, although they also present set‐backs. This review aims to describe the main possibilities and limitations of nanomedicine against biofilms, while covering the main aspects of biofilm formation and study, and the current therapies for biofilm treatment.
This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
