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Schematic model showing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in plants as well as the ascorbate-glutathione (ascorbic acid/AA-GSH) and the guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) cycles. AA is oxidised by ROS and converted into monodehydroascorbate (MDHA). A set of three enzymes, including FAD-dependent monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), GSH-dependent dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR), catalyse the recycling of ascorbate. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) converts O 2 •− into H 2 O 2 . Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (1), catalase (CAT) (2), and
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Environmental conditions are subject to unprecedented changes due to recent progressive anthropogenic activities on our planet. Plants, as the frontline of food security, are susceptible to these changes, resulting in the generation of unavoidable byproducts of metabolism (ROS), which eventually affect their productivity. The response of plants to...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the AA-GSH cycle, monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) converts the MDHA to AA utilising NADPH. Also, the conversion reaction of DHA to AA is catalysed by dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) with redox glutathione (GSH) oxidation in the process (Figure 1) [147]. ...
Context 2
... capable of eliminating excess H 2 O 2 , whether by normal or stress-driven metabolism [26]. GPX isoenzymes are localised in vacuoles, cell walls and the cytosol (Figure 1) [149]. The two main functions of GPX are lignin biosynthesis and biotic stress defence by virtue of indole acetic acid (IAA) degradation and H 2 O 2 utilisation in the process [150]. ...
Context 3
... has been proven to mediate the conversion of oxidised glutathione (glutathione disulfide-GSSG) to GSH, using the electron donor (reductant) NADPH. Moreover, most of the synthesised GSH is involved in the regeneration of ascorbate (AA) from DHA under DHAR mediation (Figure 1) [26], and the activation of several CO 2 -stabilizing chloroplast enzymes [4]. Also, GR has the potential to maintain a high GSH/GSSH cellular ratio by catalysing the formation of glutathione disulfide [26], signifying that the pool of GSH consumed by the DHAR reaction is replenished by GR [11]. ...
Context 4
... reduction to AA is mediated by the coupled activity of DHAR and GSH (hydrogen donor) oxidation (Figure 1). There are positive reports on the impact of DHAR overexpression on improved grain and biomass yield in several plants [193,[201][202][203][204]. For instance, Kim et al. [204] reported that transgenic japonica rice genotypes with high DHAR expression had increased concentrations of AA and higher crop productivity than wild-type rice. ...
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Rhizospheric plant–microbe interactions have dynamic importance in sustainable agriculture systems that have a reduced reliance on agrochemicals. Rhizosphere signaling focuses on the interactions between plants and the surrounding symbiotic microorganisms that facilitate the development of rhizobiome diversity, which is beneficial for plant product...
Citations
... The content of ascorbic acid, the precursor of vitamin C, is normally increased in salt-stressed plants, especially in NaClrich medium, to protect plant cells from salt-induced oxidative stress resulting from increased formation of reactive oxygen species (Zandi & Schnug, 2022). However, in the present study, the increase in the EC of the nutrient solution was provided by the increase in the concentration of fertilizers so that no toxicity stress occurred. ...
Alternative techniques for cultivation without soil are widespread; however, studies comparing hydroponic systems still need to be studied, mainly in semi-arid regions. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of hydroponic systems on the yield and quality of lettuce cultivars subjected to different electrical conductivities of the nutrient solution. The research was conducted in a greenhouse, adopting a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial scheme, being two lettuce cultivars (Cinderela and Rubinela), two electrical conductivities (2.90 and 1.6 dS m⁻¹), and three hydroponics systems (NFT, semi-hydroponic, and floating), with three replications. The number of leaves, leaf succulence, specific leaf area, leaf fresh mass, total dry mass, leaf area, titratable acidity, vitamin C, and soluble solids were evaluated. Cinderela cultivar showed the highest average leaf fresh mass, total dry mass, leaf area, and vitamin C values. The NFT and floating systems provided the highest leaf yield and quality, especially in the solution of 1.60 dS m⁻¹. The semi-hydroponic system provided greater development of the plants with a more concentrated nutrient solution (2.90 dS m⁻¹).
Key words:
electrical conductivity; vegetables; Lactuca sativa
... The examined varieties showcased an exponential rise in SOD activity for NI5439 ( (Wang et al., 2018). The hydroxyl radicals (OH•) produced via metal-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction are prevented to be formed by SOD activity (Zandi & Schnug, 2022). In order to scavenge ROS, activity of SOD increases (Fig. 2) and this was also reported in various studies (Khalvandi et al., 2021;Patil et al., 2021;Ru et al., 2023). ...
Projected changes in the occurrence and severity of climatic events will negatively afect the wheat yield. Therefore, highyielding and abiotic stress tolerant cultivars are crucial to establish tolerance through wheat breeding program. The current
study is a move towards discovering the genetic materials that have the ability to tolerate drought stress. A set of twenty-seven
diverse Indian wheat genotypes consisting mutant lines, genetic stocks, released varieties including checks was assessed
under controlled environmental conditions at ICAR-IIWBR, Karnal for the study. Initially, the genotypes were screened
based on the morpho-physiological traits followed by biochemical analysis to determine their antioxidant activity. The water
stress signifcantly afected morphological, physiological and biochemical machinery of the plants. The root architectural
traits were also studied for the selected genotypes. Simultaneously, the stomatal traits were recorded as supplementary
characteristic to comprehend its genetic control for investigating the tolerance. Based on recorded traits and matrix scoring
genotypes were categorised as tolerant, moderately tolerant, moderately susceptible and susceptible. The correlation study
represented positive association of plant height with spike length, spike weight, number of grains per spike, grain weight per
spike, harvest index, grain flling duration and days to anthesis. The identifed genotype could be further employed in wheat
breeding program. So, the experimental fndings encompass the ability of the identifed wheat genotypes to withstand drought.
... The influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the content of phenolic compounds and thus on plant resistance may be dependent on oxidative stress at the cellular level. Certain groups of phenolic compounds can act as antioxidants by donating electrons to peroxidases that are associated with, for example, lignification and defence against pathogens [72,73]. The generated phenolic radicals can then be reduced by ascorbate [74]. ...
Erysiphe alphitoides is a species of powdery mildew responsible for the major foliar disease of oak trees, including Quercus robur. Infection with E. alphitoides leads to a reduction in the growth of the trees and in their ability to survive. This paper reports on the biochemical changes characteristic of defence responses in oak leaves with different infection area sizes, collected in July, August, and September during three growing seasons. The study highlights the effect of E. alphitoides infection on changes in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, phenolic compound profile, and metal content (mineral distribution). Visible symptoms of pathogen infection appeared gradually in July, but the most intense biochemical plant responses in oak leaves were detected mainly in August and September. These responses included increased ascorbate-glutathione enzyme activities, phenolic compounds, and metal contents. In addition, microscopic analyses revealed a strong fluorescence signal of lignin in the epidermis of pathogen-infected leaves. The involvement of the studied compounds in the basic defence mechanisms of oak against E. alphitoides infection is discussed in the paper.
... Antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) peroxidase (POD) were stimulated under abiotic stress such as, salinity and drought. In fact, numerous studies [15,20] showed a positive correlation between abiotic stress factors, bioactive molecules accumulation such as polyphenols and the enzymatic antioxidant activities enhancement in Moringa oleifera in order to mitigate the unfavourable conditions of growth. ...
Background
The climatic changes crossing the world menace the green life through limitation of water availability. The goal of this study was to determine whether Moringa oleifera Lam. trees cultivated under Tunisian arid climate, retain their tolerance ability to tolerate accentuated environmental stress factors such as drought and salinity. For this reason, the seeds of M. oleifera tree planted in Bouhedma Park (Tunisian arid area), were collected, germinated, and grown in the research area at the National Institute of Research in Rural Engineering, Waters and Forests (INRGREF) of Tunis (Tunisia). The three years aged trees were exposed to four water-holding capacities (25, 50, 75, and 100%) for 60 days to realise this work.
Results
Growth change was traduced by the reduction of several biometric parameters and fluorescence (Fv/Fm) under severe water restriction (25 and 50%). Whereas roots presented miraculous development in length face to the decrease of water availability (25 and 50%) in their rhizospheres. The sensitivity to drought-induced membrane damage (Malondialdehyde (MDA) content) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) liberation (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content) was highly correlated with ROS antiradical scavenging (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and (2, 2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH)), phenolic components and osmolytes accumulation. The drought stress tolerance of M. oleifera trees was associated with a dramatic stimulation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities.
Conclusion
Based on the several strategies adopted, integrated M. oleifera can grow under drought stress as accentuated adverse environmental condition imposed by climate change.
... Moreover, besides enzymatic pathways, non-enzymatic mechanisms also significantly contribute to boosting plants' resilience against abiotic stress. Secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and polyphenols, are essential elements of these mechanisms as they effectively counterbalance the surplus of ROS production resulting from oxidative stress [13]. Furthermore, in response to stressful conditions, plants accumulate substantial quantities of osmolytes within diverse cellular structures. ...
Purpose
This study aimed to assess the effect of Sargassum vulgare extracts (SVE) on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) exposed to salinity stress.
Methods
We evaluated the impact of SVE concentrations (2%, 5%, and 10%) prepared by the water extraction method using fresh material on the morphophysiological and biochemical parameters of tomato seedlings subjected to salinity (50 mM NaCl).
Results
Our results showed that salinity reduced tomato plant growth compared to the control. However, supplementing stressed plants with lower SVE concentrations, particularly 2%, increased plant height, biomass, and chlorophyll content by 32.24%, 38%, and 55%, respectively, compared to stressed plants without SVE application (positive control). Moreover, 2% of SVE decreased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels by 17.24% and 31.54%, respectively. There was also an increase of 23.89%, 133.34%, and 16.36% in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes: glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) with treatments of 2%, 5%, and 10% of SVE, respectively, compared to the positive control. Additionally, SVE treatment enhanced indole acetic acid, polyphenols, flavonoids, soluble sugars, and amino acid content. Furthermore, 2% of SVE increased the activities of enzymes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) by 42.47%, 186.23%, and 4.6%, respectively; and glutamine synthase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) by 185.71% and 0.75%, respectively, in the case of treatment with 10% SVE.
Conclusion
Our research suggests that SVE holds the potential to serve as biostimulant, improving tomato plants’ salt stress tolerance.
Graphical Abstract
... The innate defense mechanisms of plants are largely predicated on the synthesis of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants [31]. The current study focused on evaluating the impact of newly developed biopreparations, formulated as cultural broths and based on live microorganisms L. paracasei M12 or B. amyloliquefaciens MB40 isolated from the apple phyllosphere, on photosynthetic pigment content and antioxidant enzyme activity in the leaves of fruit crops that are either resistant or susceptible to fire blight under in vitro conditions. ...
... Biotic and abiotic stresses induce the formation of ROS in plants, which can cause destructive effects on plant tissues and cells. In response to the accumulation of ROS, plants activate antioxidant defense systems [24,47], deploying system-protective strategies to eliminate excess ROS and maintain cellular redox homeostasis during oxidative stress [31]. Research findings particularly highlight the effectiveness of the BP2 based on B. amyloliquefaciens MB40 in enhancing CAT activity in apple trees at 30 min exposure compared to BP1 based on L. paracasei M12, being in alignment with literature data on the active role of the enzyme in plant growth and development [48]. ...
... The increase in SOD activity, a primary antioxidant enzyme, is presumed to be related to the high ROS levels in plant cells in response to biotic stress. Numerous studies have reported a positive correlation between SOD activity under abiotic and biotic stress conditions and plant resistance [31,[51][52][53]. Under prolonged exposure, GR activity decreased in apple leaves but increased in the pear variety cv. ...
The need for the increasing geographical spread of fire blight (FB) affecting fruit crops to be addressed led to large-scale chemicalization of the environmental matrices and reduction of plant productivity. The current study aimed to assess the effects of novel biopreparations at different exposure durations on photosynthetic pigment content and antioxidant enzyme activity in leaves of apple and pear varieties with varying levels of resistance to FB. Biopreparations were formulated from a cultural broth containing Lacticaseibacillus paracasei M12 or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MB40 isolated from apple trees’ phyllosphere. Aseptic leaves from blight-resistant (endemic Malus sieversii cv. KG10), moderately resistant (Pyrus pyraster cv. Wild), and susceptible (endangered Malus domestica cv. Aport and Pyrus communis cv. Shygys) varieties were employed. The impact of biopreparations on fruit crop antioxidant systems and photosynthetic apparatuses was investigated in vitro. Study results indicated that FB-resistant varieties exhibit enhanced adaptability and oxidative stress resistance compared to susceptible ones. Plant response to biopreparations varied based on the plant’s initial FB sensitivity and exposure duration. Indeed, biopreparations improved the adaptive response of the assimilation apparatus, protein synthesis, and catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in susceptible varieties, suggesting that biopreparations have the potential for future commercialization to manage FB in fruit crops.
... ROS which include not only O 2 •− but also other oxygen-derived molecules like H 2 O 2 and hydroxyl radicals ( • OH), form during metabolic processes and exposure to stressors like low temperatures, chemicals, and UV light 21 . Improper ROS regulation, due to their high reactivity, can cause oxidative stress, resulting in cellular damage and dysfunction, including DNA mutations, protein misfolding, and lipid peroxidation, etc 22 . ...
Royal Jelly (RJ) is a natural substance produced by honeybees, serving not only as nutrition for bee brood and queens but also as a functional food due to its health-promoting properties. Despite its well-known broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, the precise molecular mechanism underlying its antibacterial action has remained elusive. In this study, we investigated the impact of RJ on the bacteria model MG1655 at its half maximal inhibitory concentration, employing LC-MS/MS to analyze proteomic changes. The differentially expressed proteins were found to primarily contribute to suppressing gene expression processes, specifically transcription and translation, disrupting nutrition and energy metabolism, and inducing oxidative stress. Notably, RJ treatment led to a marked inhibition of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, resulting in heightened oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, through a protein-protein interaction network analysis using the STRING database, we identified identified CRP and IHF as crucial host regulators responsive to RJ. These regulators were found to play a pivotal role in suppressing essential hub genes associated with energy production and antioxidant capabilities. Our findings significantly contribute to the understanding of RJ's antibacterial mechanism, highlighting its potential as a natural alternative to conventional antibiotics.
... Catalase (CAT), which is in the enzymatic antioxidant class, has a higher antioxidant effect due to its ability to perform ROS resolution as a feature of the antioxidant class it is in [8]. The CAT enzyme, which is produced by various genes in plants such as sunflower, cotton, peas, cucumbers, rice, and pumpkins, is involved in hydrogen peroxide catalysis [9]. ...
Background and Objectives: Lower limb skeletal muscle ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and it is common in several clinical situations such as aortic aneurysms repairment, peripheral arterial surgery, vascular injury repairment, and shock. Although it is generally accepted that oxidative stress mediators have a significant role in IR injury, its precise mechanism is still unknown. Anecdotally, it is sustained not only by structural and functional changes in the organ it affects but also by damage to distant organs. The purpose of this report is to illustrate the effect of proanthocyanidin on IR injury. Materials and Methods: In our study, 18 male Wistar albino rats were used. The subjects were divided into three groups containing six mice each (control, C; ischemia–reperfusion, IR; ischemia–reperfusion and proanthocyanidin; IR-PRO). Intraperitoneal proanthocyanidin was given to the IR and proanthocyanidin groups 30 min before laparotomy, and 1 h ischemia led to these two groups. After one hour, reperfusion started. Muscle atrophy–hypertrophy, muscle degeneration–congestion, fragmentation–hyalinization, muscle oval-central nucleus ratio, leukocyte cell infiltration, catalase enzyme activity, and TBARS were all examined in lower-limb muscle samples after one hour of reperfusion. Results: When skeletal muscle samples were evaluated histopathologically, it was discovered that muscle atrophy–hypertrophy, muscle degeneration–congestion, fragmentation–hyalinization, and leukocyte cell infiltration with oval-central nucleus standardization were significantly higher in the IR group than in the C and IR-P groups. Oval-central nucleus standardization was significantly higher in the IR and IR-PRO groups than in the control group. TBARS levels were significantly higher in the IR group than in the control and IR-PRO groups, while catalase enzyme activity was found to be significantly lower in the IR group than in the control and IR-PRO groups. Conclusions: As a consequence of our research, we discovered that proanthocyanidins administered before IR have a protective impact on skeletal muscle in rats. Further research in this area is required.
... The soil moisture deficit disrupts the root system of plants, limiting water uptake. This physiological dysfunction of plants results in stomatal closure and decreased cell growth, leading to severe yield losses and sometimes complete crop failure [3,4]. In response to long-term drought, plants accumulate compatible such as proline [1], which acts as a stress defender and plays a crucial role in osmoregulation, maintaining cell water balance, and reinforcing protein structures [5]. ...
Drought stress poses a significant threat to Brassica napus (L.), impacting its growth, yield, and
profitability. This study investigates the effects of foliar application of individual and interactive
pharmaceutical (Paracetamol; 0 and 250 mg L− 1) and amino acid (0 and 4 ml/L) on the growth,
physiology, and yield of B. napus under drought stress. Seedlings were subjected to varying levels
of drought stress (100% field capacity (FC; control) and 50% FC). Sole amino acid application
significantly improved chlorophyll content, proline content, and relative water contents, as well
as the activities of antioxidative enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase and catalase) while
potentially decreased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents under drought stress
conditions. Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between these parameters
and seed yield (R2
=0.8–1), indicating their potential to enhance seed yield. On the
contrary, sole application of paracetamol exhibited toxic effects on seedling growth and physiological
aspects of B. napus. Furthermore, the combined application of paracetamol and amino
acids disrupted physio-biochemical functions, leading to reduced yield. Overall, sole application
of amino acids proves to be more effective in ameliorating the negative effects of drought on
B. napus.
... Other studies have shown that the proline content and peroxidase activity reached their peak after 7 days of exposure to sucking insects from the Pseudococcus family [82]. Peroxidase scavenges oxygen radicals, as do carotenoids [83]. Consistent with the published results, proline increased after insect attack: the proline level increased by two times in aphid-attacked leaves, while the increase in proline in moth-attacked leaves was lower (by 40%). ...
The main biochemical traits were estimated in poplar leaves under biotic attack (aphids and spongy moth infestation). Changes in the abundance of bioactive compounds in genetically uniform individuals of European aspen (Populus tremula), such as proline, polyphenolic compounds, chlorophylls a and b, and volatile compounds, were determined between leaves damaged by sucking insects (aphid—Chaitophorus nassonowi) and chewing insects (spongy moth—Lymantria dispar) compared to uninfected leaves. Among the nine analyzed phenolic compounds, only catechin and procyanidin showed significant differences between the control leaves and leaves affected by spongy moths or aphids. GC-TOF-MS volatile metabolome analysis showed the clear separation of the control versus aphids-infested and moth-infested leaves. In total, the compounds that proved to have the highest explanatory power for aphid-infested leaves were 3-hexenal and 5-methyl-2-furanone, and for moth-infested leaves, trans-α-farnesene and 4-cyanocyclohexane. The aphid-infested leaves contained around half the amount of chlorophylls and twice the amount of proline compared to uninfected leaves, and these results evidenced that aphids influence plant physiology more than chewing insects.
