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Schematic of the Er-doped fiber laser. HR-P, high reflectivity for the pump; HR-S, high reflectivity for the signal.
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A continuous-wave erbium-doped ytterbium-free fiber laser generates a record-breaking pump-power-limited output power of 656 W at ∼ 1601 nm when cladding pumped by 0.98 μm diode lasers. The slope efficiency was 35.6% with respect to launched pump power, and the beam quality factor ( M 2 ) was ∼ 10.5 . This M 2 value excludes a fraction ∼ 25 % of th...
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Citations
... In Fig. 2d, the power scaling schedule of Er-doped or Er-Yb-co-doped laser fibers for ~ 1.5 μm operation is illustrated for a glance. To date, the highest power achieved by pure Er-doped large-modearea fiber was 656 W with a relatively multimode operation (M 2 ~ 10.5) [95]. To overcome the clustering effect, the codoping strategy is often adopted to improve the laser efficiency by incorporating Yb 3+ ions into the host glass. ...
... On the basis of cladding-pump technology, high-power multimode LDs at 790 nm and highly Tm-doped fibers, the output power of HPFLs exploiting Tm-doped fibers has exceeded the power level of Er-doped fibers gradually and a kilowatt-level output [102] has been achieved as early as 2010, representing the highest CW output power produced by Tm-doped fiber reported publicly currently. In 2018, a Tm-doped chirped pulse amplifier system with a record average power of up to 1150 W and the peak power of more than 5 GW was demonstrated, which brings exciting prospects for [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63], c all-fiber laser amplifiers operating at ~ 1 μm [13, 14, 16-19, 35, 64-83], d all-fiber Er-doped lasers and Er-Ybco-doped lasers operating at ~ 1.5 μm , e all-fiber Tm-doped lasers operating at ~ 2 μm [94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113]. f Emission cross sections of Er 3+ , Ho 3+ and Dy 3+ ions in mid-infrared waveband [114]. ...
The success of high-power fiber lasers is fueled by maturation of active and passive fibers, combined with the availability of high-power fiber-based components. In this contribution, we first overview the enormous potential of rare-earth doped fibers in spectral coverage and recent developments of key fiber-based components employed in high-power laser systems. Subsequently, the emerging functional active and passive fibers in recent years, which exhibit tremendous advantages in balancing or mitigating parasitic nonlinearities hindering high-power transmission, are outlined from the perspectives of geometric and material engineering. Finally, novel functional applications of conventional fiber-based components for nonlinear suppression or spatial mode selection, and correspondingly, the high-power progress of function fiber-based components in power handling are introduced, which suggest more flexible controllability on high-power laser operations.
Graphical abstract
... Recently, the efficiency of Yb 3+ -doped all-solid photonic bandgap fiber laser operating at approximately 978 nm has been improved to more than 60% [17,18]. Furthermore, efficiencies of 53% and 64% were demonstrated in diode-pumped Er 3+ -doped and Er 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped double-clad fiber lasers operating at 1558 nm and 1562 nm, respectively [19,20]. In comparison, with the rapid development of low-cost blue LDs, optical pumping of rare-earth-doped fluoride glass fibers using these LDs is a straightforward and efficient solution to realize green laser oscillation, providing strong impetus for further commercial development [21,22]. ...
... The high efficiency is because of direct blue pumping scheme and pump retroreflection from HR cavity mirror #1 (similar to bidirectional pumping). It is comparable or superior to previous NIR laser systems under direct pumping [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. As the Stokes efficiency limit was approximately 82%, further improvement of the laser efficiency was feasible by optimizing the Ho:ZFG fiber design (e.g., fiber multimode behavior at blue pump wavelengths) together with the laser resonator scheme [32,33]. ...
Green laser sources have become increasingly important for the application in scientific research and industry. Although several laser approaches have been investigated, the development of green lasers with the necessary efficiency and spectral characteristics required for practical deployment continues to attract immense interest. In this study, the efficient green laser operation of a Ho³⁺-doped fluoride fiber directly pumped by a commercial blue laser diode (LD) is experimentally investigated at various active fiber lengths. In the free-running laser, the slope efficiency was optimized up to 59.3% with 543.9 nm lasing, with respect to the launched pump power, using a 20-cm long active fiber. This is the maximum slope efficiency reported to date for a green fiber laser. A maximum output power of 376 mW at 543.5 nm was achieved by using a 17-cm long active fiber pumped at a maximum available launched pump power of 996 mW. Moreover, broadband tuning operation was demonstrated by employing a range of active fiber lengths, together with an intracavity bandpass filter. The operating wavelength was tunable from 536.3 nm to 549.3 nm. A maximum tuning power achieved was 118 mW at 543.4 nm for a 17-cm long active fiber. Moderate Ho³⁺-doped fiber length is shown to be effective in producing a high performance of a green fiber laser. The short-length of the active fiber considerably extends the green short wavelength operation due to limited reabsorption of the signal below 540 nm.
... Er/Yb fiber lasers are critical for power scaling at the eye-safe wavelength of ∼1.56 µm [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9], attracting strong interest for a wide range of applications including lidar [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9], sensing, and defense. Despite recent progress in the demonstration of 656 W from an Er-only fiber laser in a multimode beam with an M 2 of 10.5 [10], the weak pump absorption of erbium ions requires very large cores in double-clad fibers for sufficient pump absorption over practical fiber lengths of under a few tens of meters limited by fiber background loss. This would limit potential power scaling of single-mode operation due to the limited core size. ...
... Pumped with appropriate longer near infrared wavelength lasers, simultaneous outputs of MIR wavelength region signal and idler lasers are available. In recent years, high-power 1.5-1.6 µm wavelength region Er 3+ -doped fiber lasers [4][5][6], 1.6 µm wavelength region OPO lasers [7], ∼ 2 µm Tm 3+ -doped or Tm 3+ , Ho 3+ -codoped fiber lasers [8,9], etc., have been demonstrated. Using these high-power lasers as pump sources, we may obtain high-power multi-band MIR OPO or OPA laser output and further observe the characteristics and potential of these high-power MIR lasers. ...
We report on a high-power, twin-band mid-infrared (MIR) periodically poled MgO-doped ${{\rm LiNbO}_3}$ L i N b O 3 (PPMgLN) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by a near-infrared pulsed OPO with 20 kHz of repetition rate. The pump source has a central wavelength of 1.679 µm and a linewidth of 0.12 nm. The MIR OPO can be tuned from 2.74 to 2.80 µm for signal and from 4.34 to 4.19 µm for idler through raising the oven temperature from 30°C to 200°C, respectively. Under 100°C oven temperature, the OPO yielded maximum total output power of 15.4 W (2.76 µm signal plus 4.29 µm idler) with single-pass pumping configuration. The beam quality ${M^2}$ M 2 was measured to be $ \lt {2.5}$ < 2.5 for signal and $ \lt {4}$ < 4 for idler.
... 所示. Yb 3+ 具有很宽的吸收谱, 可从850 nm延伸至 1080 nm [31] . [35] 、600 W级掺铒光纤激光(2018年) [36] 和 400 W级掺钬光纤激光(2013年) [37] . 不同掺杂光纤使 [15,16] , 比其他类型的掺杂光纤激光功率高出 了1个量级. ...
... It has however been proven difficult for such lasers to achieve high efficiency for direct diode pumping schemes, mainly due to the corresponding small absorption cross section of erbium as well as the occurrence of concentration quenching at high concentration [5]. To date, the most powerful diode-pumped erbium-doped silica fiber laser was demonstrated by Lin et al., who reported on a 656 W erbium-doped fiber laser yielding an efficiency of 35.6% with respect to the launched pump power at 0.98 µm [6]. However, the setup used was not all-fiber and used a multimode fiber yielding a poor beam quality (M 2 ≈ 10.5). ...
We report on an ytterbium-free erbium-doped aluminophosphosilicate all-fiber laser, producing an output power of 25 W at a wavelength of 1584 nm with a slope efficiency of 30% with respect to the 976 nm absorbed pump power. The simple cavity design proposed takes advantage of fiber Bragg gratings written directly in the gain fiber. The single-mode erbium-doped aluminophosphosilicate fiber was fabricated in-house and was doped with 0.06 mol.% of Er2O3, 1.77 mol.% of Al2O3 and 1.04 mol.% of P2O5. The incorporation of aluminium and phosphorus into the fiber core allowed for an increased concentration of erbium without inducing significant clustering, while keeping the numerical aperture low to ensure a single-mode laser operation.
... High-power fiber lasers and amplifiers in the 1.5 μm band are desirable in many civil and military applications, such as space communication, manufacturing, and light imaging detection and ranging (LIDAR) because of their "eye-safe" nature. There are several ways to produce a laser output in the 1.5 μm band as seen in Raman lasers [1], Er-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs) [2,3], and Er/Yb-codoped fiber lasers (EYDFLs) [4,5]. Compared with Yb-doped fiber lasers (YDFLs) in the 1 μm band [6] and Tm-doped fiber lasers (TDFLs) in the 2 μm band [7] whose maximum power have surpassed kW several years ago, the highest output power of EYDFLs in the 1.5 μm band is only 297 W [8]. Recently, with a specially designed large-core pure Er doped fiber, a record power of 656 W was achieved [3]. ...
... There are several ways to produce a laser output in the 1.5 μm band as seen in Raman lasers [1], Er-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs) [2,3], and Er/Yb-codoped fiber lasers (EYDFLs) [4,5]. Compared with Yb-doped fiber lasers (YDFLs) in the 1 μm band [6] and Tm-doped fiber lasers (TDFLs) in the 2 μm band [7] whose maximum power have surpassed kW several years ago, the highest output power of EYDFLs in the 1.5 μm band is only 297 W [8]. Recently, with a specially designed large-core pure Er doped fiber, a record power of 656 W was achieved [3]. The core/cladding diameter of the fiber was 146/700 μm. ...
The Yb-ASE problem has been a main obstacle to the power scaling of Er/Yb-codoped fiber lasers (EYDFLs). In this Letter, cascade co-pumping high-power EYDFLs, i.e., EYDFLs with an Yb-band resonant cavity, are proposed and systematically analyzed, for the first time to the best of our knowledge. A high- Q Yb-band cavity is introduced in an EYDFL to lock and recycle the Yb band energy. The oscillation wavelength of the Yb cavity, the reflectivity of the output fiber grating, and the length of the fiber are optimized numerically. Thermal effects are also considered in the study. The simulation results show that compared to ordinary EYDFLs, the introduction of an appropriate Yb cavity can not only effectively suppress the Yb-ASE, increase the output power, and improve the pump conversion efficiency, but can also greatly shorten the optimal gain fiber length. Cascade co-pumping is a promising way to improve the performance of high-power EYDFLs.
An optical coherent transmission link with 100Watt output power is tested for satellite communications. Modulation formats are tested for transmission of the highest data-rates despite of nonlinear amplifier impairments across a linear, low-SNR free-space link.
This review covers the recent achievements in high-power rare earth (RE)-doped fiber lasers, Raman fiber lasers, and Brillouin fiber lasers. RE-doped fiber lasers have many applications such as laser cutting, laser welding, laser cleaning, and laser precision processing. They operate in several wavelength ranges including 1050–1120 nm (ytterbium-doped fiber lasers), 1530–1590 nm (erbium- and erbium–ytterbium-doped fiber lasers), and 1900–2100 nm (thulium- and holmium-doped fiber lasers). White spaces in the wavelength spectrum, where no RE-doped fiber lasers are available, can be covered by Raman lasers. The heat power generated inside the laser active medium due to the quantum defect degrades the performance of the laser causing, for example, transverse-mode instability and thermal lensing. It can even cause catastrophic fiber damage. Different approaches permitting the mitigation of the heat generation process are considered in this review. Brillouin fiber lasers, especially multiwavelength Brillouin fiber lasers, have several important applications including optical communication, microwave generation, and temperature sensing. Recent progress in Brillouin fiber lasers is considered in this review.
