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From the perspective of sustainable development and practical applications, there has been a great need for the design of multifunctional transparent cellulose-based composite films. We herein propose a novel concept of improving the mechanical, fire-resistant and ultraviolet (UV)-blue light shielding properties of cellulose-based composite bioplas...
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... in situ formation of MNPs within MNP@CBPs was confirmed via the results of SEM micrographs, FTIR and XPS spectra. The interaction mechanism between MNPs and cellulose was proposed and presented in Figure 5. Cellulosic material contains a larger number of active sites represented in hydroxyl groups, which offered a good way to interact with Ti of MNPs by complexation. ...
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... Figure 6a,b, the MNP@CHs and MNP@CBPs have a yellow color owing to the existence of MNPs, and the color of MNP@CHs and MNP@CBPs will gradually deepen, which is due to the fact that with the increase in the concentration of reaction reagent, the amount of MNPs formed in the cellulose hydrogel also increases (Supplementary Materials Figure S5). The UV-vis transmittance of the CBP and MNP@CBPs was measured in the wavelength range 200-800 nm. ...
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... This remarkable UVshielding performance was attributed to uniform distribution of MIL-68(In)-NH 2 and the chemical construction of MIL-68(In)-NH 2 . Table S1 shows a comparison of UV-blocking ability and transmittance of M(In)CBP1 with film materials reported in other literatures (Achachlouei and Zahedi 2018;Barman et al. 2021;Wang et al. 2018a, b;Yang et al. 2019a, b, c;Dai et al. 2018;Zhang et al. 2019;Sun Yang et al. 2019a, b, c;Kalusulingam et al. 2021). It indicates that M(In)CBP1 shows the good transmittance and UV-blocking performance compared to other films reported in different studies, covering both the UV-A and UV-B regions. ...
Cellulose-based bioplastics with degrad-ability and remarkable mechanical performance have recently attracted increasing attention. As a high-performance material, cellulose-based bioplastics have a strong potential to replace synthetic plastic substrates in many applications. However, its poor shielding performance to UV light limit its application. In this work, transparent and UV-blocking MIL-68(In)-NH 2 @cellulose bioplastic (M(In)CBP) sheets are fabricated via a featured processing method, i.e., cellulose liquefaction, rapid solidification, in-situ synthesis and hot-press drying. The as-obtained functional bioplastic sheet (M(In)CBP1) exhibits high visible-light transparence (74.7% a 600 nm) and the existence of MIL-68(In)-NH 2 allows superior UV-blocking ability (below 400 nm, transmittance was under 4%). The M(In)CBP sheets show high photo-stability even after continuous UV irradiation (365 nm) for over 12 h. The superior UV-shielding performance is attributed to the uniform distribution and the high UV absorbance of MIL-68(In)-NH 2 in M(In)CBP sheets. High resistance to penetration by aqueous/nonaqueous liquids was proved. Moreover, the M(In)CBP sheets also show excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability. The present work designed a UV-blocking bioplastic constructed from cellulose and MIL-68(In)-NH 2 , which is potential candidates to replace synthetic plastics in many advanced applications such as a UV protection layer for electronic products, or useful as packaging materials to prevent food spoilage. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.
... In recent decades, climate change and environmental pollution caused by human activities have resulted in serious damage to the earth's ozone layer, and the amount of ultraviolet (UV) light reaching the Earth's surface has increased significantly, causing a series of issues, i.e., sunburn, skin cancer, yellowing of paper and discoloration of dyes, and other problems associated with UV light [1][2][3]. For these reasons, emphasis has been given toward the development of UV blocking products, such as visually transparent coating for UV-sensitive materials or UV protective films. ...
While tremendous efforts have been dedicated to developing cellulose-based ultraviolet (UV)-blocking films, challenges still remain in simultaneously achieving high transparency, low haze and excellent UV shielding properties via simple and green strategy. Here, we present a facile and eco-friendly route to fabricate flexible, biodegradable and clear UV-shielding nano-MIL-88A(Fe)@carboxymethylated cellulose films (M(Fe)CCFs) via in situ synthesis of nano-MIL-88A(Fe) in carboxymethylated cellulose hydrogel followed by natural drying. The carboxymethylated cellulose film has high transmittance (93.2%) and low haze (1.8%). The introduction of nano-MIL-88A(Fe) endowed M(Fe)CCFs superior UV-shielding ability, while retaining high transmittance (81.5-85.3%) and low haze (2.5-4.9%). Moreover, M(Fe)CCFs showed stable UV blocking performance under UV irradiation, high temperature, acidic or alkaline conditions. Quite encouragingly, the UV-shielding ability of M(Fe)CCFs did not deteriorate, even after 30 days of immersion in aqueous solution , providing films with a long-term use capacity. Thus, M(Fe)CCFs show high potential in the UV protection field. Overall, these UV-blocking films with outstanding performances are a promising candidate to replace conventional film materials made from synthetic polymers in fields such as packaging and flexible electronics.
... This remarkable UVshielding performance was attributed to uniform distribution of MIL-68(In)-NH 2 and the chemical construction of MIL-68(In)-NH 2 . Table S1 shows a comparison of UV-blocking ability and transmittance of M(In)CBP1 with film materials reported in other literatures (Achachlouei and Zahedi 2018;Barman et al. 2021;Wang et al. 2018a, b;Yang et al. 2019a, b, c;Dai et al. 2018;Zhang et al. 2019;Sun Yang et al. 2019a, b, c;Kalusulingam et al. 2021). It indicates that M(In)CBP1 shows the good transmittance and UV-blocking performance compared to other films reported in different studies, covering both the UV-A and UV-B regions. ...
Cellulose-based bioplastics with degradability and remarkable mechanical performance have recently attracted increasing attention. As a high-performance material, cellulose-based bioplastics have a strong potential to replace synthetic plastic substrates in many applications. However, its poor shielding performance to UV light limit its application. In this work, transparent and UV-blocking MIL-68(In)-NH2@cellulose bioplastic (M(In)CBP) sheets are fabricated via a featured processing method, i.e., cellulose liquefaction, rapid solidification, in-situ synthesis and hot-press drying. The as-obtained functional bioplastic sheet (M(In)CBP1) exhibits high visible-light transparence (74.7% a 600 nm) and the existence of MIL-68(In)-NH2 allows superior UV-blocking ability (below 400 nm, transmittance was under 4%). The M(In)CBP sheets show high photostability even after continuous UV irradiation (365 nm) for over 12 h. The superior UV-shielding performance is attributed to the uniform distribution and the high UV absorbance of MIL-68(In)-NH2 in M(In)CBP sheets. High resistance to penetration by aqueous/nonaqueous liquids was proved. Moreover, the M(In)CBP sheets also show excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability. The present work designed a UV-blocking bioplastic constructed from cellulose and MIL-68(In)-NH2, which is potential candidates to replace synthetic plastics in many advanced applications such as a UV protection layer for electronic products, or useful as packaging materials to prevent food spoilage.
Graphical abstract
... Previously, Rodion Kopitzky [6] studied cost effective bio-based plastic production by blending polylactic acid-polybutyrene with succinate-sugar beet pulp particles. In addition, cellulose-based composite material production was also reported by Sun et al. [7]. They used cellulose powder, which was obtained from filter paper pulp, as raw material for cellulose hydrogel production. ...
In this work, water hyacinths, bagasse and rice straw were valorized to produce an innovative biopolymer. Serial steps of extraction, bleaching and conversion of cellulose to be carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as well as the last steps of blending and molding were performed. The CMC was mixed with tapioca starch solution by a ratio of 9:18, and a plastic sizer of glycerol was varied at 2%, 4% and 6% by volume. In addition, bioplastic sheets were further determined in their properties and biodegradation. The results revealed that bioplastics with 6% glycerol showed a high moisture content of 23% and water solubility was increased by about 47.94% over 24 h. The effect of temperature on bioplastic stability was found in the ranges of 146.28–169.25 °C. Furthermore, bioplastic sheets with 2% glycerol could maintain their shape. Moreover, for texture analysis, the highest elastic texture in the range of 33.74–38.68% with 6% glycerol was used. Moreover, bioplastics were then tested for their biodegradation by landfill method. Under natural conditions, they degraded at about 10.75% by weight over 24 h after burying in 10 cm soil depth. After 144 h, bioplastics were completely decomposed. Successfully, the application of water, weed and agricultural wastes as raw materials to produce innovative bioplastic showed maximum benefits for an environmentally friendly product, which could also be a guideline for an alternative to replace synthetic plastics derived from petroleum.
Anti-blue light films with high transparency and low haze that 7 completely originate from renewable and biodegradable biomass materials for eye 8 protection is a growing trend with great demand in the near future. Therefore, in this 9 study, a natural bioactive ingredient, lutein, was incorporated into the cellulose matrix 10 via a green and facile adsorption strategy to prepare biodegradable ultraviolet (UV) 11 and blue light filters. The lutein/carboxymethylated cellulose films (L-CCFs) 12 displayed high anti-UV capacity, with UV-A and UV-B blocking ratios of 13 52.7%-90.9% and 44.1-85.2%, respectively. The composite films could block 14 83.1-97.8% of blue light in the 400−500 nm region while maintaining high 15 transparency (86.6-89.3%) and low haze (2.1-2.6%). By light absorption, the films 16 can effectively shield blue light emitted by light-emitting diodes, sunshine, lighting 17 systems, mobile phone, and computer screens. Quite encouragingly, the addition of 18 lutein significantly increased the water contact angle from 40.1 to 70.5°and the 19 composite films have excellent liquid barrier properties. Meanwhile, these films 20 exhibit higher light stability than lutein powders, thus greatly extending the service 21 life of the film as a blue light shielding material. Moreover, the films have excellent 22 mechanical strength (>110 MPa) and biodegradability. These films prepared entirely 23 from natural resources offer great application value in the fields of electronic screen 24 films and spectacle lenses.
The use of fillers has become a common approach of improving the performance of polymer composites. In this study, the photooxidation activity and radiation absorption phenomena of silica, cellulose and carbon black, which differ in morphology (shape, particle size), structure, coloration and degree of dispersion, were investigated. Ethylene-norbornene copolymer was selected as the polymer matrix because it is an ideal transparent medium for studying aging processes. Samples were subjected to accelerated UV (340 nm) and solar (315–1400 nm) aging tests in special chambers for 300, 500, 700 and 900 h. The obtained results demonstrated that composite filled with carbon black exhibited the highest photostability and retained its functional properties; after 900 h of exposure to radiation, its aging factor value was still close to 1. It was observed that carbon black limits the penetration of radiation by absorbing it. Moreover, its role against photooxidation can be considered in terms of antioxidant activity, probably through the catalytic decomposition of peroxides and reaction with free radicals. Completely different aging behavior was noted for composites containing silica and cellulose, which lost their performance properties. This could be related to their weaker dispersion in the polymer matrix and greater susceptibility to the oxidation process, which was confirmed by FTIR analysis.
The production and utilization of plastics may prove beneficial, but the environmental impact suggests the opposite. The single-use plastics (SUP) and conventional plastics are harmful to the environment and need prompt disposal. Bioplastics are increasingly being considered as a viable alternative to conventional plastics due to their potential to alleviate environmental concerns such as greenhouse gas emissions and pollution. However, the previous reviews revealed a lack of consistency in the methodologies used in the Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs), making it difficult to compare the results across studies. The current study provides a systematic review of LCAs that assess the environmental impact of bioplastics. The different mechanical characteristics of bio plastics, like tensile strength, Young's modulus, flexural modulus, and elongation at break are reviewed which suggest that bio plastics are comparatively much better than synthetic plastics. Bioplastics have more efficient mechanical properties compared to synthetic plastics which signifies that bioplastics are more sustainable and reliable than synthetic plastics. The key challenges in bioplastic adoption and production include competition with food production for feedstock, high production costs, uncertainty in end-of-life management, limited biodegradability, lack of standardization, and technical performance limitations. Addressing these challenges requires collaboration among stakeholders to drive innovation, reduce costs, improve end-of-life management, and promote awareness and education. Overall, the study suggests that while bioplastics have the potential to reduce environmental impact, further research is needed to better understand their life cycle and optimize their end-of-life (EoL) management and production to maximize their environmental benefits
Non‐biodegradability and disposal problems are the major challenges associated with synthetic plastic packaging. This review article discusses a new generation of biodegradable active and smart packaging based on porous nanomaterials (PNMs), which maintains the quality and freshness of food products while meeting biodegradability requirements. PNMs have recently gained significant attention in the field of food packaging due to their large surface area, peculiar structures, functional flexibility, and thermal stability. We present for the first time the recently published literature on the incorporation of various PNMs into renewable materials to develop advanced, environmentally friendly, and high‐quality packaging technology. Various emerging packaging technologies are discussed in this review, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, it provides general information about PNMs, their characterization, and fabrication methods. It also briefly describes the effects of different PNMs on the functionality of biopolymeric films. Furthermore, we examined how smart packaging loaded with PNMs can improve food shelf life and reduce food waste. The results indicate that PNMs play a critical role in improving the antimicrobial, thermal, physicochemical, and mechanical properties of natural packaging materials. These tailor‐made materials can simultaneously extend the shelf life of food while reducing plastic usage and food waste.
