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This paper reports on detailed measurements of the
performance of Resistive Plate Chambers in a proton beam with variable
intensity. Short term effects, such as dead time, are studied using
consecutive events. On larger time scales, for various beam intensities the
chamber's efficiency is studied as a function of time within a spill of
particl...
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... The power-pulsing significantly reduces the power dissipation by a factor 100 to 200 such as no active cooling is needed. The occupency rate is expected to be less than 30 Hz/cm 2 while the GRPC response is considered as stable up to 100 Hz/cm 2 [8]. GRPC are usually used as tracking devices, while in the SDHCAL, we are confronted with a large variety of particles and energies present in a hadronic shower. ...
The CALICE Semi-Digital Hadron Calorimeter technological prototype completed in 2011 is a sampling calorimeter using Glass Resistive Plate Chamber (GRPC) detectors as the active medium. This technology is one of the two options proposed for the hadron calorimeter of the International Large Detector for the International Linear Collider. The prototype was exposed in 2015 to beams of muons, electrons, and pions of different energies at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. The use of this technology for future experiments requires a reliable simulation of its response that can predict its performance. GEANT4 combined with a digitization algorithm was used to simulate the prototype. It describes the full path of the signal: showering, gas avalanches, charge induction, and hit triggering. The simulation was tuned using muon tracks and electromagnetic showers for accounting for detector inhomogeneity and tested on hadronic showers collected in the test beam. This publication describes developments of the digitization algorithm. It is used to predict the stability of the detector performance against various changes in the data-taking conditions, including temperature, pressure, magnetic field, GRPC width variations, and gas mixture variations. These predictions are confronted with test beam data and provide an attempt to explain the detector properties. The data-taking conditions such as temperature and potential detector inhomogeneities affect energy density measurements but have small impact on detector efficiency.
... This has been a long-standing problem with limited solution thus far. The rate limitation is related to the usually high resistivity of the resistive plates used in their construction [4]. A simple approach to handle the limitation is to increase the electrical conductivity of the glass to allow the resistive plates to restabilize faster. ...
... Since the production is made in house, the conductivity can be tuned to very fine levels. The performance of the RPCs is consistent across different glass production campaigns and is also consistent with the theoretical calculations [4] denoted with the solid curves. The final composition can be easily transferred to larger production facilities. ...
Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) are a key active media of the muon systems of current and future collider experiments as well as the CALICE (semi-)digital hadron calorimeter. The outstanding issues with RPCs can be listed as the loss of efficiency for the detection of particles when subjected to high particle fluxes and the limitations associated with the common RPC gases. We developed novel RPC designs with: low resistivity glass plates; a single resistive plate; and a single resistive plate and a special anode plate coated with high secondary electron emission yield material. The cosmic and beam tests confirmed the viability of these new approaches for calorimetric applications. The chambers also have improved single-particle response, such as a pad multiplicity close to unity. Here, we report on the construction of various different glass RPC designs and their performance measurements in laboratory tests and with particle beams. We also discuss future test plans, which include the long-term performance tests of the newly developed RPCs, investigation of minimal gas flow chambers, and feasibility study for the large-size chambers.
... With the completion of the DBD and the intention from the Japanese HEP community to host the ILC in Japan, two major design changes were made to the baseline designs, that was presented in the DBD, the switch from a purely digital hadron calorimeter (DHCAL) with RPCs as active medium [9][10][11][12] to a scintillator-based solution with analog read-out (AHCAL)and the change of the iron yoke from a octagon to a dodecagon. The first choice was driven by the huge progress in the SiPM technology in terms of noise and stability, while at the same time the limi- tations of a large-scale RPC system with several million individual channels in terms of uniformity, calibration and long-term stability became more clear. ...
The SiD Detector is one of two detector designs for the future International Linear Collider (ILC) that were validated in 2012 SiD features a compact, cost-constrained design for precision Higgs and other measurements, and sensitivity to a wide range of possible new phenomena. A robust silicon vertex and tracking system, combined with a five Tesla central solenoidal field, provides excellent momentum resolution. The highly granular calorimeter system is optimized for Particle Flow application to achieve very good jet energy resolution over a wide range of energies. With a potential construction date of the ILC moving closer, it is now the time to review the design and technology decision that have been made during the DBD phase and reconsider them in the light of the recent technological advances. For each area of SiD development R&D topics and opportunities for participation will be discussed.
... The following systematic errors associated with uncertainties in the measurements have been considered: the residual non-uniformity in the calibrated response (dominant), the rate limitation of RPCs [9], contamination of the positron sample by muons and pions, and contributions from accidental noise hits in the chambers. All systematic errors pertaining to the experimental data are assumed to be independent and uncorrelated between energies, and are therefore added in quadrature. ...
In special tests, the active layers of the CALICE Digital Hadron Calorimeter prototype, the DHCAL, were exposed to low energy particle beams, without being interleaved by absorber plates. The thickness of each layer corresponded approximately to 0.29 radiation lengths or 0.034 nuclear interaction lengths, defined mostly by the copper and steel skins of the detector cassettes. This paper reports on measurements performed with this device in the Fermilab test beam with positrons in the energy range of 1 to 10 GeV. The measurements are compared to simulations based on GEANT4 and a standalone program to emulate the detailed response of the active elements.
... From [13], it is understood that the induced charge on the strip is inversely proportional to the relative permittivity ( r ) of the electrode for the same amount of charge produced in the avalanche. The analog pulses from Asahi RPC at 11 kV and Saint-Gobain RPC at 12.2 kV were recorded on Agilent DSO-X 3104A. ...
The India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) collaboration has chosen glass Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) as the active detector elements for the Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) experiment. In the present work, we study the electrical properties such as bulk resistivity and relative permittivity of the glasses from two different manufacturers and compared the performances of RPCs built using these glasses. We conclude that the glass electrodes with larger bulk resistivy and permittivity are better suited for manufacturing RPCs for the ICAL experiment, as these detectors could be operated at lower bias currents and voltages, and produce better time resolutions compared to those built with glass electrodes of smaller bulk resistivity and permittivity.
... It turns out that correlations (mostly between α(E), η(E) and g), introduced once a certain operational gain is required, invert the explicit dependency with the gap size given by eq. 2.1: experimentally, the best time resolutions are found for narrow gaps. 1 It is strongly hinted by data and models [22,23,24] that the main source of degradation of timing RPCs at high particle flux is due to the average field drop caused by the current flowing through the resistive plates, with event-by-event fluctuations playing a minor role: ...
We give a short compendium of the main ongoing detectors and concepts capable of performing accurate sub-100 ps timing at high particle fluxes and on large areas, through technologies based on gaseous media. We briefly discuss the state-of-the-art, technological limitations and prospects, and a new bizarre idea.
... The intensity of the beam can be adjusted to accommodate the needs of different detectors. Due to the limited rate capability of (glass) RPCs [11], the DHCAL requested rates between 50 to 200 Hz, depending on the momentum selection. ...
... At the PS particles arrived in spills of 400 milliseconds duration every 45 second. Due to the limited rate capability of RPCs [11], the beam intensity was kept at or below about 500 triggers/spill. Electrons were tagged with a pair of Čerenkov counters, filled with CO 2 . ...
A novel hadron calorimeter is being developed for future lepton colliding beam detectors. The calorimeter is optimized for the application of Particle Flow Algorithms (PFAs) to the measurement of hadronic jets and features a very finely segmented readout with 1 x 1 cm2 cells. The active media of the calorimeter are Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) with a digital, i.e. one-bit, readout. To first order the energy of incident particles in this calorimeter is reconstructed as being proportional to the number of pads with a signal over a given threshold. A large-scale prototype calorimeter with approximately 500,000 readout channels has been built and underwent extensive testing in the Fermilab and CERN test beams. This paper reports on the design, construction, and commissioning of this prototype calorimeter.
... The SDHCAL prototype (Fig.2) was exposed to pions, muons and electrons in the CERN H6 beam line of the SPS for two weeks in August-September 2012 and for additional two weeks in the H2 beam line in November 2012. Since the efficiency of RPCs with electrodes made of float glass, such as those of the SDHCAL prototype, decreases at high particle rate [9] [10] the beam optics was set up to enlarge the beam size and have it as flat as possible while reducing its intensity. This was intended to achieve the optimal GRPC efficiency, and at the same time to collect as much statistics as possible. ...
... Figs 26 (b,d) show the relative deviation of the reconstructed energy with respect to the beam energy. The use of the three 9 This choice is suggested by the fact that the calorimeter energy resolution is expected to be approximately proportional to √ E beam . 10 The same procedure was applied to extract A 1 , A 2 and A 3 in the case of the binary mode. ...
The CALICE Semi-Digital Hadronic Calorimeter (SDHCAL) prototype, built in 2011, was exposed to beams of hadrons, electrons and muons in two short periods in 2012 on two different beam lines of the CERN SPS. The prototype with its 48 active layers, made of Glass Resistive Plate Chambers and their embedded readout electronics, was run in triggerless and power-pulsing mode. The performance of the SDHCAL during the test beam was found to be very satisfactory with an efficiency exceeding 90% for almost all of the 48 active layers. A linear response (within ± 5%) and a good energy resolution are obtained for a large range of hadronic energies (5–80 GeV) by applying appropriate calibration coefficients to the collected data for both the Digital (Binary) and the Semi-Digital (Multi-threshold) modes of the SDHCAL prototype. The Semi-Digital mode shows better performance at energies exceeding 30 GeV.
... Therefore, particles may pass by without detection, decreasing the RPC efficiency. 4 To solve this problem, the easiest approach is to increase the electrical conductivity of the glass which allows the plates to restabilize faster. Soda lime silicate glasses in current RPCs are well known, inexpensive, and easily manufactured. ...
Particle detectors are constantly being built and refitted with new technology to improve the spatial resolution, radiation hardness, and speed at which the detector can capture particle events. One of the most crucial components of a modern collider experiment is the hadron calorimeter. One of the proposed improvements on future hadron calorimeters is to utilize resistive plate chambers (RPCs). They provide the spatial and energy resolution as well as could provide speed and radiation hardness. RPCs depend on manufacturing electrically conductive glasses that are mechanically strong, durable, radiation resistant, and not ionically conductive. To achieve such requirements, vanadate glasses were developed as alternatives to current prototypes which use soda lime silicate glasses. The conductivity, oxidation states of vanadium, radiation hardness, as well as the prototype performance, were tested on vanadate glasses. The prototype tests show that using 0.40ZnO−0.40TeO2−0.20V2O5 can improve the RPC detector rate up to 100 times.
... The large CALICE Digital Hadron Calorimeter (DHCAL) prototype was built in 2009-2010. The design of the DHCAL was based on the preliminary work done with a small-scale prototype, which underwent a rigorous test program in the Fermilab test beam and resulted in numerous publications [2][3][4][5][6][7]. The active media of the DHCAL are Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs), which are read out by 1 x 1 cm 2 pads with a 1-bit resolution (digital readout). ...
The large CALICE Digital Hadron Calorimeter prototype (DHCAL) was built in
2009 - 2010. The DHCAL uses Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) as active media and
is read out with 1 x 1 cm2 pads and digital (1 - bit) resolution. With a world
record of about 0.5M readout channels, the DHCAL offers the possibility to
study hadronic interactions with unprecedented spatial resolution. This talk
reports on the results from the analysis of pion events of momenta between 2 to
60 GeV/c collected in the Fermilab test beam with an emphasis on the intricate
calibration procedures.
