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![Comparison of stress–strain plot of carbon fiber with other materials [38]](publication/330254122/figure/fig1/AS:963470140903445@1606720590442/Comparison-of-stress-strain-plot-of-carbon-fiber-with-other-materials-38_Q320.jpg)
The high strength to weight ratio of carbon fiber has made it as an attractive energy-saving material over the conventional strength-bearing materials like steel. Realizing the trend, the high-weight steel is being progressively replaced by the low-weight and corrosion-resistant carbon fiber composites in many strength applications. The carbon fibe...
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This study was carried out in order to explore the behaviour of RC deep beams strengthening with CFRP strips. Eight simply supported deep beams were fabricated and tested under four-points loading scenario. Three different orientations for CFRP strips were used for strengthening the RC deep beams ; vertical, horizontal and inclined. All of the test...
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... CFRP composites are used in two main load-bearing sectors: high-tech (aerospace and nuclear engineering) and general engineering (bearing, gears, fan blades, and automotive bodywork). 15 The majority of airplane parts are made of carbon fiber composite ( Figure 2). With the decreasing cost of carbon fiber, its use in composites has expanded to several industries such as automobiles, sports, marine, biomedical, and construction. ...
This review explores uniaxial ultrasonic fatigue (USF) testing as a common and dependable method for quantifying the extended fatigue life of fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The objective is to explain the complexities governing the fatigue life behavior of FRPs, particularly in the realm of very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) where the number of loading cycles exceeds 10 ⁷ . To this end, this review encompasses the analysis of VHCF behavior, including the derivation and interpretation of stress–life ( S – N ) data, the evaluation of various fatigue damage mechanisms (i.e., controlling mechanisms of crack initiation and propagation) exhibited in FRP composites, and a thorough investigation of the frequency‐dependent effects on fatigue responses. Furthermore, this review tries to analyze the microscopic intricacies intrinsic to the VHCF failure of FRP composites, encompassing aspects such as fiber‐matrix de‐bonding, matrix cracking, and delamination, unveiling their modes and effects in a detailed manner. This review also underscores the pivotal integration of simulations, machine learning, and modeling techniques, emphasizing their crucial role in explaining both macroscopic and microscopic interactions governing the VHCF of FRPs.
... Sensors play a crucial role in various industries such as factory automation, aerospace, automotive and construction in making the system intellectual, and have used for different applications. Fiber reinforced polymer composites have been widely used in the sensors due to their excellent properties -lightness, high strength, corrosion resistance, and structural properties [1][2][3][4][5]. Specially, composites show high potential as structural materials for spacecraft. ...
Currently, there is a high interest in smart sensors and integrated composite materials in various industries such as construction, aviation, automobile, medical, information technology, communication, and manufacturing. Here, a new conceptual design for a force and temperature sensor system is developed by integrating fiber optic Bragg grating sensors embedded within composite materials, and a mathematical model is proposed that allows one to estimate strain and temperature based on signals obtained from optical Bragg gratings. This is important for understanding the behaviors of sensors under different conditions and for creating effective monitoring systems. Describing the strain gradient distribution, especially considering different materials with different values of Young's modulus, provides insight into how different materials respond to applied forces and temperature changes. The shape of the strain gradient distribution was obtained, which is a quadratic function with a maximum value of 1500 µ, with a maximum value at the center of the lattice and a symmetrically decreasing strain value with distance from the central part of the fiber Bragg grating. With axial strain at the installation site of the Bragg grating sensor under applied force values ranging from 10 to 11 N, the change in strain was linear. As a result of theoretical research, it was found that the developed system with fiber-optic sensors based on Bragg gratings embedded in composite materials is resistant to external influences and temperature changes.
... In the presence of a catalyst, CH 4 can decompose at intermediate temperatures (600-850 °C), which is more attractive against non-catalytic methane pyrolysis that typically occurs at ~1000 °C. From an industrial perspective, the use of catalytic supports allows the targeted storage or valorization of elemental carbon in the form of valuable CNTs [9,[13][14][15][16][17][18], relative to the solid carbon that is segregated within molten metal baths used in non-catalytic methane pyrolysis [19][20][21]. ...
Catalytic methane (CH4) decomposition (CDM) offers a direct pathway for hydrogen (H2) gas production and valuable carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis. However, the stability of this gas-to-solid reaction is hindered by limitations in CNT growth and reactor volume constraints. Departing beyond conventional nanopowder catalysts, we introduce basalt fiber-supported Ni/LTA catalysts that feature COx-free H2 generation and up to 3.7 times longer CDM reaction times, delivering an H2 production rate of 3.1 mol gNi⁻¹ h⁻¹ over 22 h at 500 °C, surpassing Ni/LTA nanopowder counterparts. The basalt fiber catalysts exhibit uniform and robust CNT growth, along with sustained and stable H2 generation lasting up to three times longer relative to traditional CDM catalysts that deactivate within 10 h as reported in the literature. Integration of the flexible basalt fiber catalysts into an H2-permeable LTA-Pd membrane reactor further enhances the reaction time by 36% and CH4 conversion by 40%, achieving up to 45% CH4 conversion over 27 h, surpassing expected equilibrium conversion rates. The excellent catalytic stability of the 10 wt% Ni/LTA basalt fiber catalyst is additionally showcased through multiple reduction-800 °C CDM reaction-CO2 regeneration cycles. This transformative study propels the development of functional catalyst materials, revolutionizing thermocatalytic processes.
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A basalt fiber-supported LTA zeolite-based nickel catalyst advances methane decomposition, yielding COx-free hydrogen, multi-wall carbon nanotubes, and extensive reaction time.
... In the N 2 /H 2 case, plasma acted most directly and penetratingly on the internal structure of CFs, known for its binding symmetrical carbon elements. The hydrogen contribution could promote deeper interactions and specific chemical reactions within the material, affecting the core structure [26]. ...
The use of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (APPJ) technology for surface treatment of carbon fabrics is investigated to estimate the increase in the fracture toughness of carbon-fiber composite materials. Nitrogen and a nitrogen–hydrogen gas mixture were used to size the carbon fabrics by preliminarily optimizing the process parameters. The effects of the APPJ on the carbon fabrics were investigated by using optical and chemical characterizations. Optical Emission Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflection, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy were adopted to assess the effectiveness of ablation and etching effects of the treatment, in terms of grafting of new functional groups and active sites. The treated samples showed an increase in chemical groups grafted onto the surfaces, and a change in carbon structure was influential in the case of chemical interaction with epoxy groups of the epoxy resin adopted. Flexural test, Double Cantilever Beam and End-Notched Flexure tests were then carried out to characterize the composite and evaluate the fracture toughness in Mode I and Mode II, respectively. N2/H2 specimens showed significant increases in GIC and GIIC, compared to the untreated specimens, and slight increases in Pmax at the first crack propagation.
... It possesses not only low density and high strength but also excellent high-temperature and low-temperature resistance, good thermal shock resistance, a low thermal expansion coefficient, and outstanding corrosion resistance. Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) find extensive applications in critical industries such as aerospace, automotive, rail transportation, wind energy, and construction [1]. ...
This paper studied favorable low-temperature plasma (LTP) surface treatment modes for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)/Al7075 single-lap joints using complex experimental methods and analyzed the failure modes of the joints. The surface physicochemical properties of CFRP after LTP surface treatment were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle tests, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The influence mechanism of LTP surface treatment on the bonding properties of CFRP/Al7075 single-lap Joint was studied. The results of the complex experiment and range analysis showed that the favorable LTP surface treatment parameters were a speed of 10 mm/s, a distance of 10 mm, and three repeat scans. At these parameters, the shear strength of the joints reached 30.76 MPa, a 102.8% improvement compared to the untreated group. The failure mode of the joints shifted from interface failure to substrate failure. After low-temperature plasma surface treatment with favorable parameters, the CFRP surface exhibited gully like textures, which enhanced the mechanical interlocking between the CFRP surface and the adhesive. Additionally, the surface free energy of CFRP significantly increased, reaching a maximum of 78.77 mJ/m2. XPS results demonstrated that the low-temperature plasma surface treatment led to a significant increase in the content of oxygen-containing functional groups, such as C-O, C=O, and O-C=O, on the CFRP surface.
... Kevlar has high toughness and impact resistance but low compressive strength, poor UV resistance, and is costly. Kevlar and carbon ber are more expensive than glass ber [3,4]. ...
Composite laminates were made using the hand lay-up method from plain bidirectional glass fiber and plain bidirectional basalt fiber with epoxy as the thermosetting matrix material. Basalt fiber weight fraction varied to 0%, 26%, 54%, 84%, and 100% during the development of different laminates, and their density and mechanical characterizations were investigated using ASTM standards. A density test was carried out to evaluate the specific strength of different laminates. To evaluate the effects of different fiber weight fractions on the mechanical characteristics of the composite, tensile, flexural, and impact tests were carried out. It was observed that, compared to non-hybrid composites, hybrid composites showed superior properties in flexural, tensile, and impact tests. The results presented in this study show that in hybrid composites, different fiber weight fractions play a crucial role in the properties of the hybrid composite. one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to see if there were any statistically significant differences between the measured mechanical properties. As one of the major benefits of composites is their high ratio of strength to weight, a comparison of specific properties is carried out, and the positive effect of hybridization was observed.
... Typical particles include carbides, oxides, borides, and nitrides [3][4][5][6]. Among the commonly used carbon materials, carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers have high aspect ratios, high fiber structures and some unique advantages that enable the preparation of composites with high electrical, thermal and corrosion resistance [7,8]. Among them, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have very high strength, electrical conductivity, capacity, thermal conductivity, low density, good corrosion resistance [9] and high Young's modulus (1 TPa [10] ). ...
In this paper, the effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentrations in the electroplating solution on the morphology, nucleation rate, nucleation mode, and frictional behavior of the CNT/Ni composite layers were investigated. The results showed that the electrodeposition of Ni was in a three-dimensional nucleation/growth mode. In addition, the x-ray diffraction (XRD) of the deposited layers showed that adding SDS changed the preferred growth direction of Ni from (2 0 0) to the (2 2 0) crystallographic plane. When the carbon nanotube (CNT) content was 0.1 g l⁻¹, and the SDS content was 0.05 g l⁻¹, the deposition potential was the most negative, increasing the number of Ni nucleation sites on the electrode and resulting in the grain size refinement of the deposited layer. It also reduced the friction coefficient of the composite simultaneously.
... Carbon fibers are highly regarded for their excellent mechanical strength, elasticity modulus, low density, and high flame resistance [36]. Carbon fiber is irreplaceable in vast engineering technology sectors such as cars, helicopters, vessels, buildings, and the sports industry [37,38]. However, carbon fiber is more expensive than other fiber. ...
This paper evaluates the mechanical characteristics of laminated polymer nanocomposites modified by graphene oxide. The nanocomposite samples were fabricated using the traditional hand-layup method (HLM) at three different weight percentages (1\%, 2\%, and 3\%). Tensile and flexural tests analyzed the mechanical behavior of the produced composite. The viscoelastic and thermal properties of the nanocomposite samples are calculated using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals the failure processes on the broken surfaces of the nanocomposite specimens. By enhancing the mechanical properties of structural components, the Graphene Oxide (GO) additives in composites make them more efficient than pure samples.
... Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials have gained significant attention in the machining industry due to their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and vibration characteristic [1][2][3]. High-strength fiber reinforced composite has become one of the preferred alternatives for the traditional metal materials [4]. Compared to metallic parts, the CFRP components offer advantages in weight reduction, energy conservation and vibration characteristics when carbon fiber reinforcement is appropriately arranged. ...
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials have gained significant attention in the machining industry due to their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and vibration characteristics. In the poor rigidity machining tool system, such as plunge milling, deep drilling and boring, the large overhanging shaft increases the requirement of chatter stability. In this study, a solution of carbon fiber reinforced shaft was proposed for the poor rigidity machining tool system. The vibration characteristic model was established by theoretical calculation, FE analysis and modal testing. The relationship between fiber arrangement and vibration characteristics was precisely described, and the optimization scheme of fiber reinforcement was proposed considering both the theoretical analysis and procedure technique. The machining performance of the optimal HSS-CFRP shaft was compared with that of the traditional HSS shaft in the same tool system. Main aspects that significantly affect the machining performance were thoroughly evaluated, including tool weight, energy consumption, dynamic characteristics and chatter stability. The effect of fiber reinforcement was fully discussed, which provided a reliable solution for the poor rigidity machining system and other potential applications with large overhanging shaft.
... In aerospace sector, functional carbon fiber based materials have imperative application scope [150]. Consequently, strengthened polymer and nanocarbon functionalized carbon fiber derived nanocomposites have been reported for aerospace structures [151][152][153]. Chiou et. ...
... Carbon fiber reinforced polymers or composites have remarkable properties such as light weight, strength, heat resistance, and other physical features. Applications of carbon fibers and derived materials have been observed in wide ranging technical applications including aerospace, automotive, defense, and other technical products (Fig. 12) [151]. Main control factors in the development of polymer/carbon fiber composites include compatibility with the polymers, crack formation, and processing difficulties during laminate formation. ...
Carbon fibers have been technically applied in high performance materials and industrial scale applications. Importantly, carbon fiber reinforced composite materials have found applications in aerospace industries. These properties of carbon fiber reinforced composites depend upon the carbon fiber features such as length, orientation, surface properties, adhesion with matrices, etc. To improve the surface properties of carbon fibers and adhesion and interactions with polymers, fiber modification has been suggested as an efficient approach. Carbon nanoparticle or nanocarbon functionalized carbon fibers have been manufactured using various facile physical and chemical approaches such as electrospraying, electrophoretic deposition, chemical vapor deposition, etc. Consequently, the modified carbon fibers have nanocarbon nanoparticles such as graphene, carbon nanotube, nanodiamond, fullerene, and other nanocarbons deposited on the fiber surface. These nanocarbon nanoparticles have fine capability to improve interfacial linking of carbon fibers with the polymer matrices. The chemical vapor deposition has been adopted for uniform deposition of nanocarbon on carbon fibers and chemical methods involving physical or chemical modification have also been frequently used. The resulting advanced epoxy/carbon fiber/nanocarbon composites revealed improved tensile and physical profiles. This review basically aims manufacturing and technical aspects of polymer/fiber/nanofiller nanocomposites toward the development of high performance structures. The resulting morphology, strength, modulus, toughness, thermal stability, and other physical features of the nanocarbon functionalized carbon fibers have been enhanced. In addition, the fabricated polymer/fiber/nanofiller nanocomposites have fine interfacial adhesion, matrix-nanofiller-filler compatibility, and other characteristics. The application areas of these nanomaterials have been found wide ranging including the strengthened engineering structures, supercapacitors, shape memory materials, and several others.
