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In the North Nile Delta of Egypt, the impacts of overplanting paddy rice on water delivery performance have not been discussed quantitatively. Further, the amount of water that could have been saved if farmers would follow the planned area is unknown. In this study, water delivery performance was assessed by comparison of actual paddy rice planting...
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... off) and winter (five days on and ten days off). The main and branch canals are operated by the irrigation department, while the tertiary canals, each serving an area of approximately 50 ha, are operated and maintained by the farmers and the WUAs. The schematic representation of the irrigation canal system and water governing entities is shown in Fig. ...
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Integrating with the national project of irrigation canal lining in the Egyptian countryside, the present study is introduced. The study presents a technical comparison of differential equations that are usually used for estimating the seeped water from the earthen irrigation canals. The quantities of irrigation water that are lost due to seepage a...
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... Excessive water withdrawal from tertiary canals results in uncoordinated water allocation and Correspondence to: Hiroaki Somura, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan. E-mail: somura@okayama-u.ac.jp overplanting of rice crops, leading to inefficiencies (Farig et al., 2022). Rice cultivation requires more water than other crops (Mali et al., 2018;Mungkung et al., 2019;Rao et al., 2019), and farming practices affect water distribution (Farig et al., 2022;Silalertruksa et al., 2017). ...
... E-mail: somura@okayama-u.ac.jp overplanting of rice crops, leading to inefficiencies (Farig et al., 2022). Rice cultivation requires more water than other crops (Mali et al., 2018;Mungkung et al., 2019;Rao et al., 2019), and farming practices affect water distribution (Farig et al., 2022;Silalertruksa et al., 2017). Hence, comprehensive field-level monitoring of rice-farming practices is necessary. ...
The tertiary irrigation system (TIS) was designed for the Muda Irrigation Scheme (MIS) to distribute irrigation water to farmers’ fields to ensure the reliability of water supply for cultivating rice paddies twice a year. Variability in farming practices, influenced by farmer autonomy along the tertiary canal adds complexity and uncertainty to adherence monitoring. Traditional on-site data collection methods are limited in scope and efficiency, whereas Earth observation (EO) enables continuous monitoring. In this study, we introduced a methodology that uses EO datasets to monitor individual field adherence to rice-planting schedules under TIS. These tools improve the monitoring of rice-planting schedule adherence by identifying non-adherent fields for further countermeasures. This study highlights the potential use of EO datasets and advanced data processing techniques for efficient agricultural monitoring.
... According to the World Bank standards (2005), the per capita share of available water is below the limit of water scarcity. Moreover, the country has other water-related challenges, such as seepage losses and increasing rates of evapotranspiration (Omar and Moussa, 2016;Farig et al., 2021). The annual evaporation rate is 7.5 mm day − 1 , with a maximum rate of 10.8 mm day − 1 in June, and a minimum of 3.9 mm day − 1 in December (Hassan, 2013). ...
Wadi Araba is an important economic area in Egypt due to the presence of numerous species of flora and fauna. The problem is the lack of information on the aquifer system. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of the aquifer system within the scope of the groundwater potentiality, types of the aquifer system, types of groundwater interface, and groundwater layers interaction in the study area. Six wells were drilled at three depths (±300 m, 600 m, and 1200 m) to identify the different characteristics of the aquifer. The results showed that there are three groundwater layers separated by shale sheets that are not interacting together. The higher extraction potentiality of groundwater from the aquifer is from the upstream (340–400 m2 day−1). While the lower extraction potentiality is from midstream (10–50 m2 day−1) followed by the downstream (20 m2 day−1) with significant differences compared to upstream. The water quality analysis showed that higher salinity was recorded downstream side, where the Wadi encounters the lower units of the Gulf of Suez. Eventually, there is a limitation on the exploitation of groundwater in the aquifer for intensive agricultural development. This is because the aquifer potentiality ranges from weak to medium.
... The performance indicators, such as adequacy, equity, and dependability of the planned paddy rice area improved more than those of the real. However, adequacy under planned conditions was lower in the majority of locations due to increased water demand (Farig et al. 2021). Under the improved scenario, indicators, such as adequacy was poor, equity was fair in summer but poor in winter, and dependability was poor, whereas under the unimproved situation, adequacy was poor, equity was fair but poor, and dependability was poor (Mohsen Aly et al. 2013). ...
This research investigation aims to evaluate the performance of the Right Main Canal (RMC) of the Bhimsagar medium irrigation scheme in Rajasthan, India, employing water delivery and water use indicators, such as adequacy, equity, dependability, relative water supply, and relative irrigation supply. The three minors chosen were Ratanpura at the head, Chaplada at the middle, and Maraita II at the tail reach on RMC. The volume of water diverted into the selected minors from the right main canal was measured during crop season, and crop water demand in the command area of each minor was computed using the CROPWAT 8.0 software. Overall, RMC adequacy was adequate at the head, and middle reach minors but inadequate for the tail reach minor. The water distribution system was determined to be unreliable regarding water supply concerning time, with a dependability value of 0.49. Overall equity was determined to be good to fair for the head and middle reach minors but poor for tail reach minor due to disparity in water distribution. In 2013-14, RWS and RIS showed insuffi-ciency in the command system. The average values of RWS and RIS were found to be 1.00 and 1.43, respectively. ARTICLE HISTORY
In the North Nile Delta, over-planting paddy fields by upstream farmers results in low canal water levels downstream during the daytime, and downstream farmers frequently cannot pump water. Consequently, downstream farmers' night irrigation has become more frequent. This study investigated daytime and nighttime irrigation practices and how they differed between upstream, midstream, and downstream tertiary canals along a selected branch canal in the Northern Nile Delta of Egypt. A scenario was developed to determine the area that could be irrigated during the daytime by comparison of actual (varied pumps’ discharge capacities) and controlled pumps’ discharge capacities (216 m3 h−1 and 324 m3 h−1) between all locations. Canal water levels and pump operation hours were monitored in 2013 and 2014. The period from 06:00 PM to 06:00 AM EST (Egypt Standard Time) is considered nighttime and others are daytime. Results showed that downstream received more than 30% of the total water supply during the nighttime, while upstream received 13%. Further, some upstream farmers received 6% at night during the peak water demand in July. Consequently, the nighttime irrigation days upstream were less than downstream by 11 and 20 days each year, respectively. The numbers of irrigation events downstream from 12:00 AM to 03:00 AM EST were more than upstream by eight and seven events each year, respectively. Under the conditions of controlled pumps’ discharge capacities, downstream farmers could irrigate 41% and 46% of the total irrigated area during the daytime rather than 28% and 32% under the actual conditions each year, respectively. Eventually, controlling pumps’ discharge capacities between locations could achieve equity of water distributions in terms of time and water volume during the daytime.
Large river deltas are usually ecologically important wetland habitats, but also fertile agricultural exploitation areas, creating a conflict of long‐running substantial interest between agricultural expansion and wetland conservation. Over the past several years, large‐scale cultivation of water‐consuming rice has been growing rapidly in the semi‐arid climate of the Yellow River Delta (YRD). Timely monitoring of rice cultivation dynamics is of great significance for sustainable ecological conservation of the delta, which has insufficient freshwater resources. This study proposed a stratified metrics‐based method that integrates statistical spectral indices and phenological metrics at different growing stages to improve the accuracy of rice paddy classification in areas where rice and wetlands coexist. We applied the method to time‐series Sentinel‐1/2 images to produce annual rice paddy maps of the YRD from 2016 to 2021. Together with rice paddy data from 2011 to 2015 from Statistical Yearbooks of Dongying Bureau of Statistics, we investigated the expansion dynamics over the past decade and in this paper discuss the advantages and disadvantages of rice cultivation expansion over wetland ecosystem conservation. Rapid expansion of rice cultivation intensifies water conflicts, and adversely affects wetland restoration in the YRD. Considering the important ecological services of rice paddies as alternative habitats, we argue for maintaining a reasonable scale of rice paddies and optimizing their distribution as a potential solution to achieving the overall sustainable conservation of the YRD in the context of water scarcity.
