Figure - available from: International Journal of Antennas and Propagation
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Schematic of the textile-based (a) dipole and (b) loop antenna. (c) The Bernina 720 sewing machine tool used for sewing the radiating element structures in the form of embroidered pattern over the denim-cotton fabric. Fabricated prototype of the textile (d) dipole and (e) loop antenna.
Source publication
This paper presents two compact textile-based planar dipole and loop antennas for wearable communication applications operating in the 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical radio (ISM) bands. The antennas were fabricated on a 0.44 mm thin camouflaged-military print, cotton jean cloth using conductive copper threads, and sewing embroidery tech...
Citations
... Examples include wireless vital signs monitoring, electrocardiogram (ECG) telemetry, glucose monitoring, and drug delivery systems. Each application imposes unique requirements on antenna design and integration, highlighting the versatility and importance of wearable antennas in modern healthcare [23]. ...
Wearable antennas are increasingly vital in modern healthcare, facilitating continuous monitoring and communication for medical purposes. These antennas are integrated into wearable devices, allowing for the transmission and reception of vital health data, such as heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure, to medical professionals or monitoring systems in real time. This instantaneous data transmission enables timely interventions, thus improving the quality of healthcare services. This review aims to comprehensively synthesize recent research from reputable databases, focusing on the functionality and effectiveness of wearable antennas in medical applications. The primary objectives of each study were categorized, including antenna design and integration, the performance of medical wearable antenna technology, safety considerations in wearable antenna biomedicine, and the use of antennas in clinical applications and their impact. This synthesis provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners aiming to develop and deploy wearable antennas in medical settings, ultimately enhancing healthcare delivery and patient outcomes.
... Overall, the performance of the fabricated embroidered textile antennas was found suitable for various wearable body-centric applications in indoor environments. [21] Ideal dipole antennas are desirable for antenna calibration. However, real-world implementation issues introduce inevitable nonideal effects that can significantly affect the quality of calibration. ...
Dipole antennas, fundamental components in wireless communication systems, have garnered significant attention due to their versatility and efficiency across various applications. This literature review explores the performance analysis of dipole antennas, focusing on recent advancements and methodologies from 2019 to 2024. Employing a systematic approach, the review synthesizes findings from multiple databases, emphasizing peer-reviewed studies that delve into dipole antenna designs and applications. Through meticulous data extraction, key parameters influencing dipole antenna performance, such as material properties and operating frequency, are identified and analyzed. Results highlight the widespread utilization of dipole antennas in wireless communication systems, including indoor positioning, mobile communication, and antenna calibration, among others. Discussions underscore the evolution of dipole antennas in base station environments and their role in filtering applications. The review concludes by emphasizing the continued relevance and evolution of dipole antennas, showcasing their adaptability and potential across diverse wireless communication contexts.
... However, these antennas [6]- [9] are more complex in terms of design and fabrication. The antennas presented in [10]- [17] offer dual bands for wearable IoT applications. However, this design does cover the 5G sub-6 GHz band. ...
... The overall performance verified the use of antennas for on body and free space communication. 99 Kumar developed a co-planar waveguide fed textile antenna for wearable application. The logo shaped antenna was embroidered on denim fabric which was coated with Teflon to make it waterproof and reduce the environmental impacts. ...
... However, they still grapple with certain limitations. For instance, textile-based 94 UHF RFID tag antenna El 23 UWB antenna Moradi(2020) 95 Huang and Boyle (2008) 17 Agu et al. (2022) 96 Truong (2021) 97 Dipole antenna 28 Triangular antenna Kaufmann and Fumeaux (2013) 98 Half mode Cavity antenna Varma et al. (2021) 99 Dipole and loop antenna Kumar and Shanmuganantham (2018) 100 co-planar waveguide fed textile antenna Davor (2021) 102 planar inverted-F antenna Ramya et al. (2021) 103 Micro strip patch antenna Frydrysiak (2022) 104 Flat antenna El 105 Monopole antenna Kapetanakis et al. (2021) 106 Bow tie Cui et al. (2022) 107 Cavity Antenna antennas lack the longevity, dimensional stability, and washing resilience exhibited by their metallic counterparts. Consequently, further research is warranted in this domain. ...
... However, they still grapple with certain limitations. For instance, textile-based 94 UHF RFID tag antenna El 23 UWB antenna Moradi(2020) 95 Huang and Boyle (2008) 17 Agu et al. (2022) 96 Truong (2021) 97 Dipole antenna 28 Triangular antenna Kaufmann and Fumeaux (2013) 98 Half mode Cavity antenna Varma et al. (2021) 99 Dipole and loop antenna Kumar and Shanmuganantham (2018) 100 co-planar waveguide fed textile antenna Davor (2021) 102 planar inverted-F antenna Ramya et al. (2021) 103 Micro strip patch antenna Frydrysiak (2022) 104 Flat antenna El 105 Monopole antenna Kapetanakis et al. (2021) 106 Bow tie Cui et al. (2022) 107 Cavity Antenna antennas lack the longevity, dimensional stability, and washing resilience exhibited by their metallic counterparts. Consequently, further research is warranted in this domain. ...
An antenna is a medium of communication in electronic systems and one of its branches is known as wearable antenna (embedded in clothing or other wearables). Antennas are found in a wide range of applications such as medical, military, sports, safety, fitness, satellite communication etc. Textile based antennas are considered a replacement of conventional communication systems in E-textiles as they are more flexible and comfortable as compared to their metallic counterparts and more efficient than transmission wires. Electronic wiring which is commonly used for data transmission is susceptible to damage because of bending or stretching in wearables and may cause interferences between signals and time delays. One of the most significant advantages of wearable antennas is the reduction of bulk of electronic components as they can act as a sensor and communicator at a time. The cost can also be reduced this way. The current work focuses on the review of different manufacturing techniques for wearable antennas. The scope of this review is to highlight main techniques, their advantages and limitations in comparison with each other as well as to describe the available solutions of associated problems. The findings of this review could be fruitful for researchers to find out the best manufacturing technique for antennas in their perspective.
Visual Abstract
... Internet of Things (IoT) is a new significant technique that enhances workability and increases the demand for communications among different devices. Medical devices use IoT in many applications to make data transfer more accessible and accurate [18][19][20]. ...
... Internet of Things (IoT) is a new significant technique that enhances workability and increases the demand for communications among different devices. Medical devices use IoT in many applications to make data transfer more accessible and accurate [18][19][20]. ...
A microstrip patch antenna of red cross bag shape is designed, simulated, and fabricated. The antenna is designed to work at 5.8 GHz for on-body applications. Small size, low specific absorption rate, and high front to back ratio with a low-profile design are achieved. The measured frequency is 5.878 GHz with 25 mm as the largest dimension used, and the matching impedance is −47.06 dB. Other parameters are recorded from the simulator such as front-to-back ratio which is 37.37 dB and a specific absorption rate of 0.0984 W/kg in 10 gm. Finally, this work is compared with a compact dual-band antenna with paired L-shape slots, a watchstrap integrated wideband antenna, and a dual-band AMC-based MIMO antenna. The proposed red cross bag antenna overcomes the mentioned works in terms of small size, high front-to-back ratio, and low specific absorption rate.
... The radiation pattern measurements are also reported in this work for free space and on-body scenarios. 15 Mallavarapu and Lokam discusses the design and analysis of wearable antennas for wireless communication systems. The proposed wearable antenna is tested for return loss, gain, and efficiency under different bending curvatures and proves to be robust and reliable. ...
This paper proposes a design of a compact jeans textile wearable antenna with miniaturized structure. This textile antenna is designed for wireless broadband applications. This antenna is resonating at 3.4 GHz. This antenna is designed using FR-4, Jeans and Denim as a substrate. The shaft shape is mounted on three different substrates (FR4, denim, and jeans), and the antenna is designed, simulated, and the parameters are analyzed. In the proposed design, textile material (Jeans, Denim) is used as a substrate and copper is used to make ground & patch. The textile material is used because it is wearable, washable, very economical, and flexible. The simulated antenna parameters like bandwidth, return loss, radiation pattern, gain and efficiency are presented. The overall size of the antenna is 30 × 30 mm². Due to its small size, the proposed antenna may have practical applications in the smart wearable textile fields.
... This project focuses on the field of WiFi technology used to design antennas with minimal visual impact and good integration with the environment. The design of antennas adapted to the environment allows them to take advantage of the occupied surface, allowing their integration into elements of the sectors such as wearable textiles [37], automotives [38], aeronautics [39], the military [40], and rural areas [41]. ...
The United Nations Organization established 17 sustainable development goals in 2015, including No Poverty, Good Health and Well-Being, Quality Education, Reduced Inequalities, and Responsible Consumption and Production. Latin America stands out as a region marked by significant levels of inequality, encompassing disparities in income and inadequate social protection. The rural municipality of Mecayapan in the Selvas region of Veracruz state, Mexico, is a community where these issues are prominently present. Another specific challenge that exacerbates the situation is the absence of connectivity, which hinders the utilization of technological advancements in three fundamental areas: health, education, and the economy. The project began with a thorough evaluation of the geographical, social, economic, cultural, educational, and health factors within the region. Following this, the network design and implementation phase was executed, considering the available resources, prioritizing recycled materials, and utilizing simulations when required. The subsequent step involved deploying the network in a prioritized manner, utilizing strategic management approaches. To assess the impact of this implementation, a qualitative descriptive study was conducted. This likely entailed the collection of data through interviews, observations, or surveys to gain comprehensive insights into how the WiFi network influenced the community. Results indicate that the implementation of a long-distance WiFi network with wide, open-access coverage in Mecayapan will yield favorable outcomes in terms of social inclusion, poverty reduction, and the overall enhancement of residents’ quality of life. By leveraging technological advancements and promoting connectivity, the WiFi network can contribute to long-term sustainability by fostering economic development, enabling access to educational resources, facilitating communication and networking opportunities, and promoting sustainable practices in various sectors.
... It is realized that the patterns are strongly influenced by the human subject and became more directional compared to the free space. 16 Human phantom and its properties are specified in the above section. The entire absorbed power and SAR can be estimated as ...
Wearable Wireless Body Sensor Networks (W‐WBSNs) are the best substitute for traditional healthcare systems by effectively monitoring patients within or remotely from the hospitals. Quite a few tiny sensors linked with one another on the body can efficiently observe the functional status of the human body. The paper introduces a new triple‐band step‐shaped Sierpinski fractal wearable antenna with a Hilbert fractal slot on the partial ground for W‐WBSN applications. It comprises the step‐shaped Sierpinski fractal radiator, situated on the upper side, and a partial ground placed on the lower side of the substrate. A partial ground with a Hilbert fractal slot is used to achieve a compact wearable antenna with improved bandwidth and electromagnetic exposure rate characteristics. The antenna is constructed using a flexible Jeans substrate (permittivity 1.7, loss tangent 0.025) of size 60 × 60 mm² with a thickness of 2.5 mm as it is a potential candidate. It demonstrates an impedance bandwidth of 6%, 7%, and 10.1%, a gain of 2.57 dBi, 3.608 dBi, and 4.19 dBi, the radiation efficiency of 54.19%, 52.5%, and 54.8% at 3.3 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.8 GHz correspondingly in free space. Also, the peak SAR value of 0.64 W/kg, 0.46 W/kg, and 1.17 W/kg at 3.3 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.8 GHz correspondingly, for 10 g of an average human tissue. The compact, flexible low SAR makes the anticipated antenna a superior contender for wireless wearable network applications.
... Antennas for wearable applications are receiving more attention due to the increasing presence of wireless devices for health and sports tracking, including flexible [19,20] and textile [21] based solutions. Two solutions for earphone integration are presented in [22,23]: one with a chip antenna and another with a wideband loop antenna. ...
This paper presents a very low-profile on-ground chip antenna with a total volume of 0.075λ0× 0.056λ0× 0.019λ0 (at f0 = 2.4 GHz). The proposed design is a corrugated (accordion-like) planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) embedded in low-loss glass ceramic material (DuPont GreenTape 9k7 with ϵr = 7.1 and tanδ = 0.0009) fabricated with LTCC technology. The antenna does not require a clearance area on the ground plane where the antenna is located, and it is proposed for 2.4 GHz IoT applications for extreme size-limited devices. It shows a 25 MHz impedance bandwidth (for S11 < −6 dB), which means a relative bandwidth of 1%). A study in terms of matching and total efficiency is performed for several size ground planes with the antenna installed at different positions. The use of characteristic modes analysis (CMA) and the correlation between modal and total radiated fields is performed to demonstrate the optimum position of the antenna. Results show high-frequency stability and a total efficiency difference of up to 5.3 dB if the antenna is not placed at the optimum position.
