Figure - available from: Nutrients
This content is subject to copyright.
Schematic mechanisms of effect of dietary intake of β-glucans on cholesterol balance. β-glucans increase the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) by intestinal microflora fermentation: SCFA inhibit cholesterol levels by acting on its synthesis, through inhibition of the hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, and by increasing LDL-cholesterol catabolism. In addition, β-glucans, by forming a gel on the mucosal surface of the bowel, inhibit intestinal resorption of biliary salts, cholesterol, and fats and stimulate neo-synthesis of biliary salts in the liver.
Source publication
Mushroom cell walls are rich in β-glucans, long or short-chain polymers of glucose subunits with β-1,3 and β-1,6 linkages, that are responsible for the linear and branching structures, respectively. β-glucans from cereals, at variance, have no 1,6 linkages nor branching structures. Both immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of mushrooms ha...
Citations
... Mushrooms, belonging to the Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes classes, are macrofungi distinguished by their distinct fruiting bodies and mycelia (Cerletti et al., 2021;Lu et al., 2020). These classes demonstrate considerable molecular diversity and are widely distributed across the globe; they consist of an estimated 15,000-16,000 species (Cerletti et al., 2021;Gong et al., 2020). ...
... Mushrooms, belonging to the Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes classes, are macrofungi distinguished by their distinct fruiting bodies and mycelia (Cerletti et al., 2021;Lu et al., 2020). These classes demonstrate considerable molecular diversity and are widely distributed across the globe; they consist of an estimated 15,000-16,000 species (Cerletti et al., 2021;Gong et al., 2020). Although global characterization efforts have identified around 2000 mushroom species , approximately 700 of them are recognized as safe for human consumption; they are classified as edible species and associated with various health benefits (Cerletti et al., 2021). ...
... These classes demonstrate considerable molecular diversity and are widely distributed across the globe; they consist of an estimated 15,000-16,000 species (Cerletti et al., 2021;Gong et al., 2020). Although global characterization efforts have identified around 2000 mushroom species , approximately 700 of them are recognized as safe for human consumption; they are classified as edible species and associated with various health benefits (Cerletti et al., 2021). Notably, edible mushrooms, particularly macrofungi, exhibit significant pharmacological activities. ...
Abstract: Mushrooms have garnered significant attention for their nutritional
composition and potential health benefits, including antioxidant, antihypertensive, and cholesterol-lowering properties. This review explores the nutritional
composition of edible mushrooms, including their high protein content, essential
amino acids, low fat, cholesterol levels, and bioactive compounds with medicinal
value. Moreover, the study analyzes the microbiology of mushroom fermentation, focusing on the diverse microbial ecosystem involved in the transformation
of raw mushrooms and the preservation methods employed to extend their shelf
life. Special emphasis is placed on lactic acid fermentation as a cost-effective and
efficient preservation technique. It involves controlling the growth of lactic acid
bacteria to enhance the microbial stability and nutritional quality of mushrooms.
Furthermore, the bioactivities of fermented mushrooms are elucidated, which
are antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-glycemic, immune modulatory,
and other biological activities. The mechanisms underlying these bioactivities
are explored, emphasizing the role of fermented mushrooms in suppressing free
radicals, enhancing antioxidant defenses, and modulating immune responses.
Overall, this review provides comprehensive insights into the nutritional composition, microbiology, bioactivities, and underlying mechanisms of fermented
mushrooms, highlighting their potential as functional foods with significant
health-promoting properties.
... The mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned connections are complex and are still under investigation. However, they are linked to the described increases in intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation, chronic low-grade inflammation, and substances secreted by the microbiota [14,[53][54][55][56][57][58][59]. ...
Type 2 diabetes is a disease with significant health consequences for the individual. Currently, new mechanisms and therapeutic approaches that may affect this disease are being sought. One of them is the association of type 2 diabetes with microbiota. Through the enteric nervous system and the gut–microbiota axis, the microbiota affects the functioning of the body. It has been proven to have a real impact on influencing glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. With dysbiosis, there is increased bacterial translocation through the disrupted intestinal barrier and increased inflammation in the body. In diabetes, the microbiota’s composition is altered with, for example, a more abundant class of Betaproteobacteria. The consequences of these disorders are linked to mechanisms involving short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide, among others. Interventions focusing on the gut microbiota are gaining traction as a promising approach to diabetes management. Studies are currently being conducted on the effects of the supply of probiotics and prebiotics, as well as fecal microbiota transplantation, on the course of diabetes. Further research will allow us to fully develop our knowledge on the subject and possibly best treat and prevent type 2 diabetes.
... A specific focus about the pivotal role of polysaccharides on gut microbiota regulation have been mentioned in two investigations 22,23 , addressing the prebiotic activity of mushrooms on that specific microbiota, which enhance health benefits for the host. Also, studies on β-glucans suggested a potential clinical use of edible mushrooms in recurrent infections, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases 24,25 . Edible mushrooms have been proposed also as a source of nature-based nutraceutical compounds, which seem to be able to mitigate neurodegenerative diseases by boosting the immune-modulating response. ...
Recent studies estimate that there are between 1.5 and 5.1 million fungi species on Earth, and 150.000 of them have been taxonomically classified. Approximately 2.000 are suitable for food and medicinal applications, but only 35 are cultivated commercially. In Ecuador, 100.000 species are available, although only 5.000 have been taxonomically characterized. Mycoculture is the production of fungi under controlled conditions. Edible mushrooms are saprophytes, and they grow on decomposing organic substrates, mainly on lignocellulosic agricultural by-products such as sawdust, straw, bran and bagasse. Mushroom cultivation turns waste into resource, reducing pollution. Ecuador is an agriculture-based economy, and many lignocellulosic wastes are produced from permanent crops such as cocoa, African palm, sugar cane and coconut. Ecuador's inhabitants are looking for healthy and environmentally friendly products, leading to an increase in demand for locally produced mushrooms, which show high nutritional values and medicinal properties. At the global level, current studies show that edible mushroom production moves around 42 billion dollars annually, projected to 62 billion by 2023. China is the leading producer, with more than 7 million tons per year reported in 2016, followed by the United States, Italy, France and Spain. The increasing rate of edible mushroom global production stands at about 11%. Keywords: fungi; waste; transformation; biotechnology; mycoprotein
... As beta-glucanas podem interagir com receptores específicos em células do sistema imunológico, como os receptores de beta-glucana (Dectin-1), receptores do tipo Toll-like (TLR-2, -4 e -6), receptor C3 do sistema complemento (CR3) e receptores de lectina do tipo-C (CLEC), desencadeando uma resposta imunológica (Brown;Gordon, 2001;Cerletti;Esposito;Iacoviello, 2021). Isso pode levar à ativação de fagocitose, geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), ativação de fatores de transcrição como NF-kB e citocinas, e indução da expressão de níveis elevados de antagonistas do receptor de interleucina-1(IL-1RA) por macrófagos, neutrófilos e células dendríticas (Cerletti;Esposito;Iacoviello, 2021;Chan;Chan;Sze, 2009;Noss et al., 2013). ...
... As beta-glucanas podem interagir com receptores específicos em células do sistema imunológico, como os receptores de beta-glucana (Dectin-1), receptores do tipo Toll-like (TLR-2, -4 e -6), receptor C3 do sistema complemento (CR3) e receptores de lectina do tipo-C (CLEC), desencadeando uma resposta imunológica (Brown;Gordon, 2001;Cerletti;Esposito;Iacoviello, 2021). Isso pode levar à ativação de fagocitose, geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), ativação de fatores de transcrição como NF-kB e citocinas, e indução da expressão de níveis elevados de antagonistas do receptor de interleucina-1(IL-1RA) por macrófagos, neutrófilos e células dendríticas (Cerletti;Esposito;Iacoviello, 2021;Chan;Chan;Sze, 2009;Noss et al., 2013). ...
... As beta-glucanas podem interagir com receptores específicos em células do sistema imunológico, como os receptores de beta-glucana (Dectin-1), receptores do tipo Toll-like (TLR-2, -4 e -6), receptor C3 do sistema complemento (CR3) e receptores de lectina do tipo-C (CLEC), desencadeando uma resposta imunológica (Brown;Gordon, 2001;Cerletti;Esposito;Iacoviello, 2021). Isso pode levar à ativação de fagocitose, geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), ativação de fatores de transcrição como NF-kB e citocinas, e indução da expressão de níveis elevados de antagonistas do receptor de interleucina-1(IL-1RA) por macrófagos, neutrófilos e células dendríticas (Cerletti;Esposito;Iacoviello, 2021;Chan;Chan;Sze, 2009;Noss et al., 2013). ...
A modulação cuidadosa do sistema imunológico é essencial para garantir uma resposta imunológica eficaz, equilibrada e adaptativa, promovendo a saúde geral do organismo. Esta revisão tem por objetivo discutir as funções imunomodulatórias das beta-glucanas fúngicas. As beta-glucanas podem interagir com diversos receptores presentes na superfície das células imunológicas, o que resulta na ativação ou na inibição de células tanto da imunidade inata quanto adaptativa. As consequências afetam processos inflamatórios, hipersensibilidades e autoimunidades. Diversos são os fatores que podem interferir e determinar se a interferência das beta-glucanas no sistema imunológico será positiva ou negativa. Dentre estes fatores, podemos citar o peso molecular, as ramificações estruturais e a solubilidade das beta-glucanas. Ensaios clínicos têm reunido evidências dos efeitos benéficos das beta-glucanas na saúde humana, fortalecendo o sistema imunológico e reduzindo infecções. Os desafios encontrados para que as beta-glucanas tenham seu uso clínico aprovado e incentivado incluem a heterogeneidade das estruturas moleculares das beta-glucanas e a variação na resposta entre indivíduos. Por outro lado, o aprofundamento no estudo destas moléculas poderá ultrapassar tais barreiras e colaborar para o desenvolvimento de estratégias que melhorem sua biodisponibilidade e eficácia.
... Edible mushrooms are rich in nutrients and beneficial compounds such as proteins and polysaccharides, which have antioxidant and antitumor effects [8,9]. Among them, Boletus bainiugan is the famous delicious edible mushrooms. ...
Recent studies on the origin of food rarely focus on the source of counties or even small-scale districts, but traceability of small-scale districts of food is the research trend and difficulty for future research. The geographical origin of Boletus bainiugan is of great significance to its safety and economic value. The aim of this study was to provide a new way for the traceability of B. bainiugan in small-scale districts using synchronous two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) images combined with residual convolutional neural network (ResNet) model. In our study, 550 wild-grown B. bainiugan mushrooms were collected in 28 small-scale districts and their fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) were collected. First, samples from nine regions in Yunnan province were identified, and then samples from Chuxiong, Kunming and Yuxi were identified. Most of these models had a 100% accuracy rate and were suitable for identifying the geographical origin of B. bainiugan. In addition, the combination of 7000–4000 cm⁻¹ and 15 contour lines achieves the most reliable accuracy in continuous classification model, with 100% accuracy rate in the training set, the test set and the external verification set, and the loss values were all close to zero (0.018, 0.069, 0.040 and 0.028). The results indicated that the synchronized two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy images combined with the ResNet model had excellent discriminant ability, and this analysis method provided a possibility for food identification in small-scale districts.
... Studies in humans have demonstrated that β-glucan obtained from oats or barley efficiently reduced blood glucose, insulin, and lipid levels in healthy subjects [13] and people with diabetes [14]. The β-glucan found in Tremella fuciformis differs from that in grains because of its β-1,6 linkage and branching structure, which may confer distinct medicinal properties [15]. However, in contrast to those derived from grains, the effects of β-glucan from Tremella fuciformis on glucose metabolism and anthropometric measurements in humans have not been investigated to date. ...
Background
Prediabetes is increasing worldwide. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of β-glucan derived from oat or barley to lower blood glucose, body weight, and plasma lipid levels. These findings offer a potentially attractive strategy for reducing the risk of diabetes in prediabetic individuals. However, the effects of β-glucan from Tremella fuciformis on glucose metabolism and anthropometric measurements in humans have yet to be studied. We hypothesized that β-glucan from Tremella fuciformis may improve metabolic parameters in subjects with prediabetes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a once-daily beverage containing Tremella fuciformis (snow mushroom) on anthropometric measurements, metabolic biomarkers, and insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese subjects with prediabetes.
Methods
In this double-blind RCT, 56 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a Tremella fuciformis beverage or placebo daily for 12 weeks. All parameters were assessed at baseline and after the intervention.
Results
After 12 weeks, participants in the intervention group exhibited significant improvements in glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C; 6.03 ± 0.26% at baseline vs. 5.96 ± 0.25% at 12 weeks, p = 0.047, Cohen’s d = 0.39) and waist circumference (95.2 ± 12.51 cm at baseline vs. 93.46 ± 11.48 cm at 12 weeks, p = 0.022, Cohen’s d = 0.45). There were no adverse events reported.
Conclusion
This exploratory study demonstrated that Tremella fuciformis beverage consumption may improve HbA1C and waist circumference in overweight/obese prediabetic individuals. Further research, including larger-scale RCTs and mechanistic studies, is needed to confirm these findings and optimize the therapeutic potential of Tremella fuciformis derivatives in managing prediabetes and preventing type 2 diabetes.
Trial registration
Registered in Thai Clinical Trials Registry (14/07/2021, TCTR20210714004).
... Glucans, especially β-glucans found in the fruiting bodies and mycelia of mushrooms in the Basidiomycota taxon, act as biological response modifiers due to their broad spectrum of action in the immune system. These compounds are also known for their strong antioxidant properties, as they help prevent DNA damage and destroy carcinogenic metabolites (Cerletti et al., 2021). The health-related effects of β-glucans have been extensively studied, including their role in modulating the immune system, as well as their metabolic and gastrointestinal effects (Cerletti et al., 2021). ...
... These compounds are also known for their strong antioxidant properties, as they help prevent DNA damage and destroy carcinogenic metabolites (Cerletti et al., 2021). The health-related effects of β-glucans have been extensively studied, including their role in modulating the immune system, as well as their metabolic and gastrointestinal effects (Cerletti et al., 2021). In the study of McCleary & Draga (2016), H. erinaceus (35.3 g/100 g d.w.) showed comparable β-glucan content to other species such as Grifola frondosa (32.1 g/100 g d.w.), Pleurotus ostreatus (33.3 g/100 g d.w.), and Pleurotus eryngii (39.4 g/100 g d.w.). ...
The study aimed to compare the content of biologically active substances (lovastatin, ergothioneine, tryptophan and its derivatives), bioelements (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn), and glucans content between the fruiting bodies (from two flushes) and mycelia of Hericium erinaceus, Hericium americanum and Hericium coralloides. High-performance liquid chromatography, atomic absorption spectrometry, and spectrophotometric methods were employed for the analysis of organic compounds, bioelements, and glucans content, respectively. The relationships between the analyzed mushroom species' biological active substances, bioelements content, and the conditions of the culture were carried out using chemometric analysis: Cluster analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Among the species examined, H. coralloides mycelium emerged as the superior source of lovastatin (21.6 mg/100 g d.w.). Fruiting bodies of H. americanum from the first flush contained a higher quantity of lovastatin, ergothioneine, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, and L-tryptophan compared to mycelia and second flush fruiting bodies. Importantly, H. americanum fruiting bodies from the first flush showed to be a better source of biologically active compounds than other investigated species. As far as it is known, the study represents the first comprehensive comparison of biologically active compounds and elements between the fruiting bodies and mycelia of three species within the Hericium genus. Future research could assay refining cultivation methods to enhance the targeted production of specific bioactive compounds at highest concentration for applications in functional foods, or dietary supplements.
... So far, β-glucans derived from various mushroom species, have garnered significant attention for their remarkable immunomodulatory properties. 45 Since 1980, licensed drugs containing β-glucans have been available on the market in Japan for cancer treatment and have also received authorization in several countries. Till date, over 200 clinical trials have been registered for the application of β-glucans in various therapeutic areas. ...
In our previous study, we have established Russula pseudocyanoxantha as a unique species, playing a crucial role in indigenous diets through ages. The research also brought attention to bioactive potential of polysaccharide fraction extracted from the unexplored food using hot water. However, residue of the conventional process still contains therapeutic bio-polymers that could further be utilized for pharmacological purposes instead of being discarded. Therefore, the current study aims to valorize the solid remnants, contributing to a deeper understanding of the novel taxon. Subsequently, the leftover was treated with cold alkali, leading to the preparation of a high-yield fraction (RP-CAP). Chemical characterization through FT-IR, GC-MS, HPTLC, and spectroscopy demonstrated presence of several monomers in the carbohydrate backbone, predominantly composed of β-glucan. Furthermore, GPC chromatogram indicated presence of a homogeneous polymer with Mw of ~129.28 kDa. Subsequently, potent antioxidant activity was noted in terms of radical scavenging (O2•−, OH•, DPPH• and ABTS•+), chelating ability, reducing power and total antioxidant activity where EC50 values ranged from 472–3600 µg/mL. Strong immune-boosting effect was also evident, as the bio-polymers stimulated murine macrophage cell proliferation, phagocytic activity, pseudopod formation, and NO as well as ROS synthesis. In-depth analysis revealed that the fraction stimulated synthesis of several inflammatory mediators, elucidating the mode of action through TLR/NF-κB pathway. Therefore, the findings collectively suggest that RP-CAP possesses great potential to serve as a health-improving component.
... SCFAs produce long-term immunomodulatory benefits and themselves regulate neurotransmitter and hormone levels (Li et al., 2021). Specifically, the β-glucans from mushrooms may act as potent agonists of neurotransmitters (Chong et al., 2019;Cerletti et al., 2021) which, in turn, have been shown to influence the regulation of mood and circadian rhythms. Such physiological functions are usually impaired in neuropsychiatric illnesses (Scriven et al., 2018). ...
... Currently, none of the intervention studies reviewed here looked specifically at changes in the gut microbiota, so collection and analysis of participants' faecal samples would help to examine changes in gut microflora and SCFA production following mushroom intervention. This would help to further our understanding of the potential metabolites involved in the regulation of gut-brain signalling (Cerletti et al., 2021). ...
... For example, the β-glucans from mushrooms have a 1,3 backbone with 1,6-linked side chains, a structure that has been shown to potentiate immune response through various mechanisms, including the activation of macrophages and other immune cells [25]. Yeast-derived β-glucans, with a higher proportion of 1,3 linkages, have been found to enhance pathogen recognition by the immune system [26]. Conversely, the β-glucans found in cereals, primarily with 1,3 and 1,4 linkages, exhibit a solubility that can influence gut health, which in turn can have a systemic effect on the immune status of pigs [27]. ...
Simple Summary
The pig-farming industry faces significant challenges in ensuring the health and growth of piglets, particularly during the weaning phase. This critical period involves multiple stressors, such as environmental changes, dietary shifts, and social separation, which can adversely affect the piglet’s digestive health, immune system, and overall well-being. One of the primary hurdles during weaning is the transition from a milk-based diet to a more complex cereal-based diet. This abrupt dietary change can lead to reduced food intake, digestive issues, gut inflammation, and nutrient absorption difficulties, resulting in diarrhea and poor growth. To tackle these issues, researchers are exploring innovative nutritional strategies. One promising area is the utilization of specific types of fiber, known as glucans, derived from sources like cereals, mushrooms, seaweed, and yeast. Additionally, there is a growing focus on the roles of Vitamin D and selenium, with Vitamin D and selenium-enriched mushrooms serving as natural sources of these vital nutrients. In conclusion, addressing the challenges faced by piglets during weaning necessitates the development of effective nutritional strategies, including the incorporation of glucans, Vitamin D, selenium, and enriched mushrooms. These approaches align with sustainable and responsible pig-farming practices, prioritizing the welfare of the animals and reducing the need for additives and antibiotics.
Abstract
This review examines the challenges faced by the pig industry, with a specific focus on improving the health and growth of weaned pigs. It emphasizes the immediate necessity of investigating alternative approaches to managing pig nutrition and health due to restrictions on the use of antibiotics and the prohibition of zinc oxide in weaned pig diets. The weaning phase is identified as a critical stage in piglet development, characterized by stressors that affect their gastrointestinal health, immune responses, and overall physiology. The primary challenge during weaning arises from transitioning piglets from a digestible milk-based diet to a less digestible cereal-based feed, causing nutritional stress. This manifests as reduced feed intake, leading to gastrointestinal disturbances, intestinal inflammation, and adverse effects on intestinal structure and microbiota. To address these challenges and optimize piglet development, various nutritional strategies have been explored. Notably, glucans, particularly β-glucans from fungi, cereals, algae, and yeast, show promise in alleviating weaning-related issues. Furthermore, it is important to highlight the critical roles played by Vitamin D and selenium in piglet nutrition. These essential nutrients can be sourced naturally from enriched mushrooms that are specifically enriched with Vitamin D and selenium, providing a sustainable dietary option. In conclusion, effective nutritional strategies, including glucans, Vitamin D, selenium, and enriched mushrooms, are beneficial for addressing weaning-related challenges.
