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Schematic of the Li‐ion battery pack: A, Battery pack systems; B, Experimental diagram of the battery system; C, Structure of the package; and D, Thermalcouple arrangement of the battery
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In order to improve cycle life and the working performance of the Li‐ion batteries and the reliability of battery thermal management (BTM) system, a composite matrix coupled with mini‐channel based BTM system is designed in this paper. The thermal performances of the BTM system at different discharge rates under the condition of air natural convect...
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With the fast development and popularity of electric vehicles (EVs), their relatively slow charging speed has been paid more and more attention to. Fast charging technology can significantly increase the charging speed and shorten the charging time, but the heat generation and temperature rise of the lithium‐ion battery during the fast charging pro...
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... With the CPCM, the T max and ΔT max are observed to be less than 40.1 C and 1.4 C respectively, at the discharge rate of 3C and attributed the reason to the 28 times higher thermal conductivity of the PCM/EG composites. 99 A flexible composite PCM (FCPCM) has been designed to reduce the problems of pure PCMs. The assembly was compact and efficient without thermal grease. ...
Electric mobility decarbonizes the transportation sector and effectively addresses sustainable development goals. A good battery thermal management system (BTMS) is essential for the safe working of electric vehicles with lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) to address thermal runaway and associated catastrophic hazards effectively. However, PCMs suffer from low thermal conductivity issues, and hence, enhancement techniques include the use of fins, nano‐additives, extended graphite powder, and so forth. The use of composite phase change materials effectively addresses LIB thermal management widely used in electric vehicles while mitigating thermal runaway, besides providing flame retardancy, thermal/mechanical stability, and electrical insulation, and preventing leakage. It is noted that no single strategy of BTMS is brought down to a safe zone of temperature, and hybrid BTMSs are being employed, invariably involve phase change materials (PCMs) to a large extent. It is essential to utilize CPCMs to address the effects of low‐temperature environments and vibrations considering vehicle driving cycles and operating conditions. It is observed from the review that ultrasonic monitoring and early detection of internal short circuits are the steps towards mitigation of thermal runaway propagation. It is required to utilize optimization methods, machine learning and IoT tools for a feasible PCM based BTMS work. Present review briefly describes potential methods for effective utilization of PCMs, comparison among different methods, challenges associated and potential solutions. It is highly essential to develop compact and economical BTMS with effective CPCMs for better and safer LIB operation to attract large‐scale commercialization of electric vehicles.
... Accordingly, different cooling methods were harnessed to remove the heat from the lithium battery, such as liquid cooling, air cooling [4][5][6][7][8], mist cooling, thermoelectric cooling, and active cooling using phase change materials (PCM) [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In addition, hybrid methods were used to combine more than one cooling methods [16][17][18][19]. ...
One of the most significant challenges of battery thermal management system is manifested in maintaining optimal battery performance by keeping the overall battery temperature within a narrow temperature range. The present work aimed to study a novel design of ribbed serpentine channel cooled plate (SCCP) as an effective cooling module of Li-ion battery. The study included a numerical simulation of the effect of the rib orientation (90 ͦ, 75 ͦ, 60 ͦ, and 45 ͦ) and the rib shape (semi-circular, trapezoidal, and triangular) on the hydrothermal performance of SCCP. The study was conducted under laminar flow conditions for a Reynolds number range (200–1000) and battery cell discharge rate range (1C–2C). The numerical simulation results were validated against experimental measurements of the performance of a SCCP with semi-circular ribs that rotated by 90 ͦ. The validation showed a good agreement with a maximum deviation of 8% and 11% for the Nusselt number and the friction factor, respectively. The results of the study indicated that the ribs play a vital role in improving the heat transfer. It is found that the rib orientation was more effective than the rib shape in enhancing the hydrothermal performance improvement factor. In addition, the triangular rib with 45 ͦ orientation showed highest performance improvement factor compared with the other SCCP designs with a value of 1.3.
... Therefore, a battery thermal management system is an effective solution to get an efficient cooling of batteries and packs. The desired temperature range for LIBs is 15-35°C [6] or 20-40°C [7][8][9], and the maximum temperature difference between two adjacent cells and modules should be less than 5°C [8,9]. It is a critical task to develop an efficient battery thermal management system to maintain the battery temperature within a specified range to prevent the degradation of batteries and its performance. ...
... Therefore, a battery thermal management system is an effective solution to get an efficient cooling of batteries and packs. The desired temperature range for LIBs is 15-35°C [6] or 20-40°C [7][8][9], and the maximum temperature difference between two adjacent cells and modules should be less than 5°C [8,9]. It is a critical task to develop an efficient battery thermal management system to maintain the battery temperature within a specified range to prevent the degradation of batteries and its performance. ...
In today’s world, transportation has become a major problem for environmental pollution as a greater amount of CO2 has been released from conventional internal engine vehicles. An electric vehicle (EV) is the best alternative to conventional vehicles to reduce emissions and keep the environment green. Lithium-ion batteries owing to its advantages of high energy and power density are the most suitable cells for electric and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Still, the performance of EVs suffered from low efficiency due to the internal heat generation of batteries. The performance of Li-ion batteries is highly sensitive to temperature; hence, a battery thermal management system (BTMS) is essential for battery packs of EVs and HEVs. In this article, a numerical study has been conducted on a single prismatic lithium-ion battery cell. Fins are mounted on the surface of the battery which helps to reduce the maximum temperature rise of the cell by increasing the heat transfer area. The location and positioning of fins on the battery surface define the novelty of the current work, and the simulation results showed that there is a large temperature drop of 13.278 ℃ with the proposed design of BTMS compared to the natural convection cooling.KeywordsThermal management systemsBattery cooling techniquesElectric vehiclesLi-ion batteries
Liquid cooling plates are used with high efficiency in battery cooling systems. This study primarily aimed to enhance the thermal performance of streamline-shaped cold plate (SSCP) by using new channel configurations. The study involves the effects of channel width, embedded obstacles and channel waviness. The hydrothermal performance of each channel configuration was evaluated numerically and experimentally by comparison with the original SSCP. Numerical simulation was conducted using finite volume method on the ANSYS program. Two SSCPs were manufactured and tested under the same operating conditions for the numerical simulation to verify the reliability of results. The laminar flow of water was analysed at flow rates of 0.003–0.008 kg/s and discharge C rates of 1C. The four proposed configurations exhibited better temperature uniformity than the original SSCP. The Nusselt number improvement ratio reached 6.3%, 7.7%, 9.1% and 12% for variable-width channels, variable-wavelength wavy channels, obstructed channels and variable-width wavy channels, respectively. SSCP with variable-width channels achieved superior hydrothermal performance with a comprehensive evaluation criterion of 3.07.
The development of NEV is restricted by the problem of battery thermal safety. BTMS should be lightweight, compact, and efficient. Baffled cold plate with small aspect ratio channels was designed for BTMS. The influence of structure and operating parameters on baffled cold plate and BTMS performance were explored through ANSYS simulation. BP neural network model was established to study the function of performance prediction and application in the fields of BTM. The results show that the comprehensive heat transfer performance of baffled cold plates with longer and more baffles is better. Comprehensive heat transfer performance and temperature uniformity of baffled cold plate can be improved through local connection method, and the optimization effect is enhanced with the increase in left local slit spacing. Under low discharge rate conditions, it’s easier to meet the needs of BTM. When the battery is discharged at 3 C rate, volumetric flow rate needs to reach 1 mL·s⁻¹ at all inlet temperature conditions. Through data processing and modeling, BP neural network predictions of flow and heat transfer characteristics of baffled cold plate and temperature control performance of BTMS are proven accurate. It facilitates the design and optimization of baffled cold plates, and the design and control strategy formulation of BTMS.
Many kinds of cooling methods are used in electric vehicles' battery thermal management systems both in commercial applications and research. Air cooled systems, due to its basic construction and low cost are worthy to develop despite of low cooling performance. In this study, a novel air cooled battery thermal management system is proposed, especially for low power applications. Commonly used cylindrical Li-ion batteries were re-designed with rectangular fins donated on the side surface longitudinally. Aligned and staggered arrays for 4S6P battery module and three different fin configurations were envisaged for two different spacing between batteries, air flow direction and Re numbers. Different air inlet temperatures were also used as parameters. Results showed that fins have a great effect on cooling performance so that they allow for optimum battery temperature condition; maximum temperature for batteries is between 15 °C and 35 °C. On the other hand, they are insufficient to sustain temperature uniformity for 5 °C temperature difference in entire module volume. Distances between batteries and air flow direction are also decisive for a successful thermal design.
Biocomposites or green composites are mainly defined as mixture of two or more components in which any building raw materials possess large quantity as matrix and natural fibers possess in smaller quantity as reinforcement. Due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions and the global energy crisis, the demand for composites with natural fibers and biodegradable resins is increasing due to its low cost, renewable nature, and biodegradability. This paper presents the most comprehensive review on recent studies and development of natural fibers which includes animal-based fibers and various types of plant-based fibers and their potential applications in building materials and construction.KeywordsBiocompositesMatrixNatural fibersReinforcementBiodegradable resins
Liquid cooling is an efficient thermal management method. In response to the lightweight and compact demand faced by the development of battery thermal management system (BTMS), a thin baffled cold plate for liquid-based BTMS was designed. The accuracy of the simulation was verified through experiment. The influence of structure parameters on the heat transfer performance was explored. A structure optimization method called local connection was proposed for heat transfer enhancement. The baffled cold plate was applied to BTMS with battery at 3 C discharge rate to explore the effect on the temperature control performance. The results show that local connection optimization can simultaneously improve the comprehensive heat transfer performance and temperature uniformity of the baffled cold plate, and the maximum increase can be 24.71% and 6.71% respectively compared to Case 0–4-L75. The effect of the improvement is affected by the spacing, position, number of the local slits and the distance between the local slit and the channel corner apex. Local connection optimization can reduce the power consumption of baffled cold plate based BTMS while ensuring the temperature control performance, which can save energy.
