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Dark-field optical micrograph of inkjet-printed drops on (a) plasma-cleaned, (b) pristine, and (c) HMDS-treated substrate. Scale is 20 μm. Optical micrograph of inkjet-printed stripes on (d) pristine, (e) O2-treated and (f) HMDS-treated substrates. AFM images of (d–i), respectively. (j) Conductivity (σ) as a function of thickness for HMDS-coated, O2-plasma-treated and pristine substrates. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [45]. Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society.
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Inkjet printing of two-dimensional (2D) material has been a center of interest for wearable electronics and has become a promising platform for next-generation technologies. Despite the enormous progress made in printed 2D materials, there are still challenges in finding the optimal printing conditions involving the ink formulation and printing par...
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The structural properties and whiteness of the substrate surface markedly effect printing quality and are closely related to the primer coating processes. Herein, four different roller coating schemes were applied on MDF surfaces to change their structural properties and color, and the whiteness, gloss, and roughness properties of the substrate sur...
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Citations
... Inkjet printing enables fast, flexible patterning without the need for complex processes. This makes inkjet printing particularly suitable for the development and application of two-dimensional material ink [10,11]. Two-dimensional materials have essential applications in printed electronics due to their mechanical flexibility, transparency, high conductivity, and economy [12]. ...
... They bring different effects on the rheological properties of 2D nanosheet colloids. It is important to understand the rheological properties of the solution in the colloidal system of 2D nanosheets in order to choose the appropriate printing method [10]. ...
The value of two-dimensional (2D) materials in printed electronics has been gradually explored, and the rheological properties of 2D material dispersions are very different for various printing technologies. Understanding the rheological properties of 2D material dispersions plays a vital role in selecting the optimal manufacturing technology. Inkjet printing is suitable for small nanosheet sizes and low solution viscosity, and it has a significant advantage in developing nanosheet inks because of its masklessness, high efficiency, and high precision. In this work, we selected 2D Ti0.8Co0.2O2 nanosheets, which can be synthesized in large quantities by the liquid phase exfoliation technique; investigated the effects of nanosheet particle size, solution concentration on the rheological properties of the dispersion; and obtained the optimal printing processing method of the dispersion as inkjet printing. The ultrathin Ti0.8Co0.2O2 nanosheet films were prepared by inkjet printing, and their magnetic characteristics were compared with those of Ti0.8Co0.2O2 powder. The films prepared by inkjet printing exhibited long-range ordering, maintaining the nanosheet powders’ paramagnetic characteristics. Our work underscored the potential of inkjet printing as a promising method for fabricating precisely controlled thin films using 2D materials, with applications spanning electronics, sensors, and catalysis.
... Graphene ink formulation is a complex process that involves many parameters, including particle size, concentration, surface chemistry, interaction with solvents, surface charge, viscosity, surface tension, contact angle, etc. Formulating graphene-based inks with suitable graphene size, stability, jettability, and functionality is a daunting process [29,30]. Typical graphene ink formulations are based on organic solvents, such as cyclohexanone and dimethylformamide [31], that are hazardous and unsustainable if used commercially. In contrast, aqueous systems are green and sustainable alternatives; however, they are challenged by the difficult dispersion and stabilization of hydrophobic graphene sheets. ...
Diabetes mellitus worldwide patients are expected to total 366 million by 2030. Continuous monitoring of blood
glucose levels is essential for diabetic treatment. Inkjet printing is one of the promising inexpensive techniques
for fabricating printed electronics with high accuracy, minimum waste, and a variety of substrates to print on.
Here we demonstrated an inkjet printable graphene (IJPG) ink made from mechanically exfoliated water-based
salt-mediated graphene. A stable (> 3 months) IJPG ink with a high concentration of ~ 7.5 mg/ml was
formulated and printed on a polyimide sheet, followed by the printing of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) ink to form
IJPG/AuNPs electrodes used as a nonenzymatic biosensor for glucose monitoring. The number of printing passes
of graphene and AuNPs was studied and optimized, reaching 0.272 mg graphene and 0.00143 mg Au-NPs total
weight for each electrode expressing the edge of drop-on-demand inkjet-printing systems, which can make the
utilization of noble metals feasible. The sensor manipulated a sensitivity of 140 µA.cm− 2
mM− 1 and a linear range
of 0.1–10 mM glucose concentrations with a limit of detection of 0.09 mM. Additionally, the sensor featured
excellent selectivity against interfering metabolites, stability of peak current over 21 days, repeatability, and
flexibility, enabling it to be presented as a practical non-enzymatic glucose sensor for point-of-care (POC)
applications
... However, the meth more time-consuming in producing material compared to other 3D techniques a more suitable for creating coatings than 3D structures. Another disadvantage is that mization of rheological parameters often involves the addition of surfactants to co surface tension, which can negatively affect the electrochemical stability of the fue [30]. Due to these features, inkjet printing has found application mostly for depos catalytic layers to form electrodes for HFC-PEMs ( Figure 2a′). ...
... However, the method is more time-consuming in producing material compared to other 3D techniques and is more suitable for creating coatings than 3D structures. Another disadvantage is that optimization of rheological parameters often involves the addition of surfactants to control surface tension, which can negatively affect the electrochemical stability of the fuel cell [30]. Due to these features, inkjet printing has found application mostly for depositing catalytic layers to form electrodes for HFC-PEMs (Figure 2a ). ...
This review summarizes recent advances in the application of 3D printing (additive manufacturing) for the fabrication of various components of hydrogen fuel cells with a polymer electrolyte membrane (HFC-PEMs). This type of fuel cell is an example of green renewable energy, but its active implementation into the real industry is fraught with a number of problems, including rapid degradation and low efficiency. The application of 3D printing is promising for improvement in HFC-PEM performance due to the possibility of creating complex geometric shapes, the exact location of components on the substrate, as well as the low-cost and simplicity of the process. This review examines the use of various 3D printing techniques, such as inkjet printing, fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereolithography, for the production/modification of electrodes, gas diffusion and catalyst layers, as well as bipolar plates. In conclusion, the challenges and possible solutions of the identified drawbacks for further development in this field of research are discussed. It is expected that this review article will benefit both representatives of applied science interested in specific engineering solutions and fundamental science aimed at studying the processes occurring in the fuel cell.
... Unfortunately, current OLED manufacturing requires sophisticated vacuum deposition techniques, which are low-yielding, and energy and material intensive. Therefore, it is highly desirable to replace this production method with solution-based approaches that can be fabricated under fast and simple ambient conditions at lower cost [6][7][8][9] . Inkjet printing (IJP) is the most promising technology for solution deposition of high-resolution patterns for high-quality OLED displays 10 . ...
This work demonstrates successful large area inkjet printing of a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) material as the emitting layer of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). TADF materials enable efficient light emission without relying on heavy metals such as platinum or iridium. However, low-cost manufacturing of large-scale TADF OLEDs has been restricted due to their incompatibility with solution processing techniques. In this study, we develop ink formulation for a TADF material and show successful ink jet printing of intricate patterns over a large area (6400 mm²) without the use of any lithography. The stable ink is successfully achieved using a non-chlorinated binary solvent mixture for a solution processable TADF material, 3‐(9,9‐dimethylacridin‐10(9H)‐yl)‐9H‐xanthen‐9‐one dispersed in 4,4’-bis-(N-carbazolyl)-1,1’-biphenyl host. Using this ink, large area ink jet printed OLEDs with performance comparable to the control spin coated OLEDs are successfully achieved. In this work, we also show the impact of ink viscosity, density, and surface tension on the droplet formation and film quality as well as its potential for large-area roll-to-roll printing on a flexible substrate. The results represent a major step towards the use of TADF materials for large-area OLEDs without employing any lithography.
... 11 It is attached to 2D materials to provide a physical separation between nanosheet layers and enhance the dispersion stability. 12 PVP has good surface formation, good thermal stability, and easy processability, along with good capacity for the charge/energy storage and preventing oxide crystal formation. 13,14 In our study, GaX NP inks were drop-cast onto the surface of the SiO 2 \Si substrate. ...
Two-dimensional (2D) layered semiconductors of Group-III monochalcogenides have gained increasing attention in photonics and electronics. The fabrication of large-scale, inexpensive inks which can be used in printed electronics applications is facilitated by the solution processing of 2D materials. In this study, gallium sulfide (GaS)-, gallium selenide (GaSe)-, and gallium telluride (GaTe)-loaded inks were synthesized and implemented to fabricate phototransistors on SiO 2 \Si substrates. To explore the printed device performances, several color illuminations were applied to the printed phototransistor, and the mobility, photoresponsivity, and external quantum efficiency parameters were compared. Under red-light illumination, the mobility of a GaTe nanoparticle-based phototransistor reached 7.456 cm 2 V −1 s −1. The responsivity of the GaTe-based phototransistor was found to be the highest, with the value of 9.52 A W −1 under green light illumination. However, GaSe-based phototransistors gave the highest EQE value of 2482 (%) under blue light illumination with the mobility of 7.04 cm 2 V −1 s −1. This study demonstrates that printable Group-III monochalcogenide inks can be synthesized with desired properties for use in printed electronic applications.
... However, due to their high boiling point (>150 C), these solvents are difficult to use with textile substrates that require processing temperatures equal to 150 C. In addition, these solvents are both expensive and toxic, making them unsuitable for extensive industrial use. To remedy this problem, low-boiling solvents such as acetone and toluene, as well as ethanol following solvent exchange process often replace these solvents (Jun, Kim, & Choi, 2021). However, dispersion of graphene in another low-boiling, results frequently in inadequate surface tension. ...
Printed electronics (PE) is one of the most dynamic technologies in the world. It proposes low-cost electronic network production in flexible substrates by numerous printing techniques, (screen printing, gravure, offset, flexographic, and inkjet printing), used in various industries. In PE, ink pigments are replaced by metallic particles or precursors that transmit electrical conductivity to the printed patterns such as carbon, polymers and conductive pigments. Conductive inks play an important role in printed electronics, and despite the number of conductive ink types available on the market, there are still issues to be addressed. Some of these restrictions include the use of toxic chemical reagents and solvents and complicated manufacturing protocols, which often make the industrialization of conductive inks an even more distant goal. In particular, conductive inks based on silver nanoparticles, Graphene and PEDOT:PSS are widely studied thanks to their high electrical conductivity. On the other hand, there is still work to be done to show the interest of inks based on phthalocyanine pigments, in particular copper phthalocyanine. Nevertheless, problems related to stability, dispersion and annealing temperature often limit the application of these four types of fillers. In this review, we present general information on available conductive fillers used for the formulation of conductive inks, focusing on metallic particles, carbon fillers, pigments and polymers. The influence and technical requirements of the regularly used printing techniques, as well as the post-processing treatments to achieve the targeted performance in the obtained inks have been discussed. In addition, the surface characteristics of the various types of extensible and flexible substrates used in portable electronics are described. Moreover, some types of printed flexible electronic components as well as notable applications of electronic textiles in various sectors are exhibited. Next, the major challenges for the manufacturing of printed flexible electronics and recommendations for future research are discussed in this review
... For instance, it usually produces a long tail after jetting due to the highly viscous force and the irregular shape of the jetted droplet. Current research on the printability of DOD inkjet printing mainly focuses on low-viscosity inks [16][17][18]. Three important dimensionless numbers, the Reynolds number (Re), Weber number (We), and Ohnesorge number (Oh) are utilized to characterize the physical properties and drop behavior of a droplet during inkjet printing. ...
Inkjet printing of high-viscosity (up to 105 mPa·s) nanosilver inks is an interesting emerging technology to achieve the 3D fully printed fabrication of electronic products. The highly viscous force of the ink makes it impossible to achieve droplet ejection with the traditional piezoelectric-driven drop-on-demand inkjet method. In this study, a pneumatic needle jetting valve is adopted to provide sufficient driving force. A large number of high-viscosity inkjet printing tests are carried out, and the jetting behavior is recorded with a high-speed camera. Different jetting states are determined according to the recorded images, and the causes of their formation are revealed. Additionally, the effects of the operating pressure, preload angle, and fluid pressure on jetting states are elucidated. Furthermore, the jetting phase diagram is obtained with the characterization of the Reynolds number and the printable region is clarified. This provides a better understanding of high-viscosity inkjet printing and will promote the application of high-viscosity inkjet printing in 3D fully printed electronic products.
... In comparison, mask-free ink-jet printing and depositing techniques have been explored for surface wetting patterning in recent years 8,17,[39][40][41][42][43][44] , showing high potential for scalable production due to the low cost and pattern richness. Regarding the techniques, inks must adhere consistently to solid surfaces; hence, the coffee ring effect and interfacial forces that seriously affect the precision and stability of patterns [45][46][47] are required to consider significantly. Moreover, exposure of the ink track is always difficult to avoid. ...
Anisotropic functional patterned surfaces have shown significant applications in microfluidics, biomedicine and optoelectronics. However, surface patterning relies heavily on high-end apparatuses and expensive moulds/masks and photoresists. Decomposition behaviors of polymers have been widely studied in material science, but as-created chemical and physical structural changes have been rarely considered as an opportunity for wettability manipulation. Here, a facile mask-free confined-etching strategy is reported for intrinsic wettable surface patterning. With printing technology, the surface wetting state is regulated, enabling the chemical etching of setting locations and efficient fabrication of complex patterns. Notably, the created anisotropic patterns can be used for realizing water-responsive information storage and encryption as well as fabricating flexible electrodes. Featuring advantages of simple operation and economic friendliness, this patterning approach brings a bright prospect in developing functional materials with versatile applications.
... Appropriate surface tensions are necessary to ensure uniform coverage. In the printing industry, the surface tension of inks and substrates is crucial to achieving quality prints [7,8]. Active spraying and aerosols are commonly used in agriculture (for pesticides and herbicides) [9], the automotive industry (for paints and coatings) and household products (such as cleaning agents and insecticides). ...
