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This paper presents comparative performance analysis of photovoltaic (PV) hydrogen
production using water, methanol and hybrid sulfur (SO2) electrolysis processes. Proton
exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers are powered by grid connected PV system. In this
system design, electrical grid is considered as a virtual energy storage system (VESS) where...
Citations
... Mert et al. [27] explored the impacts of partial shading and cathode material within integrated solar PV-FC systems. Medjebour and Tebibel [28] researched the efficiency assessment of a grid-connected photovoltaic device linked with a hydrogen production system employing water, methanol, and a hybrid sulfur electrolysis technique. The study revealed that the hysteresis band approach proved to be more suitable for extending the safe and prolonged operation of the electrolyzer and FC components. ...
This paper endeavors to utilize the numerical modeling method to evaluate the energy, economic, and environmental performances of a new hybrid PV-FC system for green hydrogen and electricity production. The proposed system consists of photovoltaic panels, fuel cells, an electrolyzer, a converter, and a hydrogen storage tank. A robust techno-enviro-economic (3E) analysis is conducted through comprehensive modeling for the system components using MATLAB/Simulink®. In this validated model, the essential parameters have been calculated: PV plant power, area and efficiency, electrolyzer efficiency, flow rate and power, stack power, area and efficiency, total LCOE of the integrated components, and CO2 emission reduction. Moreover, the NSGA-II coupled with TOPSIS decision-making approach and Gaussian Process Regression machine learning method with selection kernel function are also utilized as a novel inclusion for the prediction and optimization of the 3E performances of this hybrid system. To obtain a multidimensional view of the optimization, six key decision variables of total stack power, fossil fuel-based generator energy, total CO2 emissions coming from hydrogen production, total FC system voltage, module area, and number of PV modules have been adopted. The optimization problem encompasses maximizing the total fuel cell stack power and carbon emission reduction, while simultaneously minimizing the total stack area and levelized cost of energy. The simulation outcomes reveal that the stack can reach its maximum output power of 350 kW when operating temperatures are between 40 °C and 55 °C and there are more than 380 cells in the stack. Also, the LCOE was found to be less than $2/kWh for solar radiation above 250 W/m2 and PV outputs reaching 100 W. Further, Increasing FCs from 10 to 400 reduces CO2 emissions by roughly 13% at 100 °C. Ultimately, the optimal configuration of the system yields stack power of 1589 kW, a total stack area of 269.9 m2, and total CO2 emission reduction of 1268 tonCO2, respectively.
... The first step reaction is fast and does not require a catalyst; the second step reaction is thermodynamically favorable, but the reaction rate is slow and requires a catalyst [10]. In addition to the IS cycle, other sulfur-containing cycles such as the mixed sulfur cycle and the bromine-sulfur cycle also contain SA decomposition reactions [11][12][13]. The SA decomposition process is a reaction that utilizes high-temperature heat in these cycles, and its energy consumption has a large impact on the overall process of hydrogen production efficiency. ...
The iodine-sulfur cycle coupled with a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is a clean and efficient hydrogen production technology. The sulfuric acid decomposition reaction is the highest temperature process in the iodine-sulfur cycle, which requires 850 °C high temperature and catalyst to carry out at a high conversion rate. This study prepared a series of loaded sulfuric acid decomposition catalysts using anatase TiO 2 and Ta 2 O 5 as catalyst carriers and precious metal Pt as the active component. XRD, BET, and ICP-MS characterization of the catalysts demonstrated that the high calcination temperature could increase the crystallinity and content of the active components and decrease the specific surface area of the catalysts. The Pt/TiO 2 -850 catalyst showed good performance under different feed concentrations, reaction temperatures, and particle sizes. In addition, the scale-up production does not affect the Pt/TiO 2 -850 catalyst reaction performance. The Pt/TiO 2 -850 catalyst was tested in a bayonet-tube SiC reactor with a 100-h high throughput lifetime, which proved that the Pt/TiO 2 -850 catalyst has good stability.
... Multimegawatt scale water electrolyzer (ELZ) driven by solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine will be implemented in pilot projects to explore the technological viability and economic profitability. In parallel with these actions, efforts in terms of potential evaluation and system design optimization are made and others being carried out [3], [4]. ELZ technologies essentially include alkaline, proton exchange membrane (PEM), and solid oxide electrolysis. ...
... The model that provides a relationship between the module current and voltage (I-V characteristic), considers the solar cell as a non-linear current source connected in series with the intrinsic cell resistance [4], which is given by, ...
... The PV module rated power considered is 150 W while parameters of this component can be found in Ref [4]. Efficiency of the DC/DC converter is 95%. ...
... [ [98][99][100] 2 Three different methods for calculating the optimal electrolytic cell are studied. ...
Solar hydrogen production technology is a key technology for building a clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient energy system. At present, the intermittency and volatility of renewable energy have caused a lot of “wind and light”. By combining renewable energy with electrolytic water technology to produce high-purity hydrogen and oxygen, which can be converted into electricity, the utilization rate of renewable energy can be effectively improved, while helping to improve the solar hydrogen production system. This paper summarizes and analyzes the research status and development direction of solar hydrogen production technology from three aspects. Energy supply mode: the role of solar PV systems and PT systems in this technology is analyzed. System control: the key technology and system structure of different types of electrolytic cells are introduced in detail. System economy: the economy and improvement measures of electrolytic cells are analyzed from the perspectives of cost, consumption, efficiency, and durability. Finally, the development prospects of solar hydrogen production systems in China are summarized and anticipated. This article reviews the current research status of photovoltaic-photothermal coupled electrolysis cell systems, fills the current research gap, and provides theoretical reference for the further development of solar hydrogen production systems.
... 1 The electrolyzer first generates an I-V curve, relating the electrolyzer input power to the cell current for varying currents and temperatures. Then, the model leverages the I-V curve to map the input power to the corresponding current , which is then used to calculate the rate of H 2 production,̇H 2 in grams per second, given by Faraday's law in Eq. (3) [49]: ...
... where is the cell active area and the coefficients 1 = 0.25 A 2 /cm 4 and 2 = 0.996 A 2 /cm 4 [49]. Given the hourly temporal resolution of the power generation time series, we assume the H 2 produced is constant over the hour. ...
Hydrogen (H 2) is an efficient energy carrier and storage mechanism that can supply both stationary and transport energy demand. Rapidly declining renewable energy generation costs; technology innovations in wind, solar, battery storage, and electrolysis; and a global push for more sustainable and secure energy have driven increased interest in green H 2 production. In this study, we develop an H 2 scenario analysis tool to assist in rapid, high-resolution insights into future, green H 2 pathways to achieve policy goals and market competitiveness. Using this tool, we estimate H 2 production and costs for U.S., off-grid scenarios given varying policy and cost scenarios from 2025-2035. Results indicate that achieving economically competitive green H 2 production (below $2/kg) is possible in 2030 with no policy incentives (one site achieves this target), while increasing policy support to include wind and green H 2 production tax credits enables widespread economic viability sooner, with sub-$2/kg LCOH targets achieved by 2025 and 51.7% of sites achieving this target by 2035. Maximizing policy support through prevailing wage and apprenticeship credit multipliers enable widespread economic viability, including sub-$1/kg of green H 2 by 2025 and even negative pricing by 2035. Regions with lowest LCOH values correspond to high wind resource areas and capacity factors. Achieving decarbonization goals with green H 2 depends on technology cost reductions and policy support, with a maximum average LCOH reduction of $3.10 between no and maximum policy support scenarios, and a maximum average LCOH reduction of $5.86 between current, conservative technology costs and 2035 projected technology cost assumptions.
... The solution can be pure water or any water-soluble substance with good conducting properties, such as a mixture of water and methanol. In a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE), the system requires a minimum theoretical voltage of 1.23 V to operate [5,6]. The minimum required electrical energy for producing 1 kg of hydrogen by the PEMWE system is approximately 39.44 kWh. ...
... Also, this value in the practical operating condition of this system is between 50 and 55 kWh [7]. While in the proton exchange membrane methanol electrolyzer (PEMME), the required theoretical and practical voltages are 0.02 V and 0.4 V for starting the reaction, respectively [6]. Moreover, it is reported that the electrical consumption of a PEMME system is around 65% lower than the electrical consumption of a PEMWE system for producing 1 kg of hydrogen [8]. ...
This contribution scrutinizes the performance of the integrated photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system with the proton exchange membrane methanol electrolyzer (PEMME) and water electrolyzer (PEMWE) as sustainable ways to produce hydrogen. Artificial neural networks (ANNs), are adopted to evaluate the effect of various operating parameters on the performance of the systems. The adopted ANNs are radial basis function (RBF), extreme learning machine (ELM), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gated recurrent unit (GRU). Moreover, to obtain the optimum performances of the systems, the multi-objective whale optimization algorithm (MOWOA) and multi-objective bat algorithm (MOBA) are implemented. It is found that solar radiation is the most influential parameter on the hydrogen production rate of the systems, followed by ambient temperature, inlet temperature, working fluid mass flow rate, and wind speed. According to the machine learning outputs, the highest hydrogen production rate for the PVT-PEMWE and PVT-PEMME systems are around 2.45 mol h−1 m−2 and 5.44 mol h−1 m−2, respectively. Moreover, the MOBA shows that the hydrogen production rate and electrical efficiency of the PVT-PEMWE and PVT-PEMME systems are 2.29 mol h−1 m−2 and 18.74%, and 5.06 mol h−1 m−2, and 18.77%, respectively, at their global optimum point by considering hydrogen production rate and electrical efficiency as the objective functions. This study reveals that although at the same working conditions, the electrical and thermal output of the water-based PVT system is superior to that of the water/methanol-based PVT system, the PVT-PEMME system outperforms the PVT-PEMWE system from the hydrogen production viewpoint, due to the higher efficiency of the PEM methanol electrolyzer.
... Several electrolyser models and operating modes were described [119e121]. For instance, PEM and electrolysers (ELSs) [103,121,151,191,194,213], AEL [94,105,181] and hydrogen-generating Aqua Electrolyser (HAE) [102]. PEM is a very promising electrolysis technology [121]. ...
Sustainable energy demand drives innovation in energy production. Electrolysis of water can produce carbon-free hydrogen from renewable sources. This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of recent and highly referenced research on hydrogen electrolysers utilising the Scopus database to shed insight into future trends and applications. It has been discovered that the most frequently published type of study for top-ranked papers is the formulation of problems and simulations (38.3%), followed by a study of the state-of-the-art technology assessment (32.5%), laboratory research, design, and performance evaluation (24.2%), and reviews (5%). In general, 33.33% of articles focused on controlling hydrogen electrolyser efficiency. This study used different case studies from the global literature to conduct a complete evaluation of the electrolyser statistical analysis of the present state of the art, models or modes of operation, key challenges, outstanding issues, and future research. This evaluation will aid researchers in building a commercially successful hydrogen electrolyser.
... This is something that will be addressed in this paper to determine how adjusting the temperature of the photovoltaic cell can enhance the efficiency of producing hydrogen. Tebibel and Medjebour [27], provide a performance comparison study of photovoltaic hydrogen generation using water, methanol, and hybrid sulphate electrolysis techniques. This research was carried out to better understand the capabilities of PV hydrogen production. ...
The paper discusses the feasibility of the use solar energy into hydrogen production using a photovoltaic energy system in the four main cities of Iraq. An off-grid photovoltaic system with a capacity of 22.0 kWp, an 8.0 kW alkaline electrolyser, a hydrogen compressor, and a hydrogen tank were simulated for one year in order to generate hydrogen. A mathematical model of the proposed system behavior is presented using MATLAB/Simulink, considering nine years from the 2021 to 2030 project span using hourly experimental weather data. The outcomes demonstrated that the annual hydrogen production ranged from 1713.92 kg up to 1891.12 kg, oxygen production ranged from 1199.74 to 1323.78 kg, and water consumption ranged from 7139.91 L to 7877.29 L. The hydrogen evaluated costs equal to $3.79/kg. The results show that the optimum site for solar hydrogen production systems can be established in the midwest of Iraq and in other cities with similar climates, especially those that get a lot of sunlight.
... This is something that will be addressed in this paper in order to determine how adjusting the temperature of the PV cell can enhance the efficiency of producing hydrogen. Tebibel and Medjebour (2018), provide a performance comparison study of PV hydrogen generation using water, methanol, and hybrid sulphate electrolysis techniques. This research was carried out in order to better understand the capabilities of PV hydrogen production. ...
In the article, the viability of adopting photovoltaic energy systems to convert solar energy into hydrogen in Iraqi four main cities are examined. A 22 kWp off-grid solar system, an 8 kW alkaline electrolyzer, a hydrogen compressor, and a hydrogen tank were modeled for an entire year in order to produce hydrogen. Using hourly experimental weather data from 2021 to 2030, MATLAB/Simulink is used to create a mathematical model of the recommended system behavior. The results revealed a range of annual hydrogen production from 1713.92 to 1891.12 kg, annual oxygen production from 1199.74 to 1323.78 kg, and annual water consumption from 7139.91 to 7877.29 L. Each kilogram of hydrogen costs $3.79. The results indicate that the optimal location for solar hydrogen production systems might be constructed in the central region of Iraq and in other regions with comparable climatic characteristics, particularly those with high radiation levels.
... Tebibel and Medjebour performed three different experiments using different electrolytes such as water, methanol, and hybrid sulfur, and a grid-connected photovoltaic system powered the PEM cells. The results showed that methanol and hybrid sulfur electrolytes produced 65% and 100% more hydrogen than water-electrolyte (Tebibel and Medjebour, 2018). Mahesh et al. investigated the performance of 5 wt % and 10 wt % palladium (Pd) on activated carbon as cathodic catalysts in a 10 cm 2 PEM water electrolyzer single cell at different operating temperatures, which affected hydrogen production (Naga Mahesh et al., 2009). ...
... Deionized water and methanol show the best performance, with methanol performing better at higher current densities (the box is in a higher current density range); however, deionized water covers a wider current density range. This finding was also confirmed by a study (Tebibel and Medjebour, 2018), in which methanol performs better than other anolyte types. The 0.1 mol of H 2 SO 4 has the worst performance among the catholyte types. ...
... This data analysis process provides essential information on the best materials to achieve the best performance. The materials with the highest activation found by the data analysis have excellent electrochemical properties compared to the other materials in the dataset, which is also consistent with the findings of other studies that have investigated the electrochemical properties of these materials (Tebibel and Medjebour, 2018;Günay et al., 2022;Laedre et al., 2017;Mališ et al., 2016). Consequently, the ANN model also can be seen that it has the smallest error value, which is the best performance among the machinelearning models in our research. ...
This paper presents two systematic machine learning (ML) approaches for predicting the hydrogen production rate and cell current density for proton exchange membrane electrolyzer cells (PEMEC) as a function of different design parameters. Management of the hydrogen production rate and current density remains an important research topic for many technologies, including PEM water electrolysis cells, which are the focus of this study; therefore, two applications of ML were proposed to simulate the hydrogen production rate and current density for PEMEC. In this study, five different ML models were trained and tested for each simulation i.e., artificial neural networks, polynomial regression, support vector machine regressor, K-nearest neighbor regressor, and decision tree regressor, using 15 different input parameters and single output parameters. Box and whisker data analysis was applied to obtain the highest activation materials for the current density in the dataset. The box whisker plots revealed that Nafion115 and Nafion117 for the membrane type, titanium for the electrode type (cathode and anode), platinum (Pt) as the cathode catalyst, Pt and ruthenium as anode catalysts, and deionized water and methanol as the electrolyte (catholyte and anolyte) were the highest activation materials for current density. The performance comparison of the ML models was given by calculating the mean absolute error for the training and test data for each model. For both simulations, the ANN model showed the best performance, with a mean absolute error of 5.0006 for training and 6.4383 for testing for hydrogen production simulation, and 0.03819 for training and 0.04036 for testing for the current density simulation. Both applications have minimal error values, which means that the proposed methods simulate the real PEM cell performance well. This study paves the way for a significant method to reduce the cost, effort, and time required to fabricate PEMEC.
