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... schematic of the synthesis process is shown in Fig. 1 to signify the method of modifying the as-synthesized active materials with PANI clearly. Firstly, 1 g SL sample with 0.3 g lauryl sodium sulfate (SDS) were ultrasonically dispersed into 100 ml distilled deionized water together and stirred at the room temperature to make it to be a suspension solution. Then, the distilled aniline ...
Citations
... The degradation and failure of cathode materials in LIB are multiscale, and it is hard to predict the electrochemical behavior. Elemental doping and surface modification are the main strategies to suppress cation mixing and improve interfacial stability [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Doping with cation (Mg 2+ , Al 3+ , Cr 3+ , Ti 4+ , etc.) and anion (F − ) could effectively lower the cation mixing and enhance the structural stability of the layered oxide cathode [14][15][16][17]. ...
... Elemental doping and surface modification are the main strategies to suppress cation mixing and improve interfacial stability [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Doping with cation (Mg 2+ , Al 3+ , Cr 3+ , Ti 4+ , etc.) and anion (F − ) could effectively lower the cation mixing and enhance the structural stability of the layered oxide cathode [14][15][16][17]. In contrast to doping, surface coatings with oxide, phosphate, fluoride, conducting polymer, etc., act as covering barriers on the surface of the cathode to protect it from side reactions [18][19][20][21][22]. ...
This study investigates the use of lanthanide elements to modify a layered oxide cathode through solid-state calcination. Based on the findings, the modified cathodes demonstrated enhanced electrochemical performance, as lanthanide modification played dual roles in doping and coating. Some lanthanide ions entered the cathode lattice, expanding Li⁺ diffusion channels and stabilizing the crystal structure, while others formed a coating layer to prevent direct contact with the electrolyte and suppress undesirable side reactions. The Eu-modified cathode showed superior initial Coulombic efficiency, capacity retention, and rate ability, which can be attributed to the low dissociation energy that accelerated Eu ion entry into the cathode lattice, improving its structural stability. The Eu-modified LNCM increased Coulombic efficiency from 81.9 to 88.9%. More importantly, the data show that the modified electrode has better magnification performance and it is more stable after several cycles. This research provides new insights into the use of lanthanide modification to improve the performance of oxide cathodes, which could potentially be applied to other battery systems.
... As is shown in Fig. 2, the absorption peak of the PANI at 1,573 and 1,472 cm −1 , obtained via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, belonged to the C = C stretching vibration of the quinone structure and benzene structure in the PANI, respectively, while an absorption peak of C-N stretching vibration on the aromatic amine, appearing at 1,295 cm −1 and a characteristic peak of C-H bending vibration in the quinone ring, appeared at 1,113 cm −1 [26,[31][32][33][34]. Interestingly, in terms of the LRNCM@PANI sample, the vibration peak of the quinone ring shifted to a higher position (1,665 cm −1 ), which may have been due to the complex interaction between the PANI and the transition metal oxides, and is consistent with the phenomenon reported by Xue [26]. ...
In the field of electrochemistry, Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 (LRNCM) has become the research hotspot and of the cutting edge among lithium (Li)–rich cathode materials due to its favorable specific discharge capacity. However, the material involves various shortcomings, including structural transformation, poor cycling, and poor rate properties, which are hindering its commercialization. This work examined a wet-coating modification of the Li-rich manganese (Mn)–based cathode material using polyaniline (PANI), a material that exhibits superior electronic conductivity and is beneficial to the migration of electrons. A thin PANI-modified layer, functioning as a physical boundary, protects the cathode material from hydrofluoric acid corrosion and can effectively promote the transmission of electrons. It was found that the structural stability and the electrochemical property of the cathode were enhanced, with the LRNCM@PANI demonstrating an excellent cycling performance and an 82% capacity retention for 100 cycles (2.0–4.8 V, 0.2 C). The specific discharge capacity of the material coated with 1%PANI was around 36.9 mAh g⁻¹ higher than the uncoated electrode at 5 C. Overall, the results indicated that PANI coating is a remarkable means of enhancing the structural stability and electrochemical properties of Li-rich Mn-based cathode electrodes.
... Penelitian mengenai polimer konduktif Polianilin (PANI) beberapa tahun terakhir menjadi topik yang sangat menarik, karena potensi aplikasi yang menjanjikan. Beberapa penelitian PANI terkait aplikasi antara lain sebagai sensor gas (Fratoddi, 2015), komposisi bahan batrai lithium (Wang, 2015), dan superkapasitor (Kim, 2014). Polimer pada dasarnya bersifat insulator. ...
Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui (1) pengaruh penambahan Fe3O4 terhadap mikrostruktur pada PANI/Ag/Fe3O4 (2) pengaruh Fe3O4 terhadap konduktivitas film PANI/Ag-Fe3O4 (3) pengaruh Fe3O4 terhadap sifat magneto elektrik PANI/Ag/Fe3O4 (4) pengaruh Fe3O4 terhadap sifat elektro optik PANI-Ag-Fe3O4. Nanokomposit PANI-Ag-Fe3O4 telah diteliti sebagai aplikasi devais elektronik, dimana PANI menjadi pilihan karena ramah lingkungan, stabil dan potensi aplikasi yang menjanjikan. Dalam penelitian ini PANI berperan sebagai matriks, Ag sebagai katalis meningkatkan konduktivitas PANI dan Fe3O4 sebagai pengaruh sifat kemagnetan. PANI/Ag/Fe3O4 disintesis menggunakan metode polimerasi kimia untuk menambahkan doping Ag pada PANI dan metode kopresipitasi pada Fe3O4 untuk variasi komposit pada PANI. Gugus fungsi dari sampel yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, kristalinitas dan fase yang terbentuk hasil karakterisasi XRD, mikrostrutur sampel hasil karakterisasi dari SEM. Konduktivitas PANI/Ag/Fe3O4 diketahui dari pengukuran 4 probe sedangkan sifat magneto elektrik dan elektro optik merupakan pengembangan dari konduktivitas sebanding dengan medan magnet dan intensitas cahaya yang diberikan pada sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat fase Fe2O3 akibat Fe3O4 teroksidasi saat protonasi AgNO3 pada perlakuan sonikasi. Doping Ag meningkatkan konduktivitas namun seiring penambahan Fe3O4 ditingkatkan dan medan magnet yang diterapkan menyebabkan sifat magneto elektrik menurun dari 20.414-2.42 S/cm. Fe3O4 tidak mempengaruhi pembentukan struktur kristal tetapi mempengaruhi mikrostruktur dari sampel PANI/Ag/Fe3O4. Sifat elektro optik mengalami peningkatan seiring intensitas cahaya yang diberikan berkisar 20.414 S/cm sampai 31.84 S/cm.
... Hydrometallurgy is the favored technology for recycling (Gao et al. 2018) compared to pyrometallurgical processes, because it offers advantages such as low energy consumption and high recovery of valuable components with high purity (Meshram et al. 2020;Shih et al. 2019;Li et al. 2015). The batteries are pretreated using various techniques such as discharging, dismantling, crushing and sieving (Vieceli et al. 2018;Wang et al. 2015). ...
... Aluminum and copper come from the cathode and anode foils, respectively (He et al. 2015;Wood et al. 2018) due to cavitation during ultrasonic washing. Aluminum may also come from the LiNi x Co y Al 1-x-y O 2 CAM (Wang et al. 2015). The presence of phosphorus and fluorine suggest that the electrolyte is lithium hexafluorophospate (LiPF 6 ). ...
... There is no commercial CAM with such composition. As the sample was obtained from a mix of spent LIBs, it is very likely that several CAMs are present in these batteries: LiCoO 2 (LCO), LiNiO 2 (LNO), LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO), LiNi x Co y Al 1-x-y O 2 (NCA) and Li 2 (Ni x Mn y Co z O 2 ) (NMC) (Blomgren, 2017;Ding et al. 2019;Kumar et al. 2014;Myung et al. 2017;Wang et al. 2015). The heterogeneity of the composition of CAMs may lead to a random variation of the composition of the processed active components of a mixture of LIBs. ...
In this study, the recovery of manganese, nickel, cobalt and lithium of electroactive components from spent lithium-ion batteries is described in detail. Experiments were performed in the presence of formic acid as leachant. Temperature, time, acid concentration and solid/liquid ratio were varied. Manganese, nickel and lithium were leached in high yields (> 99 wt.%) at ~ 80 °C for 3 h using 10 mol L−1 formic acid. This acid played the dual role of leachant and reductant for nickel and manganese. However, cobalt was only half leached under these conditions. The insoluble cobalt was rapidly dissolved after adding H2O2 to the leachant. Leached manganese, cobalt and nickel, in this order, were extracted from the leachates with di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid (D2EHPA) (25 °C, A/O = 1 v/v) after adjusting pH of the leachate using lithium carbonate. Stripping was run using 1 mol L−1 H2SO4. Lithium (99.5 wt.%) was recovered as formate, a high-value added byproduct, by careful evaporation of the aqueous final solution, thus reducing generation of final wastes.
... В качестве материалов для изготовления катода коммерчески доступных литий-ионных батарей применяют LiCoO 2 , LiFePO 4 , LiMn 2 O 4 и Li(Ni 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 )O 2 [1]. Вместе с тем, материалы для изготовле-ния катода имеют ряд недостатков, среди которых особое значение имеет относительно низкая проводимость, спад напряжения и короткий срок эксплуатации [1,19]. Модификация полианилином поверхности материала катода литий-ионных батарей способствует увеличению проводимости, а также приросту стабильности и долговечности эксплуатации [1,20]. ...
Aspects of application of nitrogen-containing polyconjugated systems in electronics are considered. It is shown that the use of polyaniline and polypyrrole in the manufacture of structural elements of current sources and supercapacitors has significant prospects for increasing the efficiency of these devices. The fundamental possibility of using polyaniline in the creation of electrochromic displays and photovoltaic cells is shown.
... The conductive coating is widely investigated by numerous researchers to optimize the electronic conductivity and interface stability of various cathodes for LIBs thereby improving cyclability and rate capacity of cathodes [120][121][122][123]. Chung et al. [123] fabricated the NCA/polyaniline composite via insitu polymerization, in which the polyaniline interacts with the NCA particles to form a favorable connective layer that can provide an effective improvement for electronic conductivity. ...
Layered structural LiNixCoyAl1−x−yO2 (NCA, x ≥ 0.8) cathodes have been regarded as one of the most promising cathode candidates for next-generation high-energy density lithium-ion batteries on account of their superior discharge capacity and low cost. Nonetheless, the structural and interfacial instability leads to their poor cyclability and inferior thermal stability, which needs to be urgently addressed prior to their further practical applications. In this review, we give a brief introduction about the degradation mechanism of layered NCA cathodes during charge-discharge processes and summarize proposed performance enhancement strategies, which may contribute to provide important ideas to design and construct integrated layered NCA cathodes for high-energy density lithium-ion batteries.
... Коммерческая LIB использует LiCoO 2 , LiFePO 4 , LiMn 2 O 4 и материалы на основе Li(Ni 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 )O 2 в качестве катодов для LIB. Тем не менее, эти катодные материалы обладают плохой проводимостью, коротким сроком службы и спадом первоначального номинального напряжения [27]. ...
В статье проведен обзор современных методов создания наноструктурированныхкомпозитных материалов, которые используются в системах для накопленияи хранения энергии. Показаны преимущества и недостатки разработанныхметодов и рассмотрены основные принципы функционирования различныхсистем для накопления и хранения энергии. Проведен сравнительный анализэлектрохимических, физических, рабочих характеристик, а также преимуществ инедостатков суперконденсаторов и аккумуляторов. Обсуждены проблемы и вопросыприменения наноматериалов и нанотехнологий в области разработок и созданиясуперконденсаторов, литиевых источников тока и систем хранения водорода. Вработе также приведены результаты исследований авторов статьи по разработке исозданию электродов на основе рисовой шелухи для суперконденсаторов.
... Just like supercapacitors, their electrochemical performances are greatly related with electrode properties. Conventional electrode materials for rechargeable batteries are mainly metal or metallic derivatives, but they usually suffer from poor stability, inferior conductivity, low rate capability and voltage decrease [83]. PANI provides novel feasibility for designing electrodes of rechargeable batteries due to its high flexibility, high electrical conductivity and low-cost synthesis. ...
Conducting polyaniline (PANI) with high conductivity, ease of synthesis, high flexibility, low cost, environmental friendliness and unique redox properties has been extensively applied in electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies including supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries and fuel cells. Pure PANI exhibits inferior stability as supercapacitive electrode, and can not meet the ever-increasing demand for more stable molecular structure, higher power/energy density and more N-active sites. The combination of PANI and other active materials like carbon materials, metal compounds and other conducting polymers (CPs) can make up for these disadvantages as supercapacitive electrode. As for rechargeable batteries and fuel cells, recent research related to PANI mainly focus on PANI modified composite electrodes and supported composite electrocatalysts respectively. In various PANI based composite structures, PANI usually acts as a conductive layer and network, and the resultant PANI based composites with various unique structures have demonstrated superior electrochemical performance in supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries and fuel cells due to the synergistic effect. Additionally, PANI derived N-doped carbon materials also have been widely used as metal-free electrocatalysts for fuel cells, which is also involved in this review. In the end, we give a brief outline of future advances and research directions on PANI.
... Conducting-Polymer Coating: To date, conducting polymers have been studied by many researchers to optimize the function of different cathode materials in LIBs. [148][149][150][151] They can be absolutely effective in promoting the stability of www.advancedsciencenews.com cathode-electrolyte interface structure in nickel-rich layered cathode materials, particularly NCM811. Polypyrrole (PPy) coating on Li[Ni 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 ]O 2 via chemical polymerization method with Iron (III) tosylate and ethanol as the oxidant and solvent, respectively, shows great promise in maximizing its electrochemical performance. ...
As a high‐capacity layered cathode material, Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 (NCM811) has been one of the most felicitous candidates for utilization in the next generation of high‐energy lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Notwithstanding its superiority, there are some issues concerning its cyclability, rate capability, and thermal stability that need to be settled prior to its further practical application. It is believed that upon cycling, chemical, mechanical, and electrochemical stability of the cathode–electrolyte interface plays a key role in resolving these issues. Therefore, all the extensive efforts directed so far toward the optimization of NCM811 electrochemical performance are by some means in connection with the cathode–electrolyte interface. Herein, unique structural and electrochemical characteristics of NCM811 together with in‐depth understanding of its underlying bulk/surface degradation mechanism through cycling are reviewed. More importantly, for the first time, all compatible approaches thus far adopted to perfect the performance of NCM811 are exclusively and scrupulously addressed. Lastly, the most reasonable resolutions to accomplish a robust cathode–electrolyte interface, and consequently impeccable NCM811, along with proposed future research directions are presented.
... D Li ? of H3M is calculated to be 1.13 9 10 -15 cm 2 s -1 , which is higher than that of CPMS (2.02 9 10 -15 cm 2 s -1 ), demonstrating better lithium insertion/extraction kinetics in the H3M electrode. In addition, Table S1 shows the comparison of recently reported literatures on layered/spinel heterostructured Li-rich materials [26][27][28]. Obviously, the addition of iron element may decrease the first discharge capacity. In consideration of the unsatisfactory cycling stability, some strategies should be employed to further stable the crystal structure of the prepared Li-rich material, such as further optimization of other reaction conditions, surface modification, and ion doping. ...
As main electrochemical power sources for portable electronic devices, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) restricted by cathode materials should be further developed for the application in electric vehicles. Despite the restrictions of low Coulombic efficiency and serious voltage fading, high-capacity Li-rich layered oxides with high voltage are still attractive cathode materials for high-energy-density LIBs. Here, spinel-phase skin is in situ generated on Fe-containing Li-rich short nanorods by employing a direct hydrothermal method. The rational design of morphology and structure features is beneficial for the removal and embedding of lithium ions. Two-dimensional nanorod structure can greatly shorten the pathway length of Li-ion diffusion and electron transport, increase the interface area between the electrode and electrolyte, and provide more free space for Li-ion storage and transmission. Large porosity between short nanorods is conducive to the penetration and infiltration of the electrolyte. Moreover, the ultrathin spinel marginal nanolayer (~ 3 nm) can provide 3D diffusion channels for Li⁺ ions transportation due to its fast kinetics. Good electrochemical performances are exhibited by controlling the concentration of lithium source (LiOH·H2O). Owning to this unique structure and morphology design, the prepared compound delivers a high discharge specific capacity of 247.5 mAh g⁻¹ at 20 mA g⁻¹ and a good rate capability. The first Coulombic efficiency and voltage fading issue are also significantly improved. These Li-rich short nanorods with spinel-phase skin are considered promising as cathode materials for LIBs.
