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Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a synthetic polymer widely used for industrial applications and having negative impacts on the environment. In this work, we present a novel, potent PVA degrader, MBB8, isolated from the Gulf of Mannar. MBB8 was identified as Enterobacter cloacae based molecular analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as biochemical...
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... are two possible reaction schemes. The first is by the action of oxidase, and the second is through the action of dehydrogenase. The E. cloacae MBB8 could take either of the two routes (Fig. 5). Earlier reports have suggested the cooperation of pyrroloquinoline quinine (PQQ)-dependent PVA dehydrogenase (PVADH) and a hydrolase during the course of PVA degradation. 28 If the dehydrogenase acts on PVA, then the two hydroxyl groups on the 1,3-diol of PVA were converted to a b-diketone directly. On the other hand, if oxidase comes ...
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... The compounds separated were injected into the Agilent 5899B MSD detector and the total ion chromatogram was recorded in scan mode. The ions ranging from m/z 50 to 500 were recorded (Rajkumar et al., 2018;Shyam et al., 2021a). ...
It has been reported that coconut oil supplementation can reduce neuroinflammation. However, coconut oils are available as virgin coconut oil (VCO), crude coconut oil (ECO), and refined coconut oil (RCO). The impact of coconut oil extraction process (and its major fatty acid component lauric acid) at cellular antioxidant level, redox homeostasis and inflammation in neural cells is hitherto unexplained. Herein, we have shown the antioxidant levels and cellular effect of coconut oil extracted by various processes in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) cultured in vitro. Results indicate VCO and ECO treated cells displayed better mitochondrial health when compared to RCO. Similar trend was observed for the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), key oxidative stress response genes (GCLC, HO-1, and Nqo1) and inflammatory genes (IL6, TNFα, and iNOS) in SH-SY5Y cells. Our results signified that both VCO and ECO offer better neural health primarily by maintaining the cellular redox balance. Further, RCO prepared by solvent extraction and chemical refining process lacks appreciable beneficial effect. Then, we extended our study to find out the reasons behind maintaining the cellular redox balance in neuroblastoma cells by VCO and ECO. Our GC-MS results showed that lauric acid (C14:0) (LA) content was the major difference in the fatty acid composition extracted by various processes. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of LA in SH-SY5Y cells. The LA showed dose-dependent effect. At IC50 concentration (11.8 μM), LA down regulated the oxidative stress response genes and inflammatory genes. The results clearly indicate that the LA inhibited the neuroinflammation and provided an efficient cellular antioxidant activity, which protects the cells. The efficiency was also evaluated in normal cell line such as fibroblasts (L929) to cross-validate that the results were not false positive. Different concentration of LA on L929 cells showed high compatibility. From our observation, we conclude that VCO and ECO offers better cellular protection owing to their powerful antioxidant system. Therefore, we advocate the inclusion of either VCO and/or ECO in the diet for a healthy lifestyle.
Transdermal patch for local drug delivery has attained huge attention as an attractive alternative to existing drug delivery techniques as it is painless and user-friendly. However, most adhesive hydrogels either do not have adequate adhesion with the skin or cause discomfort while being removed from the skin surface due to excessive adhesion. To address this challenge, we developed an adhesive hydrogel based on laponite-confined dopamine polymerization as a transdermal patch. Laponite RDS nanoclay was used to control the hydrogel's viscous behavior and dopamine polymerization. The laponite polymerized polydopamine (l-PDA) was incorporated into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to make the PVA-l-PDA hydrogel. The laponite-confined polymerization improved the hydrogels' water contact angle and adhesion strength. The adhesion strength of the PVA-l-PDA hydrogel was adequate to adhere to the evaluated goat skin, glass, and polypropylene surfaces. Notably, the PVA-l-PDA hydrogel was easy to peel off from the skin. Further, we evaluated the drug release profile in goat skin using lidocaine as a model drug. We observed the controlled release of lidocaine from the PVA-l-PDA hydrogel compared to the PVA-PDA hydrogel. In addition, the nanoclay-confined adhesive hydrogel did not show any cytotoxic effect in fibroblasts. Altogether, PVA-l-PDA hydrogels offer appropriate adhesive strength, toughness, and biocompatibility. Thus, the PVA-l-PDA hydrogel has the potential to be an efficient transdermal patch.
Plastic pollution has become a looming challenge and widespread problem affecting society and the environment. The ever-increasing trend of use-and-throw culture has been the main reason for designing single-use plastics which are to be disposed of just after one use. To mitigate these growing threats, researchers started investigating polymers based on renewable resources, especially for packaging applications. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is a biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic and water-soluble polymer with superior mechanical properties. The current review provides a comprehensive study on the mechanical and barrier properties of PVA applicable for active packaging along with its environmental challenges. The effects of different bioactive components incorporated into PVA matrix have also been reviewed for application in food packaging industries which can protect food from various pathogens and increased shelf-life. In addition, the mitigation procedures (biodegradability) of the industrial wastes produced by different manufacturing houses have also been reviewed.
Unearthing new sustainable and economically viable sources for biofuel production which do not affect the environment is a dire need of the hour. Microalgae is one such promising source due to its high lipid content, productivity, and carbon neutrality. Identification of appropriate strain and process optimization decides the biomass productivity, nutrient value, and oil content which are the major factors for commercialization. In the present work, mass cultivation of halophilic Aphanothece halophytica in raceway ponds was optimized by using organic and inorganic nutrients by using design of experiments. Organic flocculant, neem plus was successfully adapted for harvesting the biomass and oil extraction was done with solvent methodology. A maximum lipid yield of 29.3% was obtained on wet basis, when the reaction temperature, reaction time, biomass-to-solvent ratio and mixing intensity were kept at 68 ºC, 190 min, 9:1, and 300 rpm respectively. Similarly, on dry basis, a lipid yield of 27.5% was reported when the reaction temperature, reaction time, biomass-to-solvent ratio and mixing intensity were maintained at 68 ºC, 190 min, 12:1, and 300 rpm respectively. GC–MS analysis of the lipid was done to appropriate the combination of fatty acid for enhancing the biofuel production.
Blended edible vegetable oil (BEVO) is suggested as a convenient alternative to edible oil rotation to better balance saturated/unsaturated fatty acids rather than using single oil (mono-oil). Coconut and palm kernel blended oil (coco-PK BEVO) gains popularity in the market. However, the identical fatty acid profile of the coco-PK BEVO poses a challenge in determining the proportion of the mono-oil. Thus far, iodine value is the only method to find the presence of palm kernel oil in the coconut oil qualitatively. Heretofore, there are no quantitative methods available to find the proportion of coconut oil when blended with PK. Herein, by performing GC–MS analysis of coconut oil ( n = 34) and palm kernel oil (n = 121) of different quality levels, a new method to determine the mono-oil proportion using C14:0/C18:1 ratio was proposed. The method was sensitive and robust to detect mono-oil proportions ranging from 20–80% coconut in PK with a mean bias of 2.6%. The method was validated by performing the Bland–Altman analysis. Overall, we suggest that the C14:0/C18:1 ratio could be an expedient parameter to identify the percentage of the mono-oil proportion in the coco-PK BEVO.
Background
: The folkloric use of Indigofera aspalathoides (Vahl) in anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer treatment dates back to circa 300 BC. However, reports on scientific validation for folkloric usage are not available yet.
Purpose
: The objective of the study is to assess the cytotoxic potential of I. aspalathoides and to provide a rationale for its ethnopharmacological use with lime juice (ascorbic acid) as an adjuvant.
Methods
: Using Soxhlet, the active principles of I. aspalathoides were extracted using methanol and ethanol as solvent and studied using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We assessed the in vitro antioxidant efficacy by studying the DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferrous reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAC), and ABTS cation radical scavenging activity. Using MTT assay, the cytotoxic activity of SV-ME and EE against human cervical cancer (HeLa) and normal murine fibroblast (L929) cells were evaluated. The cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction was studied by dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) fluorescent probe and Hoechst dye. Mitochondria membrane potential (Δψm) was assessed using JC1. Ascorbic acid (AA) additive/synergism was studied by co-treating HeLa cells with AA along with SV-ME and SV-EE at IC50 concentration.
Results
: SV-ME and EE exert higher DPPH radical scavenging at 200 μg/mL. Both the extracts showed effective ABTS radical cation scavenging activity and ferrous reducing antioxidant capacity. Further, SV-ME and SV-EE treatment affected the cell viability and induced apoptosis, reduced cell viability with a concomitant increase in nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner in cancer (HeLa) cells, but not in normal (L929) cells. Both the extracts increased the mitochondria membrane potential (Δψm) depolarization and altered the cellular redox state in HeLa cells. In addition, adjuvant ascorbic acid (AA) treatment increased the cytotoxic efficacy of the SV-ME and SV-EE in HeLa cells.
Conclusion
: I. aspalathoides used in the Siddha medicine for antitumor treatment have a very potent cytotoxic effect against cervical cancer cells (HeLa) in vitro. The cytotoxic and antitumor effect may have plausible involvement of Nrf2-ARE signalling pathway by restoration of cellular redox homeostasis.
