Fig 2 - uploaded by Bassim Bachy
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
The laser direct structuring (LDS) and the molded interconnect devices (MID) processes become more popular in the electronics industry. In order to produce micro MID products with highest circuit lines quality, it is very important to understand the complex relationship among the laser direct structuring parameters, the dimensions of the groove at...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... order to study the relationship among the LDS parameters and the minimum line space, two circuit lines have been created in this experiment tests with different proposal space (Ps) width between these two lines, as shown in figure 2. The values of the Ps distance have been supposed as a function for laser beam diameter (2Χd, 3Χd, 4Χd), where d is the laser beam diameter. ...
Similar publications
Force-spinning is a popular way to fabricate various fine fibers such as polymer and metal nanofibers, which are being widely employed in medical and industrial manufacture. The spinneret is the key of the device for spinning fibers, and the physical performance and morphology of the spun nanofibers are largely determined by its structure parameter...
Citations
... The use of lasers makes it possible to eliminate the use of several baths for surface activation, and thus the use of concentrated and hazardous chemicals. However, to successfully activate the surface of polymeric materials by laser irradiation, a suitable catalyst should be incorporated into the matrix of the polymeric material or a coating with this catalyst (precursor) should be applied [9,10]. A whole group of compounds is known that can act as a precursor for electroless metallization. ...
The article presents research on the potential use of organometallic compounds with the addition of antimony (III) oxide Sb2O3 as a coating additive that will make coatings susceptible to electroless metallization after prior surface irradiation with 193 nm wavelength laser radiation and a different number of laser pulses. The surface modification and activation effects were assessed by optical-imagining as well as by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive analysis (EDX). It was found that the presence of Sb2O3 in the coating made it possible to reduce the content of the copper complex, causing an intensive surface ablation, resulting in the formation of a conical structure with a higher content of metallic copper nuclei.
... Elle est dépendante de la rugosité de surface après le passage du laser : plus la rugosité est importante plus la surface de contact est élevée et donc la force d'adhésion des particules métalliques est importante. Trois paramètres principaux conditionnent la rugosité : la puissance, la vitesse d'avancement et la fréquence du laser [11,12]. En effet, en activant la surface du substrat, le laser génère également de la chaleur ce qui forme une rainure et crée donc de la rugosité, comme montré sur la Figure I-2 [13,14]. ...
La chaire MINT (innovating for molded & printed electronics) est une Chaire d’Excellence scientifique soutenue par la Fondation Partenariale Grenoble INP et ayant pour mécène Schneider Electric. Au travers de la Chaire MINT, Schneider s’engage avec deux laboratoires de recherche, le LGP2 et l’IMEP-LaHC dans le but de développer des fonctionnalités électroniques sur des thermoplastiques de forme 3D. La Chaire MINT a donné lieu à la thèse : « intégration de fonctions électroniques imprimées sur des thermoplastiques 2D et 3D pour des applications radiofréquences ».Les objectifs de cette thèse sont les suivants : mettre en œuvre, caractériser et optimiser le procédé d’impression jetting sur thermoplastique 2D et 3D. De plus, afin de pouvoir définir les limites et les atouts de cette technologie pour des applications radiofréquences, les performances de ce procédé en radiofréquence doivent être évaluées. Des dispositifs ont également été mis en œuvre afin d’illustrer les possibilités du procédé.Pour cela la thèse est présentée en trois chapitres : dans un premier temps une étude bibliographique est réalisée sur les procédés plastroniques et leurs applications actuelles de dresser un état de l’art du domaine plastronique. Les technologies plastroniques sont détaillées et une proposition de classification de celles-ci parmi les technologies de fabrication additives 3D maitrisées est proposée. Des dispositifs réalisés en technologie plastroniques sont présentés pour chacun des domaines abordés. Dans un deuxième temps le développement du procédé de jetting et sa caractérisation géométrique et électrique est présenté. Les paramètres d’impression sont étudiés et optimisés pour une impression robuste. Des stratégies d’optimisation de l’impression sont mises en place.Finalement, à travers une caractérisation de ligne de transmission coplanaire en 2D et en 3D, une évaluation des performances radiofréquence des impressions avec le procédé jetting est réalisée. Des lignes coplanaires en 2D sont simulées et imprimées. Une optimisation de l’impression est réalisée en imprimant des plans de masse maillés. Des lignes coplanaires sont également imprimées sur des substrats 3D comportant des angles à 90° et à 130°, puis mesurées. Des applications radiofréquences sont ensuite détaillées sur des substrats 2D et 3D tels qu’une antenne LoRa, un tag RFID et un radôme pour antenne 5G.
... In the direct method of surface activation, the material can be simultaneously modified and metallized. However, this requires the use of appropriate compounds named metallization precursors, added at the processing stage to the polymer material [10,11]. The precursors may be added to the total volume of the material (e.g., during the extrusion and injection molding) or be present in polymeric coatings which cover the substrate. ...
This paper presents a comparative assessment of Cu(acac)2 and {[Cu(μ-O,O′-NO3) (L-arg)(2,2′-bpy)]·NO3}n as potential precursors for the electroless metallization of laser activated polymer materials. Coatings consisting of polyurethane resin, one of the two mentioned precursor compounds, and antimony oxide (Sb2O3), as a compound strongly absorbing infrared radiation, were applied on the polycarbonate substrate. The coatings were activated with infrared Nd: YAG laser radiation (λ = 1064nm) and electroless metallized. It was found that after laser irradiation, a micro-rough surface structure of the coatings was formed, on which copper was present in various oxidation states, as well as in its metallic form. For selected parameters of laser irradiation, it was possible to deposit a copper layer on the coating containing Cu(acac)2 and Sb2O3,which is characterized by high adhesion strength. It was also found that the {[Cu(μ-O,O′-NO3) (L-arg)(2,2′-bpy)]·NO3}n complex was not an effective precursor for the electroless metallization of Nd:YAG laser activated coatings. An attempt was made to determine the influence of the precursor chemical structure on the obtained metallization effects.
... Laser irradiation can be used to activate the surface of the polymer material immersed in special solutions containing compounds of seeded metal as a catalyzer or to preactivate the surface which, in the next step, can be activated selectively by means of chemical treatment [12][13][14]. However, the most commonly used manufacturing method for 3D-MIDs is the laser direct structuring (LDS) method, in which special metal-organic compounds are cocompounded with the polymer material intended to be injection molded [15,16]. As a result of laser irradiation, organic ligands of the metalorganic compounds along with polymer matrix are ablated while heavier metallic atoms left on the surface, thus constituting active sites for reduction of metal ions from metallization bath. ...
Selective metallization of polymeric materials using the technique known as laser direct structuring (LDS) is intensively developed. In this technique, metallized products can be manufactured by injection molding or by 3D printing process if rapid prototyping is need. Special additives present in the polymer matrix enable direct electroless metallization only on the surface which was laser activated. This paper presents the results of using copper microparticles introduced into the poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) matrix at various amounts (up to about 5 vol %). ABS was selected due to its good processing and mechanical properties and as one of the most common thermoplastics used in 3D printing. The influence of copper on structural, mechanical, and processing properties as well as on the effects of laser surface activation were determined. Two types of infrared lasers were tested for surface activation: Nd:YAG fiber laser (λ = 1064 nm) and CO2 laser (λ = 10.6 µm). Various irradiation parameters (power, scanning speed, and frequency) were applied to find suitable conditions for laser surface activation and electroless metallization. It was found that the composites tested can be effectively metallized using the Nd:YAG laser, but only in a narrow range of radiation parameters. Activation with CO2 laser failed, regardless of applied irradiation conditions. It resulted from the fact that ablation rate and thickness of modified surface layer for CO2 were lower than for Nd:YAG laser using the same irradiation parameters (power, speed, and frequency of laser beams), thus the laser wavelength was crucial for successful surface activation.
... Preactivation can proceed in liquid or atmospheric medium and results in altering the polymer surface to enable attraction of catalyst species, like palladium to finally activate the surface [4][5][6]. In direct laser activation material surface is able to be directly metalized, however metal-organic/inorganic compounds (precursors) are needed to be priory incorporated into the polymer structure [7,8]. It can be realized by melt-compounding of thermoplastics or by mixing with liquid resin to form the coating. ...
In this work copper(II) L-tyrosine was firstly reported as effective precursors for laser-induced selective activation and electroless metallization of polyurethane coating. The compound in the form of powder was mixed at amount of 20 wt% with polyurethane resin to form the coating on the polycarbonate substrate. The coating was irradiated with excimer ArF laser which generated UV radiation of about 193 nm wavelength. Various laser fluences and number of laser pulses were applied to determine physicochemical changes of the coating surface layer. After irradiation coatings were electrolessly metallized. It was found that laser irradiation resulted in formation of cone-like surface geometrical structure. The high of the cones was dependent on the dose of irradiation, whereas their tops were covered with copper. The external surface layer of precipitated copper was oxidized. This, however, did not affect the possibility of the surface to be electrolessly metalized. The irradiated coatings was effectively metallized and thus deposited copper layer characterized with high adhesion strength.
... Therefore, a further inspection was essentially carried out to realize the relation between the LDS process parameters and the groove characteristics. Consequently, a deep understanding is obtained for the impact of grooves on the metallization structure [17]. Experimental investigations and optimization of the LDS process were conducted in [17]. ...
... Consequently, a deep understanding is obtained for the impact of grooves on the metallization structure [17]. Experimental investigations and optimization of the LDS process were conducted in [17]. In this study, the researchers employed the design of experiment method (DoE) to investigate the influence of the laser power, the laser speed, and laser frequency on the groove dimensions (width and depth), groove profile and quality of the LDS process. ...
... The structural area under these LDS parameters appears as a circle, because the amount of the laser fluence and the irradiation dose are not sufficient to produce a continuous structured area or continuous produced groove. Thereby, the structured area or the groove formation will appear in this form with puffiness or blowing surface [17] [42]. This behavior can be prevented by increasing the laser fluence, irradiation dose, and the pulse numbers. ...
Die Arbeit dieser Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die MID-LDS-Technologie. Im Allgemeinen konzentriert sie sich auf die Wirkung von LDS-Parametern, einschließlich Lasereinfallwinkel, Brennweite, Schraffur, Laserleistung, Lasergeschwindigkeit und Laserfrequenz auf die endgültigen Eigenschaften des strukturierten Bereichs, Genauigkeit, Qualität und Zuverlässigkeit des endgültigen MID-Produkts. Es enthält eine experimentelle Untersuchung, die auf dem DoE-Tool basiert, um die Korrelation zwischen angenommenen Parametern und entsprechenden Antworten zu beschreiben. Eine Computer-Simulation und Modellierung werden auch verwendet, um die Prozessleistung mit einfach zu modifizierenden Computermodellen vorherzusagen.
... It is an important attempt to propose a mathematical model which correlates the relation among the traditional process parameters and the groove dimensions, as well as the surface roughness (Ra). Experimental investigation and optimization for the LDS process is conducted in [5]. In this study, the effect of the laser speed, power, and frequency on the quality of the LDS products were investigated. ...
... The structural area under these LDS parameters appears as a circle form, because the amount of the laser fluence and the irradiation dose is not enough to get a continuous structured area or produced continuous groove. Thereby, the structured area or the groove formation will appear in this form with puffiness or blowing surface [5]. This behavior can be prevented by increasing the laser fluence, irradiation dose, and the pulse numbers. ...
The molded interconnected devices (MID) technology is vastly growing as an important innovative technology in the field of electronics production. The laser direct structuring (LDS) method is one of the most common available technologies for building up MID’s products. The current existing knowledge in industry and in research about the standards in the respective manufacturing processes and process parameters is up to now not fully comprehensive in terms of mutual influencing and dependencies on each other. This is particularly the case for the three-dimensional applications and micro products. In the present contribution, a new simulation procedures based on a three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) has been developed. The effect of each of latent heat of fusion and temperature on the material properties as well as the 3D Gaussian heat source for the laser beam has been considered in this work. The used material was a polymer plate poly ether ether ketone (PEEK). The effect of the process parameters including laser power, speed, frequency, hatching percent or overlap between the laser lines, the laser incident angle, and the focal length have been investigated in experiments and simulations. The present simulation can be used to predict, temperature distribution, maximum temperature, groove dimensions, and groove profile at different process parameters setup. The theoretical and the experimental results can show a good accordance. It can be concluded that the FEM simulation can be used efficiently for predicating, analyzing, and optimizing the 2D/3D laser parameters for the LDS process.
... In fact, fine products depend on the quality of the micro channel or the groove after the LDS step, which depends on the groove dimensions (groove width and depth), groove lap dimensions (lap width and height) and finally the interaction width, which refers to the width of the circuit line, see Fig.1. All the above dimensions as well as the groove profile after the LDS process depend on the LDS parameters such as laser power, laser speed and laser frequency (Bassim & Jörg, 2014;Bassim & Jörg, 2015). Another important requirement for the quality and reliability of the MID products is the adhesion strength of the MID structures. ...
... In case of fine line/space products, the interactive width and the lap width must decrease as much as possible. Previously mentioned that the interactive width affects the width of the circuit line, and the lap width affects the space between two circuit lines (Bassim & Jörg, 2015). ...
Laser direct structuring (LDS) is very important step in the MID process and it is a complex process due to different parameters, which influence on this process and its final product. Therefore, it is very important to use a reliable model to predict, analyze and control the performance of the (LDS) process and the quality of the final product. In this work we develop mathematical models by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to study this process. The proposed models are used to study the effect of the LDS parameters on the groove dimensions (width and depth), lap dimensions (groove lap width and height) and finally the heat effective zone (interaction width), which are important to determine the line width/space in the MID products and the metallization profile after the metallization step. We also study the relationship between the LDS parameters and the surface roughness which is very important factor for the adhesion strength of MID structures. Moreover these models capable of finding a set of optimum LDS parameters that provide the required micro-channel dimensions with the best or the suitable surface roughness. A set of experimental tests are carried out to validate the developed ANN and the RSM models. It has been found that the predicted values for the proposal ANN and RSM models were closer to the experimental values, and the overall average absolute percentage errors were 4.02 % and 6.52%, respectively. Finally, it has been found that, the developed ANN model could be used to predict the response of the LDS process more accurately than RSM model.
... In fact, fine products depend on the quality of the micro channel or the groove after the LDS step, which depends on the groove dimensions (groove width and depth), groove lap dimensions (lap width and height) and finally the interaction width, which refers to the width of the circuit line, see Fig.1. All the above dimensions as well as the groove profile after the LDS process depend on the LDS parameters such as 554 laser power, laser speed and laser frequency (Bassim & Jörg, 2014;Bassim & Jörg, 2015). Another important requirement for the quality and reliability of the MID products is the adhesion strength of the MID structures. ...
... In case of fine line/space products, the interactive width and the lap width must decrease as much as possible. Previously mentioned that the interactive width affects the width of the circuit line, and the lap width affects the space between two circuit lines ( Bassim & Jörg, 2015). Consequently the optimum parameters that give minimum interactive width and lap width as well as the highest Ra and groove depth are: First laser power 0f 9 W, laser speed of 1900 mm/s and laser frequency of 79 kHz and the second laser power of 9 W, laser speed of 2200 mm/s and laser frequency of 78 kHz. ...
... In fact, fine products depend on the quality of the micro channel or the groove after the LDS step, which depends on the groove dimensions (groove width and depth), groove lap dimensions (lap width and height) and finally the interaction width, which refers to the width of the circuit line, seeFig.1. All the above dimensions as well as the groove profile after the LDS process depend on the LDS parameters such as laser power, laser speed and laser frequency (Bassim & Jörg, 2014; Bassim & Jörg, 2015). Another important requirement for the quality and reliability of the MID products is the adhesion strength of the MID structures. ...
Laser direct structuring (LDS) is very important step in the MID process and it is a complex process due to different parameters, which influence on this process and its final product. Therefore, it is very important to use a reliable model to predict, analyze and control the performance of the (LDS) process and the quality of the final product. In this work we develop mathematical models by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to study this process. The proposed models are used to study the effect of the LDS parameters on the groove dimensions (width and depth), lap dimensions (groove lap width and height) and finally the heat effective zone (interaction width), which are important to determine the line width/space in the MID products and the metallization profile after the metallization step. We also study the relationship between the LDS parameters and the surface roughness which is very important factor for the adhesion strength of MID structures. Moreover these models capable of finding a set of optimum LDS parameters that provide the required micro-channel dimensions with the best or the suitable surface roughness. A set of experimental tests are carried out to validate the developed ANN and the RSM models. It has been found that the predicted values for the proposal ANN and RSM models were closer to the experimental values, and the overall average absolute percentage errors were 4.02 % and 6.52%, respectively. Finally, it has been found that, the developed ANN model could be used to predict the response of the LDS process more accurately than RSM model.
Laser direct structuring (LDS) is critical in the integration of circuits onto 3D‐shaped plastic parts, such as antennas and radio frequency components. The LDS process encompasses three stages: deposition of 3D parts, laser structuring, and metallization. While laser‐direct structurable parts have been manufactured through plastic injection molding, material extrusion (MEX) is a favored additive manufacturing process for economic low‐volume production and fast prototyping advantages. Although injection‐molded LDS literature is available, 3D‐printed laser‐direct structured components merit further investigation. This study focuses on the MEX of catalyst‐loaded polycarbonate (PC) parts and its LDS process. The parameters from the nanosecond fiber laser, including scan speed, power, and frequency, are thoroughly analyzed to understand the surface property changes and metallization performance of the printed PC parts. The single scan track width, which corresponds to the accuracy of conductive path width and metallization thickness, is employed to elucidate the findings. A process map is built to keep the track width constant aimed at enhancing the uniform metallization of intricate components. Thresholds are established, identifying a minimum track width of 22.1 μm and metallization thickness of 2.5 μm. These delineate clusters of process parameters that yield conductivity levels suitable for various applications.
