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Electroplated nickel coating on cemented carbide is a potential pretreatment technique for providing an interlayer prior to diamond deposition on the hard metal substrate. The electroplated nickel coating is expected to be of high quality, for example, indicated by having adequate thickness and uniformity. Electroplating parameters should be set ac...
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... Further, the thickness of the coating is directly proportional to the duration of plating and it decreases with gap distance. The dependency of these parameters leads to optimizing the electrode gap for maximum coating thickness [19]. The need for a material or coating with higher corrosion resistance and a lesser production cost led researchers to develop a new type of protective coating on metal, adhering to the present strict pollution regulations. ...
The aluminum (Al) alloy AA7075 is widely used in various industries due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, which is comparable and replaceable to steel in many applications. However, it has poor resistance to wear and corrosion compared to other Al alloys. The conventional pressure die coating with Cr and cadmium has led to premature failure while the load is applied. It is indeed to develop a novel coating method to improve the mechanical, wear, and corrosion properties of AA7075 Al alloy. In the present investigation, the binary and ternary metals such as zinc–nickel (Zn–Ni), zinc–cobalt (Zn–Co), and nickel–chromium–cobalt (Ni–Cr–Co) are electroplated on the substrate material (AA7075). In order to ensure optimal coating adhesion, the surface of the substrate material was pre-treated with laser surface treatment (LST). The mechanical and corrosion studies have been carried out on the uncoated and coated materials. It is observed from the findings that the ternary coating has higher wear resistance than the binary-coated material. The ternary coating has 64% higher resistance in the non-heat-treated status and 67% higher resistance in the heat-treated condition compared to the uncoated specimens. The tensile strength (MPa) of Ni–Cr–Co on AA7075 pressure die casting (PDC) is higher than the other deposits (582.24 of Ni–Cr–Co > 566.07 of Zn–Co > 560.05 of Zn–Ni > 553.64 of uncoated condition). The presence of a crystalline structure with the high alignment of Co and Ni atoms could significantly improve the corrosion resistance of Ni–Cr–Co coatings on AA 7075 PDC substrates when compared to binary coatings. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy findings on the coated materials have been corroborated with the analyses on mechanical and corrosion properties. The XRD analysis of the Zn–Ni binary coating has reported that the diffraction peaks of γ-NiZn3 (831), γ -Ni2Zn11 (330), and 631 with 2θ values 38, 43, and 73° are confirming the presence of Zn–Ni binary deposit on AA7075 PDC substrate. The XRD pattern of Zn–Co-coated material has revealed that the presence of three strong peaks such as Zn (110), Co (111), and CoZn (211) and two feeble peaks such as ε-CoZn3 (220) and ε-CoZn3 (301) are clearly visible. The XRD pattern of Ni–Cr–Co ternary coating has exhibited that the Ni–Cr–Co ternary deposit is a solid solution with a body-centered cubic structure due to the formation peaks at lattice plane such as (110), (220), and (210) with a crystal lattice constant of 2.88 A°. The SEM image for both the binary- and ternary-coated materials has exhibited that the deposited surface has displayed many shallow pits due to hitting by progressive particles. The SEM image has illustrated the presence of Zn–Ni atoms with smaller globular structure. The surface morphology of binary Zn–Co coating on the PDC AA7075 substrate has unveiled the evenly distributed dot-like structure and submerged Co particles in the galaxy of Zn atoms. To understand the effectiveness of bonding by laser texturing, cross-section SEM has been carried out which furthermore revealed the effective adhesion of Ni–Cr–Co on AA7075 PDC; this could also be the reason for the enhancement of microhardness, wear, and corrosion resistance of the said coating.
... On the calculation, the accepted duration ranges from 5 to 10 minutes. This result is validated by other research that a quantitative analysis of nickel electroplating on the metal surface shows the increase in thickness in the linear pattern by the additional time of electrolysis duration (Wahab, Noordin, Izman, & Kurniawan, 2013). Another previous research also shows the same phenomenon on parameter optimization of electroplating nickel chrome. ...
... It is also stated by the previous research on nickel plating electrodeposition by clearly mentioning that duration increases the add-on weight (nickel thickness) and percentage gradually (Babu, Ariharashudan, Chandrasekaran, & Arunraj, 2018). Another previous research related to the quantitative analysis of nickel coating electrolysis on hard metal shows that increasing metal deposition rate or thicker coating within a certain time is linear (Wahab et al., 2013). Moreover, another previous research also validates this finding that an increase in duration time progresses generates an increase in the quantity of nickel deposited or the thickness (Jaramillo-Gutiérrez et al., 2021). ...
Identifying optimum process parameters, their effects, and contributions to the outcomes of electroplating thickness in the electroplating process is very time-consuming and requires high cost. Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) use a traditional approach in determining optimum process parameters that can lead to an inefficient result, such as a high variation in the response. Design of Experiment (DOE) can identify the significant factors in the process, show the correlation of each factor, and determine the optimum process parameter to achieve the targeted response (thickness). The research aimed to use DOE analysis with Response Surface Method (RSM) to optimize the electroplating parameter. It was experimental research using real production part as the DOE sample and Minitab statistic software to analyze the result. The used sample in the experiment was the continuous product order from a home appliance manufacturer. Then, four factors during the electroplating process were chosen: electrolyte concentration, electric current, duration of timing, and surface of the electroplated area. The results show that to reach thickness at 40 microns, it needs the optimum parameter with 5 minutes duration, electrolyte density of 22 Baume, electricity of 5 Volt, and surface area product of 415cm 2. This condition leads to capacity improvement of up to 100%. Hence, it decreases overtime costs and contributes to reducing energy consumption.
... 2015 [63] The study of electrophoretic deposition from other researcher has added other material with a combination of HA to coat on SS316L like bio-mimetic minerals [64], chitosan and titania [65] silver-strontium [66], gelatin [67], and chitosan [68]. All this research does not sinter their substrate after EPD process as sintering can lead to cracking of coating and all this research have a gap between anode and cathode substrate 1 cm as if the gap is bigger will cause increasing of resistance that can cause less deposited material on cathode [68][69][70]. Though the apatite coating degrades over time due to exposure to the harsh environment, toxic metal ions leach out of the underlying SS316L bio-implants. ...
Metallic biomaterials such as 316L stainless steel (SS316L) are widely used as an implant to replace the function of damaged bone, especially in hip or knee applications. However, many of them fail during a short period or have complications. The biocompatibility issues are the main factor that caused this failure. Thus, coating the SS316L with bioactive and biocompatible material is one of the promising techniques to enhance the biocompatibility and lifetime of the implant. This paper provides an overview of the SS316L foam coated hydroxyapatite (HA). Various methods of HA coating such as sol-gel, dip coating, electrophoretic deposition, plasma spraying, and pulse laser deposition applied on SS316L foam and their coating characteristics were investigated based on recent literature. SS316L foam coated HA using different coating methods were compiled and their basic properties were reported. Therefore, this paper will benefit future works on SS316L foam coated HA in a biomedical application.
... Si þ 4Cl À ðworking electrodeÞ (1) 4Cl À ! 2Cl 2 þ 4e À ðcounter electrodeÞ (2) Nevertheless, even though electrodeposition is a relatively simple method, various sources of uncertainty may inevitably be introduced during the operating process, such as the variation of the experimental setting, deviation of material properties from the nominal values, and the edge effect, which could result in electrochemical heterogeneity and uneven deposits [16]. Therefore, to improve the quality of the electroplated products, i.e., the uniformity of deposits, it is crucial to better understand the influences of different sources of uncertainty on the uniformity of the resulting products through uncertainty quantification (UQ) analysis and further obtain the optimal experimental conditions. ...
Silicon is one of the commonly used semiconductors for various industrial applications. Traditional silicon synthesis methods are often expansive and cannot meet the continuously growing demands for high-purity Si; electrodeposition is a promising and simple alternative. However, the electrodeposited products often possess nonuniform thicknesses due to various sources of uncertainty inherited from the fabrication process; to improve the quality of the coating products, it is crucial to better understand the influences of the sources of uncertainty. In this paper, uncertainty quantification (UQ) analysis is performed on the silicon electrodeposition process to evaluate the impacts of various experimental operation parameters on the thickness variation of the coated silicon layer and to find the optimal experimental conditions. To mitigate the high experimental and computational cost issues, a Gaussian Process (GP) based surrogate model is constructed to conduct the UQ study with finite element (FE) simulation results as training data. It is found that the GP surrogate model can efficiently and accurately estimate the performance of the electrodeposition given certain experimental operation parameters. The results show that the electrodeposition process is sensitive to the geometric settings of the experiments, i.e. distance and area ratio between the counter and working electrodes; whereas other conditions, such as potential of the counter electrode, temperature and ion concentration in the electrolyte bath, are less important. Furthermore, the optimal operating condition to deposit silicon is proposed to minimize the thickness variation of the coated silicon layer and to enhance the reliability of the electrodeposition experiment.
... The operation parameters and its contribution were discussed in nickel plating process [7]. The quantitative analysis has been carried out on nickel-coated hard metal by electroplating process [8]. ...
In manufacturing industries, sheet metal plays an important role. To improve the properties, coating has been done on the sheet metal. In this work, nickel is coated on mild steel sheets by electroplating process. The hardness value is measured before and after the coating process. The morphology and material composition of the sheet metal were studied through a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive analysis X-ray (EDAX). It is observed that nickel is uniformly dissolved on the mild steel surface. During the coating process, the input parameters such as magnitude of current, time and temperature are considered. Based on the input parameters, the coating thickness has been measured. The effect of parameter has been analyzed through analysis of variance.
... Wahab et al. [6] conducted a study on nickel-coated cemented carbide. This nickel coating improves the quality of the gasket surface, for example, in obtaining certain thickness and uniformity. ...
Material coating may improve the material surface by repairing the appearance of a material and hardening or softening the surface. Stainless steel is hard to be coated because it is not a conductor in nature. Thus, there is a need to put an effort and creativity to coat stainless steel. SUS304 stainless steel has a relatively hard surface which functions as a seal, so it needs to be coated with softer materials in order to fill the flange surface roughness. This study aims to coat SUS304 with nickel using the electroplating method. Electroplating is a procedure that is initiated with the activation and nickel strike plating processes. The results of this study show that nickel can fully coat the SUS304. The nickel coat attaches well to the material, and there is no nickel crack on the material surface.
... Study of optimization of process parameter for electrodeposition of Nickel Chromium (Ni-Cr) for coating variation shows that plating time have more effect on thickness variations (Khedekar et al., 2016). Deposition time is directly proportional to the amount of metal coatings (Aygar & Üstünışık, 2009;Wahab et al., 2013). Tuaweri et al. (2013) submitted that electrolyte agitation is slightly detrimental to the current efficiency after observing that bath agitation beyond 100 rpm reduced the current efficiency. ...
Electroplating has been a useful practice in the laboratory and industry for a long time. Its usefulness is more profound in oil industries for corrosion prevention and control, automobile industry, jewelries and decoration. Today, the scope of electroplating has expanded considerably with many players exploring its advantages and optimizing its parameters for enhanced productivity. The paper presented a review of electroplating with the aim of making concise information available on its process parameters and its process optimization. The review was compiled from several major work which pertained to parameters affecting qualitative and efficient electrodeposition of metals in an electrolytic cell. Results gathered included actual effect of identified parameters and interplay of parameter on quality of electrodeposition and microstructure of deposited metal. Important recommendations were made to further enhance the practice of electrodeposition.
... To date, the electroplating technique is normally used to prepare coatings or films in solid, instead of preparing a porous structure. Wahab et al. (2013) prepared a uniform nickel coating on cemented carbide by electroplating to provide an interlayer prior to diamond deposition on a hard metal substrate. Pan et al. (2013) electroplated copper films with different thicknesses on copper seed layers, and they reported the influence of copper seed layers on the performance, such as the morphology, grain size, crystallographic orientation, mechanical and chemical properties, of electroplated Cu films. ...
A copper plate with a porous layer on its outer surface can significantly enhance heat transfer performance compared with a smooth copper plate. In this work, different from the traditional powder sintering technique, a porous layer consisting of copper powders was prepared by an electroplating method. The bonding mechanism of this electroplated porous surface was analyzed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging and the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The influences of the electrical charge density adopted in the preparation process on the appearance and oxide phase of the electroplated porous surface were investigated by a 3D optical profiler and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) technique. Moreover, the bonding strength and anti-disturbance ability of the electroplated porous surface were summarized via a thrust test and an ultrasonic vibration test, respectively. Using water droplet spreading and down-absorption tests, the variation of wettability of the prepared porous surface was discussed. With an optimum electrical charge density, it is feasible to securely construct copper powders onto a substrate and form an inter-connective porous layer without compromising its mechanical and porous properties.
... Then the samples were ultrasonically cleaned in an acetone bath, rinsed in deionized water and dried by air. Figure 1 shows the surface images of the WC-6%Co substrates before and after sandblasting. Nickel electroplating was performed in Watt's solution for 13 min, and the gap between electrodes was 15 mm [17]. The solution was continuously stirred during the plating process to avoid hydrogen gas evolution at the cathode surface and to accelerate the deposition rate. ...
... The average thickness of the electroplated nickel interlayer is equal to 3.5 µm. This result is consistent with the author's previous report where a combination of 15-mm electrode gap and 13-min plating duration could produce a coating with a thickness value of 3-4 µm and whose variation is approximately 15% between the substrate surfaces [17]. Moreover, the deposited nickel was found to be composed of fine nickel particles (Fig. 3). ...
The tungsten carbide (WC-6%Co) substrate was coated with a nickel layer using the electrochemical deposition process
to suppress cobalt difusion during diamond deposition. However, the high solubility of nickel for carbon is a major issue,
which hinders diamond nucleation and growth. Annealing heat treatment was conducted on the Ni/WC-6%Co specimens to
reduce the interlayer solubility for carbon and enable diamond deposition. The heat treatment process was carried out inside
a high-temperature tube furnace at two diferent temperatures (1050 and 850 °C) for a 60-min duration. Diamond was then
deposited on the electroplated and heat-treated samples in a hot flament CVD reactor. Field emission electron microscopy,
energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray difraction analyzing techniques were used to characterize the heat-treated and
diamond-coated samples. The results show that the annealing process could successfully modify the nickel-coated surface
composition by the difusion of tungsten. In addition, the annealed interlayer was able to suppress cobalt difusion and pro-
mote the nucleation and growth of a continuous diamond flm on the tungsten carbide substrate.
... Looking at all the functional liquid metal materials presented in this review, we will notice that most of them have only a single silver-white color. For the solid metals such as copper and silver, they can wear colorful clothes by various mature technologies including anodizing, [162,163] chemical immersion, [164] electroplating, [165] direct brushing, etc. While the coloring methods of the liquid metal are still scarce. ...
As new generation functional materials, the recently emerging low-melting liquid metals have displayed many unconventional properties superior to traditional materials. Various methods, such as alloying, oxidizing, adding metals, or non-metallic materials and so on, have been developed to prepare desirable functional materials based on the gallium or more other metals. These methods could not only change the form of the materials, but also endow the original liquid metals with rather diversified performances, which have further expanded the application range of the low-melting liquid metals to meet various needs. This article aims to review and summarize on the fabrication methods, characteristics, and applications of the functional liquid metal materials. Furthermore, the future outlook in this field, including challenges, routes, and related efforts, has also been illustrated and interpreted.
