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Schematic of the first-order RC model of lithium-ion battery. By defining d o c t V V V   , we can get the transfer function of the first-order RC model as: 

Schematic of the first-order RC model of lithium-ion battery. By defining d o c t V V V   , we can get the transfer function of the first-order RC model as: 

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Online estimation of state variables, including state-of-charge (SOC), state-of-energy (SOE) and state-of-health (SOH) is greatly crucial for the operation safety of lithium-ion battery. In order to improve estimation accuracy of these state variables, a precise battery model needs to be established. As the lithium-ion battery is a nonlinear time-v...

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... this study, the first-order RC model is applied due to its advance in both accuracy and complexity. Schematic of the first-order RC model is shown in Figure 1, where V oc stands for the open circuit voltage, R o is the ohmic resistance, R p and C p are the polarization resistance and polarization capacitance respectively, V t is the terminal voltage, and I L represents load current, which is assumed to be positive during discharging process and negative during charging process. ...

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