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Schematic representation of CA modified bentonite (a) and MO adsorbed, CA modified bentonite (b), after equilibrium, a snapshot of the adsorption system (Note: C = grey, N = blue, H = white, O = red, Si = yellow, Al = pink, Mg = green for all species).
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This work reports the formation of a novel adsorbent, prepared by activating bentonite with cinnamic acid, which is highly efficient to remove dyes from wastewater. The adsorption efficiency of the cinnamic acid activated bentonite was compared with unmodified bentonite by removing methyl orange and rhodamine-B from polluted water. The characteriza...
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... Water pollution has become a major problem of the world and it is caused by the daily activities of humans, the usage of organic dyes and industrial effluents (Chaudhry and Malik 2017;Haseena 2017). According to careful estimation, 20% of dyes used in the textile industry each year, including Thymol blue, Rhodamine blue, Indigo Red, Victoria blue, MB and Eriochrome etc. are released in wastewater (Jabbar and Graimed 2022;Al-Nuaim et al. 2023;Villar et al. 2022;Mutahir et al. 2022). The production of crops is abolished by water pollution; viruses, bacteria and parasites are affecting both human and aquatic life (Haseena 2017;Antony et al. 2021).Therefore, a sufficient method is necessary for the purification of contaminated water (Azimi et al. 2017). ...
This study reports the simple synthesis of pure and La-doped (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%) WO3 nanoparticles (NPs) for the degradation of MB dye. The UV–Vis, XRD, FTIR, SEM and PL techniques have been utilized for the evaluation of prepared samples. The photo catalytic activity of these synthesized samples has been observed for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in the presence of visible light via photo catalysts (WO3, La-WO3) NPs. Additionally, the suppression of the band gap from 2.81 to 2.23 eV along photo generated electron–hole pair has been demonstrated by UV visible and PL spectroscopy respectively. The crystalline size of 4% La-WO3, reduced from 30 to 11 nm as compared to pure WO3. FTIR spectroscopy analysis reveals the synthesized material is composed of tungsten and oxygen. However, in the presence of visible light, the optimal 4% La-doped WO3 NPs’ are capable of degrade methylene blue (MB) to 94% within 180 min. To test the stability of the optimized catalyst, reusability and trapping tests have been conducted. The correlation between the theoretical model and the experiments has also been performed using the COMSOL Multiphysics module 5.3a.
... Predicting the processes of chemical reactions and figuring out the stability of the ensuing intermolecular partners, particularly hydrogen-bonded complexes, depending on the knowledge of the reactivity of compounds in both their ground state and excited state [55]. These discoveries are crucial for establishing the isolated molecule approximation in quantum chemistry, which is currently widely applied to the investigation of numerous spectroscopic issues and compounds [56]. ...
In this study, a new adsorbent, mulberry wood waste biochar modified with cinnamic acid (CA-MWB), is generated to capture the methylene blue dye (MB) from an aqueous solution. The synthesized material was characterized using a variety of physicochemical methods, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and several parameters, including initial concentration, contact time, pH, and adsorbent dosage, were examined. Initial concentration (100 mg/L), adsorbent dose (0.15 g), pH 9, and contact duration 120 min were the settings that worked best. According to model fitting findings, the Temkin isotherm (R² = 0.93813) and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R² = 0.9978) both properly represent the adsorption process, showing that the adsorption mechanism was chemisorption and monolayer contact, respectively. The biochar treated with cinnamic acid has effective adsorption properties for removing methylene blue (95%). The electrostatic attraction was discovered to be the main factor in the hybrid system through density functional theory (DFT) analyses of the interfacial interaction between cinnamic acid and the surface of biochar. The adsorption mechanism was shown graphically by the molecule electrostatic potential interaction diagram. These results provide a fresh window for scholars to comprehend adsorption behavior.
... 5,19 For the removal of organic dyes, there are many adsorbent materials reported in Reference 20. Traditional adsorption includes agro-industrial waste, 21,22 activated carbon, [23][24][25][26] zeolites, 27 chitosan, 28 bentonite, 29 bio adsorbent, 30,31 and layered double hydroxides (LDH). 32 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based composites have gained great attention in recent years for the adsorption of organic impurities. ...
The development of highly efficient and cost‐effective materials for water treatment is paramount and the preparation of metal–organic framework‐derived layer double hydroxide (MOF‐LDH) is an area of great interest. In this study, an innovative adsorbent material zeolitic imidazole framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) derived ZnCo layered double hydroxides was prepared by in situ growth for the adsorption of cationic methylene blue (MB) dye from wastewater. Analytical tools such as FTIR, SEM, and XRD were used to characterize the composite material. Different adsorption parameters like initial dye concentration, pH, temperature, contact time, adsorption mechanisms, and density functional theory (DFT) mechanisms were studied which showed that the derived material significantly enhanced the adsorption capacity which was 502.51 mg/g at pH 11. DFT analyses suggested that MB possessed interaction sites favorable to adsorbent material. The adsorption kinetic model showed that pseudo‐second‐order had a good correlation coefficient (R² = 0.99983) value proposing the chemisorption adsorption phenomenon. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models are well fitted in experimental data as both have good correlation coefficient (R² = 0.99771) and (R² = 0.99856) values respectively but the best fit of the adsorption isotherm data was achieved with the Freundlich model, indicating multilayer adsorption characteristics. The experimental and theoretical analyses demonstrated that the fabricated adsorbent is a highly efficient material for the adsorption of organic pollutants from an aqueous medium.
... The d-spacing of both materials was calculated using Bragg's equation at a peak position of 26.37 • for bentonite and 26.14 • for bentonite-SB. This shift in the diffraction angle is due to the change in the basel space from 3.377 for unmodified to 3.406 for Schiff base modified, confirming that the immobilization of the ligand successfully occurred [36]. same diffraction for bentonite-SB, but it is feeble, which is the sign of preferred orientation, showing the insertion of SB into the layers of bentonite. ...
... The d-spacing of both materials was calculated using Bragg's equation at a peak position of 26.37° for bentonite and 26.14° for bentonite-SB. This shift in the diffraction angle is due to the change in the basel space from 3.377 for unmodified to 3.406 for Schiff base modified, confirming that the immobilization of the ligand successfully occurred [36]. ...
A new bentonite clay composite was synthesized by modifying bentonite clay and Schiff base (SB). The purpose of the composite was to eliminate methylene blue (MB) from wastewater. To characterize its efficacy, several spectroscopic techniques (UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, and XRD) were used. The interactions between the adsorbent dose, pH, initial dye concentration, and contact duration were also tested to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent. The results demonstrated that changes in the modification led to a considerable increase in adsorption capacity, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 258 mg/g being achieved at pH 11. Based on the batch experiments, molecular dynamics simulations, and DFT studies, the pseudo-second-order model described the sorption of MB on the bentonite clay composite the best. It was found that the adsorption of MB on the bentonite clay composite primarily followed a monolayer adsorption mechanism. Using the Langmuir isotherm model, the experimental results were consistent, indicating the monolayer adsorption mechanism. Finally, this study demonstrated that the bentonite-SB adsorbent had enormous promise for the elimination of methylene blue (MB) from wastewaters, as evidenced by the electron density mapping within the molecular electrostatic potential plot and the electrostatic potential graphing within the iso-surface plot.
... The azo dye wastewater is chemically inert, complex in composition, and highly colored [7,8]. The flow of highly colored dye wastewater into ecological watersheds will reduce the and HMs on clay mineral-biochar composites remains unclear [27,32,34]. In addition, the recovery methods of the adsorbents after use have not been focused on. ...
The application of the adsorption method in sewage treatment has recently become a hot spot. A novel magnetic clay-biochar composite (BNT-MBC) was fabricated by co-pyrolysis of bentonite and biomass after being impregnated with Fe (NO3)3·9H2O. Its adsorption capacity for Cd(II) and methyl orange was approximately doubled, reaching a maximum of 26.22 and 63.34 mg/g, and could be easily separated from the solution by using external magnets with its saturation magnetization of 9.71 emu/g. A series of characterizations including surface morphology and pore structure, elemental analysis, functional group analysis and graphitization were carried out, showing that the specific surface area was increased 50 times by loading 20 wt.% bentonite, while its graphitization and oxygen-containing functional groups were also enhanced. The isotherm fitting indicated that Cd(II) was adsorbed in multiple layers, while methyl orange was in both monolayer and multilayer adsorptions. The kinetic fitting indicated that chemisorption was the rate-limiting step of both, and it was also a complex process controlled by two steps with the fitting of intra-particle diffusion. In the binary system of Cd(II) and methyl orange, the co-existing pollutants facilitated the adsorption of the original one, and there was no competition between adsorption sites of Cd(II) and methyl orange. BNT-MBC also exhibited good reusability and can be magnetically recovered for recycling. Thus, the magnetic clay-biochar composite BNT-MBC is a cost-effective and promising adsorbent for simultaneous removing Cd(II) and methyl orange from wastewater.
... Therefore, chemists have continuously sought out novel materials exhibiting extraordinarily high adsorption efficiency. Bentonite, fly ash, silica, carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, charcoal, biochar, clay, agricultural wastes, industrial solid wastes, and grafted polymer are only a few of the many materials recorded in the literature as being effective at removing dangerous chemicals from water [11][12][13][14][15]. ...
Organic dyes with enduring colors which are malodorous are a significant source of environmental deterioration due to their virulent effects on aquatic life and lethal carcinogenic effects on living organisms. In this study, the adsorption of methyl green (MG), a cationic dye, was achieved by using ZIF-67, which has been deemed an effective adsorbent for the removal of contaminants from wastewater. The characterization of ZIF-67 was done by FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis. The adsorption mechanism and characteristics were investigated with the help of control batch experiments and theoretical studies. The systematical kinetic studies and isotherms were sanctioned with a pseudo-second-order model and a Langmuir model (R2 = 0.9951), confirming the chemisorption and monolayer interaction process, respectively. The maximum removal capacities of ZIF-67 for MG was 96% at pH = 11 and T = 25 °C. DFT calculations were done to predict the active sites in MG by molecular electrostatic potential (MEP). Furthermore, both Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations were also used to study the adsorption mechanism.
Developing efficient adsorbents for the removal of organic dyes from aqueous solutions is highly desirable due to the severe environmental and human safety concerns associated with dye-contaminated wastewater. Herein, we...
