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Advances in technology have seen mobile robots becoming a viable solution to many global challenges. A key limitation for tetherless operation, however, is the energy density of batteries. Whilst significant research is being undertaken into new battery technologies, wireless power transfer may be an alternative solution. The majority of the availa...
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... technology is considered a special case of IPT whereby strong electromagnetic coupling is achieved by operating at the resonance frequency of the coils. This principle of operation can be achieved using two (similar to inductive coupling) or more coils (see Fig. 4) [52,53], where having more intermediary coils increases the transmission distance. There are two principles of operation, namely power delivered to load (PDL) and PTE [54], where a trade-off on either the power delivered or the system efficiency is observed. The transmission efficiency for MRPT follows a similar trend to IPT where it ...
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In this paper, we consider a dual-hop wireless powered communication network (WPCN) consisting of a hybrid access point (H-AP), multiple users, and multiple energy-constrained relays. While relay-assisted WPCNs have been investigated to mitigate the doubly near-problem in conventional WPCNs, they still suffer from this problem depending on the rela...
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... Most commonly used WPT technique [18] Capable of high power transmission level (kW) [19] High power transfer efficiency [19,20] Low sensitivity to environmental factors (pollutants and weather) [21] Employs resonance frequency matching of Tx and Rx, which allows for less reliance on alignment [18,19] Range can be extended using intermediate coils that are tuned to the same system's resonant frequency [22,23] Transfer power through metallic materials without significant eddy current losses [19,20,22] Less reliance on Tx and Rx alignment [18] Implementation is often more cost efficient than with IPT systems [20] Most secure WPT methodology due to the safe transmission of sound waves in the required frequency band [21] Resistivity to electromagnetic interference due to the transfer of energy occurring through sound waves [18] Cons Potential of significant eddy current losses [19] Potential for cross-talk due to inductance leakage [23] Challenging to transmit power through objects such as walls [21] Complex systems, potentially consisting of additional matching networks [18] High sensitivity to frequency shifts due to resonance frequency aligned Tx and Rx [18] Bipolar CPT requires many capacitive plates for transmission [18] Single-Wire CPT requires a large counterpoise [14] Normally, lower transmission efficiency and distance than IPT [18,20] Relatively low power transmission levels (mW), often being used in bio-medical devices [18] Hardly explored in robotics due to low transmission efficiency [18] With this in mind, the work presented here aims to create a new method of robotic design that completely removes wiring along and between joints of a robotic chassis. A quasi-wireless capacitive (QWiC) method will be utilized that replaces the large counterpoise requirement of a single-wire CPT system with a small quarter wave resonator (QWR) acting as a Rx, providing a compact method of power transfer over the surface of a robotic chassis. ...
... Most commonly used WPT technique [18] Capable of high power transmission level (kW) [19] High power transfer efficiency [19,20] Low sensitivity to environmental factors (pollutants and weather) [21] Employs resonance frequency matching of Tx and Rx, which allows for less reliance on alignment [18,19] Range can be extended using intermediate coils that are tuned to the same system's resonant frequency [22,23] Transfer power through metallic materials without significant eddy current losses [19,20,22] Less reliance on Tx and Rx alignment [18] Implementation is often more cost efficient than with IPT systems [20] Most secure WPT methodology due to the safe transmission of sound waves in the required frequency band [21] Resistivity to electromagnetic interference due to the transfer of energy occurring through sound waves [18] Cons Potential of significant eddy current losses [19] Potential for cross-talk due to inductance leakage [23] Challenging to transmit power through objects such as walls [21] Complex systems, potentially consisting of additional matching networks [18] High sensitivity to frequency shifts due to resonance frequency aligned Tx and Rx [18] Bipolar CPT requires many capacitive plates for transmission [18] Single-Wire CPT requires a large counterpoise [14] Normally, lower transmission efficiency and distance than IPT [18,20] Relatively low power transmission levels (mW), often being used in bio-medical devices [18] Hardly explored in robotics due to low transmission efficiency [18] With this in mind, the work presented here aims to create a new method of robotic design that completely removes wiring along and between joints of a robotic chassis. A quasi-wireless capacitive (QWiC) method will be utilized that replaces the large counterpoise requirement of a single-wire CPT system with a small quarter wave resonator (QWR) acting as a Rx, providing a compact method of power transfer over the surface of a robotic chassis. ...
... Most commonly used WPT technique [18] Capable of high power transmission level (kW) [19] High power transfer efficiency [19,20] Low sensitivity to environmental factors (pollutants and weather) [21] Employs resonance frequency matching of Tx and Rx, which allows for less reliance on alignment [18,19] Range can be extended using intermediate coils that are tuned to the same system's resonant frequency [22,23] Transfer power through metallic materials without significant eddy current losses [19,20,22] Less reliance on Tx and Rx alignment [18] Implementation is often more cost efficient than with IPT systems [20] Most secure WPT methodology due to the safe transmission of sound waves in the required frequency band [21] Resistivity to electromagnetic interference due to the transfer of energy occurring through sound waves [18] Cons Potential of significant eddy current losses [19] Potential for cross-talk due to inductance leakage [23] Challenging to transmit power through objects such as walls [21] Complex systems, potentially consisting of additional matching networks [18] High sensitivity to frequency shifts due to resonance frequency aligned Tx and Rx [18] Bipolar CPT requires many capacitive plates for transmission [18] Single-Wire CPT requires a large counterpoise [14] Normally, lower transmission efficiency and distance than IPT [18,20] Relatively low power transmission levels (mW), often being used in bio-medical devices [18] Hardly explored in robotics due to low transmission efficiency [18] With this in mind, the work presented here aims to create a new method of robotic design that completely removes wiring along and between joints of a robotic chassis. A quasi-wireless capacitive (QWiC) method will be utilized that replaces the large counterpoise requirement of a single-wire CPT system with a small quarter wave resonator (QWR) acting as a Rx, providing a compact method of power transfer over the surface of a robotic chassis. ...
Robotics is a highly active, multidisciplinary research area with a broad list of applications. A large research focus is to enhance modularity in order to expand kinematic capabilities, lower fabrication time, and reduce construction costs. Traditional wiring within a robot presents major challenges with mobility and long-term maintenance. Designing robotics without wires would make a significant functional impact. This work presents a new application of quasi-wireless capacitive power transfer that investigates impedance matching parameters over a highly resonant, coupled transmission line to achieve efficient power transfer over a robotic chassis. A prototype is developed and its operating metrics are analyzed with regard to the matching parameters.
... Also, these systems have numerous advantages, including eliminating power lines, charging several devices simultaneously, and having a broad power range. Therefore, the WPT system was used to supply many items with power, including IMDs, electric vehicles (EVs), and consumer electronics [72]. ...
Bio-implanted medical devices with electronic components play a crucial role due to their effectiveness in monitoring and diagnosing diseases, enhancing patient comfort, and ensuring safety. Recently, significant efforts have been conducted to develop implantable and wireless telemetric biomedical systems. Topics such as appropriate near-field wireless communication design, power use, monitoring devices, high power transfer efficiency from external to internal parts (implanted), high communication rates, and the need for low energy consumption all significantly influence the advancement of implantable systems. In this survey, a comprehensive examination is undertaken on diverse subjects associated with near-field wireless power transfer (WPT)-based biomedical applications. The scope of this study encompasses various aspects, including WPT types, a comparative analysis of WPT types and techniques for medical devices, data transmission methods employing WPT-based modulation approaches, and the integration of WPT into biomedical implantable systems. Furthermore, the study investigates the extraction of research concerning WPT topologies and corresponding mathematical models, such as power transfer, transfer efficiency, mutual inductance, quality factor, and coupling coefficient, sourced from existing literature. The article also delves into the impact of the specific absorption rate on patient tissue. It sheds light on WPT's challenges in biomedical implants while offering potential solutions.
... In terms of robot charging, traditional IPT systems have been mature enough, but there is not much research on CPT systems. The challenges mainly include power transmission, system efficiency, personal safety, transmission distance, and requirements for transmission media [130]. These challenges are also common issues in electric vehicle charging, so robot charging can be seen as an application for micro-charging electric vehicles. ...
This article provides a comprehensive overview of on-board wireless motors based on WPT system. Based on the mathematical models of common wireless motors, the coupling strength of on-board wireless motors is divided, and their characteristics and advantages are comprehensively summarized and classified. In order to provide power to the three-phase wireless motors, the rotary transformer is used to replace the common coupling coil in the WPT system. This paper conducts electromagnetic model on the rotary transformer, as well as a comprehensive summary of structures and materials of the rotary transformer. The resonant compensation topology of WPT system is crucial. Comparing the transmission characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of various compensation topologies is beneficial for selecting appropriate compensation topologies in different application scenarios. For the control strategy of WPT system, this paper mainly focuses on the issues of output power and transmission efficiency. Finally, the research difficulties and directions of on-board wireless motors are proposed, such as electromagnetic interference and resonance, and this technology is extended to other fields, including wireless charging, robotics, etc.
... The EH through wireless power can be implemented in direct mode or background mode (Chen et al. 2016). In direct mode the receiver directly receives energy from the transmitter which is actually meant to provide energy to the receiver; whereas, in background mode the energy is retrieved by such device which is not aimed to power the receiver directly, instead, harvesting energy by some other process (Shinohara 2011;Cheah et al. 2019). The radio frequency based WIET can be divided into three categories, as shown in Table 1. ...
... In (Cheah et al. 2019), the limitations of WPT technology for mobile robots is detailed. Authors detailed different types of mobile robots and their environments of operation are identified followed by the listing of power transfer scenarios. ...
... WIET technology is beneficial to sort charging related issues of nano-devices, and to communicate information effectively. IoNT devices are applicable in diverse fields such as, medical, commercial, environmental, industrial, research, etc. (Zhang et al. 2108;Brown 1984;Chen et al. 2016;Shinohara 2011;Cheah et al. 2019; Diaz-Vilor and Ashikhmin xxxx; Han et al. xxxx). Next, we detail the key applications. ...
In the Wireless Information and Energy Transfer (WIET) technology, in addition to information, electromagnetic waves carry energy in the energy harvesting mode, and hence, wiring infrastructure to charge the battery is not required. WIET is envisioned to execute a vital role in the deployment and expansion of the sixth generation (6G) Internet of NanoThings (6GIoNT) devices which will operate with limited-battery usage. As the 6G technology will enable the use of wireless information for signaling and energy transfer due to the use of mm-wave/THz frequency for operation, antennas will be required at close proximity. Hence, the Internet of Things/Internet of Everything/IoNT devices will operate in near field region. In effect, the same electromagnetic wave will be able to carry sufficient energy to significantly charge the nano-devices.
This article overviews the WIET and related applications for 6G IoNT. Specifically, to explore the following, we: (i) introduce the 6G network along with the implementation challenges, possible techniques, THz communication and related research challenges, (ii) focus on the WIET architecture, and different energy carrying code words for efficient charging through WIET, (iii) discuss IoNT, with techniques proposed for communication of nano-devices, and (iv) conduct a detailed literature review to explore the implicational aspects of WIET in the 6G nano-network. In addition, we also investigate the expected applications of WIET in 6G IoNT based devices and discuss WIET implementation challenges in 6G IoNT for the optimal use of technology. Lastly, we overview the expected design challenges which may occur during the implementation process, and identify the key research challenges which require timely solutions, and which are significant to spur further research in this challenging area. Overall, through this survey, we discuss the possibility to maximize the applications of WIET in 6G IoNT.
... Among these techniques, optical wireless power transmission (OWPT) has emerged as a promising technology and received notable attention in recent years [1]. Compared with the near-field WPT methods, such as electromagnetic induction and magnetic resonance [2], OWPT offers significant advantages, including long transmission distance and high directionality [3]. In addition, when compared with the microwave WPT of far-field methods, OWPT has a small configuration and long distance transmission with high beam collection ratio. ...
... This integrated device has a relatively small dimension and light weight. Figure 10b shows that the overall dimensions are 120 × 114 × 61 mm 3 . The heat sink with four LEDs weighs 233.4 g, and the weight of all the Fresnel lenses is 56.8 g. ...
Optical wireless power transmission (OWPT) has been a promising solution for remote power supply, eliminating the need for power cables or batteries. In this paper, we propose a light emitting diode (LED) array based OWPT system with improved transmission efficiency and compact system dimension. In this experiment, the proposed four-LED-array collimation scheme achieved a lens system efficiency as high as 70%, while obtaining an electrical power of 0.8 W from a 50 × 50 mm2 GaAs solar cell at 1 m. The emitting side with the lens system was integrated into a 120 × 114 × 61 mm3 portable device by 3D printing. In addition, the thermal performance of the integrated module and the effective surface irradiance at the receiving side were analyzed in detail. The proposed system exhibits high efficiency and portability, with the advantageous potential to temporarily power remote devices.
... Ideally, the new agricultural vehicles should be electric, but their performance would be dependent on battery capacity or their ability to recharge. AV provides energy over arable land to ensure minimal battery use with wireless power supply [138] and multiple recharge points available. In rural areas the quality of electricity is often very poor, with voltage drops and blackouts the most frequent troubles that affect the operation of complex electronic devices. ...
Agrivoltaics (Agri-PV, AV)-the joint use of land for the generation of agricultural products and energy-has recently been rapidly gaining popularity, as it can significantly increase income per unit of land area. In a broad sense, AV systems can include converters of solar energy, and also energy from any other local renewable source, including bioenergy. Current approaches to AV represent the evolutionary development of agroecology and integrated PV power supply to the grid, and can result in nearly doubled income per unit area. AV could provide a basis for a revolution in large-scale unmanned precision agriculture and smart farming which will be impossible without on-site power supply, reduction of chemical fertiliser and pesticides, and yield processing on site. These approaches could dramatically change the logistics and the added value production chain in agriculture, and so reduce its carbon footprint. Utilisation of decommissioned solar panels in AV could halve the cost of the technology and postpone the need for bulk PV recycling. Unlike the mainstream discourse on the topic, this review feature focuses on the possibilities for AV to become more strongly integrated into agriculture, which could also help in resolution of relevant legal disputes (considered as neither rather than both components).
... Ideally, the new agricultural vehicles should be electric, but their performance would be dependent on battery capacity or ability to recharge. AV provides energy all over arable land to ensure minor battery use at wireless power supply [141] and multiple recharge points are available. In rural areas the quality of electricity is often very poor (voltage drops and black-outs are the most usual troubles) that affects complex electronic devices operation. ...
Agrivoltaics (Agri-PV, AV) – the joint use of land for the production of agricultural products and energy – has recently been rapidly gaining popularity, as it can significantly increase income per unit of land area. In a broad sense, AV systems can include converters of not only solar, but also energy from any other local renewable source, including bioenergy. Current approach to AV represents an evolutionary development of agroecology and integrated PV power supply to the grid. That results in nearly doubled income per unit area. While AV could provide a basis for revolution in large-scale unmanned precision agriculture and smart farming which is impossible without on-site power supply, chemical fertilisation and pesticides reduction, and yield pro-cessing on-site. These approaches could change the logistics and the added value production chain in agriculture dramatically, and so, reduce its carbon footprint. Utilisation of decommis-sioned solar panels in AV could make the technology twice cheaper and postpone the need for bulk PV recycling. Unlike the mainstream discourse on the topic, this review feature is in focusing on the possibilities for AV to be stronger integrated into agriculture that could also help in rele-vant legal collisions (considered as neither rather than both components) resolution.
... On the other hand, the charging efficiency is low, and when radiofrequency density exposure becomes significant, microwaves become less safe for health. MPT technology is mainly used for wireless sensors and implanted body devices, but also for RFID cards [33,34]. ...
Transportation is considered as the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Recently, many European countries and the World Health organization (WHO) have passed laws to reduce road vehicles emissions, which are responsible for 60.7% of European road transport air pollution. The electrification of vehicles required various charging infrastructure options. One of the state-of-the-art technologies is dynamic wireless charging systems (to deliver energy to the EV in motion). Thus, this paper summarizes distinct static and dynamic wireless charging technologies for electric vehicles. Analyzing different wireless power transfers and their limitations shows that the static wireless charging stations in house garages or open parking lots and dynamic charging infrastructures in smart roads or highway-charging lanes will be promising solutions in the near future to make electric vehicle charging easier or without making stops for recharging.
... Six WPT technologies have been documented to date and each can be radiative or non-radiative [9]. The Laser Power Transfer (LPT) and Microwave Power Transfer (MWPT) are radiative, whilst Acoustic Power Transfer (APT), Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT), Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) and Magnetic Resonance Power Transfer (MRPT) are non-radiative [1,9]. ...
... Six WPT technologies have been documented to date and each can be radiative or non-radiative [9]. The Laser Power Transfer (LPT) and Microwave Power Transfer (MWPT) are radiative, whilst Acoustic Power Transfer (APT), Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT), Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) and Magnetic Resonance Power Transfer (MRPT) are non-radiative [1,9]. The LPT, MRPT and MWPT are able to achieve mid-range to farrange transmission distance with a smaller receiver radius [2,9] and this could be suitable for remote battery charging especially the MWPT [1,2]. ...
... The Laser Power Transfer (LPT) and Microwave Power Transfer (MWPT) are radiative, whilst Acoustic Power Transfer (APT), Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT), Inductive Power Transfer (IPT) and Magnetic Resonance Power Transfer (MRPT) are non-radiative [1,9]. The LPT, MRPT and MWPT are able to achieve mid-range to farrange transmission distance with a smaller receiver radius [2,9] and this could be suitable for remote battery charging especially the MWPT [1,2]. More importantly, radio waves being useful in the MHz and GHz frequencies, can be propagated over very far fields [10]. ...
The challenge of regularly charging the battery of cellular phones has brought about new and more convenient ways to realising cellular battery charging. The wireless power platform has been explored for years bringing about many dimensions to its realisation. In this research, developed a wireless charging of Li-Ion battery of a cellular phone using commercial-off-the-shelf components vis-a-vis Radio Frequency (RF) energy. A MAX2623 voltage controlled oscillator was used to generate RF signals at a frequency of 915 MHz. Through a series of amplifier stages, the signal is radiated using a half-wave dipole antenna. The signal is received by a remote receiver module made up of 5 dBi gain half-wave dipole antenna which is impedance matched to a bridge rectifier made of SMS3929 Bridge Quad Schottky low turn-on voltage diodes. The rectified output is received by a EH4205 low voltage booster which amplifies the input into two paralleled MAX 682 charge pumps. The paralleled MAX 682 charge pump delivers a constant output voltage of 5 V DC and current of 500 mA. Within a 4 m radius the receiver module can receive enough power for the realisation of wireless battery charging.
... The energy harvesting through wireless power can be implemented in direct mode or background mode. In direct mode the receiver directly receives energy from the transmitter which is actually meant to provide energy to the receiver while in background mode the energy is being retrieved by such device which is not aimed to power up the receiver directly but harvesting energy by some other process [11][12][13]. ...
In the Wireless Information and Energy Transfer (WIET) technology, in addition to information, the electromagnetic waves carry energy in the energy harvesting mode, and hence, wiring infrastructure to charge the battery is not required. WIET is supposed to execute a vital role in the deployment and expansion of the 6G Internet of NanoThings (IoNT) devices which is envisioned to operate with limited-battery usage. As 6G technology will enable the use of wireless information for signaling information and energy transfer owing to the use of mm-wave/THz frequency for operation, antennas will be required at close proximity and hence, the Internet of Things/Internet of Everything/IoNT devices will be able to operate in near field region. In effect, the same electromagnetic wave will be able to carry significant energy to significantly charge the nano-devices. This article contains an overview of WIET and the related applications in 6G IoNT. Specifically, to explore the following, we: (i) introduce the 6G network along with the implementation challenges, possible techniques, THz communication and related research challenges, (ii) focus on the WIET architecture, and different energy carrying code words for efficient charging through WIET, (iii) discuss IoNT with techniques proposed for communication of nano-devices, and (iv) conduct a detailed literature review to explore the implicational aspects of the WIET in the 6G nano-network. In addition, we also investigate the expected applications of WIET in the 6G IoNT based devices and discuss the WIET implementation challenges in 6G IoNT for the optimal use of the technology. Lastly, we overview the expected design challenges which may occur during the implementation process, and identify the key research challenges which require timely solutions and which are significant to spur further research in this challenging area. Overall, through this survey, we discuss the possibility to maximize the applications of WIET in 6G IoNT.
