FIGURE 1
Schematic map showing the Oder River watershed (area with topographic relief) with the master stream and its main tributaries. The map has been constructed by using public domain data available under the Open Database License (https://www. openstreetmap.org/copyright/en)
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This study uses Sr isotope composition (87Sr/86Sr) and Sr content of waters of the Oder, one of the largest rivers in central Europe, to fingerprint natural and anthropogenic contributions to its Sr budget and to evaluate water mixing processes in its hydrological system. It also demonstrates a simple method of quantifying natural and anthropogenic...
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... pronounced anthropogenic influence due to mining of evapo- rites and coal was considered to constitute the major reason for a very high Sr flux of these rivers (Bojakowska, Sokołowska, & Konieczyńska, 1998). On the basis of a rough calculation, Löfvendahl et al. (1990) Here, we report Sr isotope and concentration data for the Oder River (Figure 1), one of the largest rivers in central Europe, in order to identify sources of its high Sr flux. The Oder is also examined with the goal of quantifying natural and anthropogenic Sr inputs in the watershed. ...
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... Oder (Polish and Czech: Odra) is one of the major rivers of central Europe. Rising in the East Sudetes of northern Czech Republic, the Oder flows generally north-west and north for 854 km before entering the Szczecin lagoon, which is connected to the Baltic Sea (Figure 1). In the preindustrial times, the Oder River was longer than in the present, because it meandered great distances within its valley. ...
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... consequence, river regulation shortened the river length by approximately 160 km. The Oder River takes drainage from a water- shed of 118,861 km 2 , encompassing a large area in Poland and small parts of Czech Republic and Germany (Figure 1). Its fluvial system is visualized in Figure 2a. ...
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Over geological timescales, CO2 levels are determined by the operation of the long term carbon cycle, and it is generally thought that changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration have controlled variations in Earth's surface temperature over the Phanerozoic Eon. Here we compile independent estimates for global average surface temperature and atmospher...
Citations
... The Qingyi river basin (QRB) is situated in eastern China downstream of the Yangtze River, covering an area of 7195 km 2 (Fig. 1). The river flows from south to north, spanning a total length of 275 km and discharging into the Yangtze River at Wuhu city, with a mean runoff of 165.9 m 3 /s (Zhu, 2007). The topography of the QRB comprises medium mountain terrain in the upstream, low mountain terrain in the midstream and western margin of the downstream, and hilly and plain areas in the downstream. ...
... There is a broadly positive correlation between 1/Sr and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios with 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios higher than 0.7092, as well as a tendency towards rainwater for the E groundwater (Fig. 9b), suggesting that Sr is derived from both carbonate, silicate minerals and rainwater (Chapman et al., 2013;Zieliński et al., 2018). Alternatively, if the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios are restricted to under 0.7092, progressive carbonate minerals dissolution is likely to account for the positive correlation between 1/Sr and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios (Dogramaci and Herczeg, 2002;Wang et al., 2006), which is not seen in Fig. 9b, probably indicating that mixing between carbonate and silicate weathering in regionally domain the hydrogeochemical processes in the QRB. ...
... This can be done by analysing the Sr isotope composition of the geological substrate (rocks, sediments, soils), surface and/or ground waters, and samples of plants and animals. Recent studies, however, showed that the Sr isotope system of modern environments, i.e., its surface waters, flora and fauna, can be influenced by inputs of Sr from various anthropogenic sources [67,[72][73][74]. Therefore, caution is needed if Sr isotope signatures of modern samples are used. ...
European Bronze Age societies are generally characterised by increased mobility and the application of isotopic methods to archaeology has allowed the rate and range of human travels to be quantified. However, little is known about the mobility of the people inhabiting East-Central Europe in the late Early and Middle Bronze Age (1950-1250 BC) whose primary subsistence strategy was herding supported by crop cultivation. This paper presents the results of strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope analyses in the enamel of people buried in collective graves at the cemeteries in Gustorzyn and Żerniki Górne. These sites are located in Kujawy and the Nida Basin, a lowland and an upland region with clearly different environmental conditions, respectively. Both sites are classified as belonging to the Trzciniec cultural circle and were used between 16th and 13th centuries BC. Among the 34 examined individuals only an adult female from Gustorzyn can be assessed as non-local based on both 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O signatures in her first molar. This may indicate the practice of exogamy in the studied population but more generally corresponds with the hypothesis of limited mobility within these societies, as has previously been inferred from archaeological evidence, anthropological analysis, and stable isotope-based diet reconstruction. New and existing data evaluated in this paper show that the 87Sr/86Sr variability in the natural environment of both regions is relatively high, allowing the tracking of short-range human mobility. A series of oxygen isotope analyses (conducted for all but one individuals studied with strontium isotopes) indicates that δ18O ratios measured in phosphate are in agreement with the predicted modern oxygen isotope precipitation values, and that this method is useful in detecting travels over larger distances. The challenges of using both 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O isotopic systems in provenance studies in the glacial landscapes of temperate Europe are also discussed.
... Price et al. 2002). These differences arise from the differential weathering of minerals and from the addition of strontium from other sources such as dust, sea salt deposition, or fertilizers (Böhlke and Horan 2000;Zieliński et al. 2018;Bataille et al. 2018; Thomsen and Andreasen 2019). ...
... However, the variability of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios and strontium concentrations in the Freiberger Mulde catchment is higher for smaller tributaries than for the main stream and highest for groundwater samples (Fig. 2b, c). In comparison with stream water, groundwater is probably much more influenced by very local geologic phenomena like faults, ore lodes, volcanic dykes, and anthropogenic pollution such as fertilizers (Böhlke and Horan 2000; Thomsen and Andreasen 2019), mine waters (Zieliński et al. 2018), or other groundwater contamination (Nigro et al. 2017). Still, in contrast to completely stationary proxies like plant leaves, roots, or soils, a slightly reduced variability in groundwater can be assumed due to some horizontal and vertical groundwater flow (Ladegaard-Pedersen et al. 2020). ...
... These sediments were deposited within the Southern Permian Basin. The southern rim of the Basin was situated close to the recent Fichtelgebirge/Erzgebirge, and the depocenter with the highest sediment thicknesses was located close to the coast line of the recent Baltic Sea (Ziegler 1990) so that the sediment thickness decreased towards South. ...
In this study, we present a new ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isoscape map of Central and NE Germany. This area is characterized by an alternation of sedimentary basins and mountainous regions with a very variable lithology. Since lithology and rock age have a major impact on the isotopic composition of biologically available strontium, Central and NE Germany should reveal highly variable ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios. From lithological characteristics, particularly high ratios are expected in the mountainous regions of the Erzgebirge/Fichtelgebirge and the Harz Mountains. In contrast to these predictions, published ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isoscape maps of Central and NE Germany record rather uniform and low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios. From this observation, we suspected that existing isoscape maps might be computed from an insufficient database, with mountainous regions being underrepresented. Our goal was to gather ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr baselines for each major lithology of Central and NE Germany and to produce an accurate isoscape map of Central and NE Germany. In the first step, we evaluated the suitability of stream water and groundwater as a proxy for biologically available strontium. In a selected watershed, we present mixing relationships and a stream network model. We show that groundwater is prone to very local geologic and anthropogenic influences and should thus be avoided. Instead, we focussed our further sampling on stream water. Altogether, we used 119 new measurements of groundwater and stream water and a set of 23 auxiliary variables as a database for our new isoscape map of Central and NE Germany. Due to a sampling strategy that focussed on covering each major lithology, our measurements and the final isoscape map show a clear contrast between sedimentary basins and mountainous regions. For regions that have been sufficiently sampled, a direct comparison of the isoscape map with published and new data shows good agreement. Although Central and NE Germany were part of published isoscape maps, our new map is the first that predicts ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios in mountainous regions with high accuracy.
... For example, seasonal variations in water-rock interaction time (Rai and Singh, 2007;Tipper et al., 2006c;Tripathy et al., 2010), changes in the dominant fluid flow path (Calmels et al., 2011;Torres et al., 2015), solute supply from different lithological units (Bickle et al., 2003;Boral et al., 2021;Chao et al., 2015), or input from additional sources (e.g. plant litter, dust, mine water) (Hindshaw et al., 2019;Pett-Ridge et al., 2009;Zieliń ski et al., 2018) temporal variations in river water chemistry within a single catchment. In addition to these hydrologic processes impacting the inputs, secondary processes such as cation exchange (Tipper et al., 2021), adsorption by clay minerals (Michalopoulos and Aller, 1995), secondary mineral neoformation (carbonates, silicates, and oxides) (Jacobson et al., 2002), plant growth (Berner, 1997) can also vary in response to changing hydrological conditions (Clow and Mast, 2010;Maher, 2011), but they can be hard to identify based on only the dissolved concentrations of major and trace elements (Pett-Ridge et al., 2009). ...
To assess how chemical weathering processes in large high-relief river systems respond to climatic variability , we studied seasonal changes in radiogenic strontium (87 Sr/ 86 Sr) and stable calcium (d 44/40 Ca) and magnesium (d 26 Mg) isotopes in the Jinsha and Yalong rivers, which drain the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. During the low-runoff season, with discharge (Q) < 2000 m 3 /s, the river waters reflect the Sr, Ca, and Mg isotope signatures of recharge meltwaters, with additional isotope fractionation signals for Ca and Mg related to secondary mineral precipitation, which might imply that meltwater flushes soil solutions from the soil. During medium-runoff intervals (2000 m 3 /s < Q < 4000 m 3 /s), the Sr, Ca, and Mg isotope signatures in the Jinsha river waters are similar to those of the headwaters, which are influenced by evaporite dissolution, while the Yalong is affected by greater carbonate weathering relative to silicate weathering. In both rivers, bedrock dissolution governs the chemical composition of the river waters. During the high-runoff season (Q > 4000 m 3 /s), storms generate rapid overland flow, which transfers large volumes of soil into the rivers, such that soil weathering plays an important role in regulating riverine chemical compositions. At these times, the riverine Ca and Sr isotope evolution is influenced by secondary mineral dissolution and sediment-water cation exchange. Overall, this study highlights the potential of combining multiple isotope systems (Sr, Ca, Mg) to trace the dynamics of water-rock interaction under variable hydrological conditions.
... Previous researches have demonstrated that the quick seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio rise during the last 2 Ma is primarily attributed to the alteration of strontium entering the sea from coastal watershed (Capo, Stewart & Chadwick, 1998;Peucker-Ehrenbrink & Fiske, 2019). Therefore, dissolved Sr flux in a coastal watershed could reveal the potential Sr isotope evolution in the ocean (Zieli nski et al., 2018). Although previous studies have already explored numerous hydro-geochemical and isotopic characteristics of the world largest rivers (Gaillardet et al., 1999;Mortatti & Probst, 2003;Singh, Kumar & France-Lanord, 2006;Yang et al., 2021;Zeng, Han & Yang, 2020), further systematic investigations of Sr isotopic geochemical characteristics in typical coastal watershed are still in urgent need to be accurately constrained for better understanding of marine records. ...
Coastal watershed are essential in transporting dissolved loads from terrestrial biogeochemical process of surface environment to the adjacent oceans. The solute chemistry of coastal river water contains significant information about environmental processes under the impact of both natural lithology and anthropogenic pressure. In this study, strontium (Sr) isotopes and water chemistry data of the Jiulongjiang (JLJ) river water were analyzed in detail to trace the contribution of bedrock weathering, and quantify Sr flux to the East China Sea (ECS). The dissolved Sr contents ranged 0.07-0.90 μmol L-1 and greatly fluctuated where tributaries encountered, and 87Sr/86Sr values relatively fluctuated between 0.7140 and 0.7514. Silicate weathering was identified to be the predominant contribution of riverine dissolved loads. Strontium flux to the ocean in dry season was estimated to be 689.2 tons per year, implying an essential influence on oceanic strontium evolution. In accordance with forward model, the silicate weathering rate and CO2 consumption rate were 55.7 tons km-2 per year and 16.9×105 mol km-2 per year, respectively, slightly higher than world average. Considering anthropogenic impacts alongside the river, the integrated effect of lower runoff and longer retention time of river water in dry season may aggravate weathering processes. Although CO2 sink by silicate weathering in JLJ seems less than the sink in world’s central reservoirs, it should still be taken into consideration for coastal carbon budget. These findings highlight the use of geochemical characteristics of strontium and its isotopes in identifying weathering process and output flux to the ocean, which provides basic data for sustainable coastal water resource management.
... Радиогенные изотопные отношения стронция 87 Sr/ 86 Sr широко используются для выявления источников стронция и исследования его поведения в (био)геохимических циклах. Так, изотопы стронция являются надежным инструментом идентификации взаимодействия водных бассейнов и водоносных горизонтов в различных гидрологических системах (поверхностные, подземные воды) [Frost, Toner, 2004;Zieliński et al., 2018]. В экологических исследованиях изотопы стронция маркируют антропогенный вклад от минеральных удобрений, рудничных, промышленных сточных и муниципальных канализационных вод, а также жидкостей гидроразрыва [Zieliński et al., 2018]. ...
... Так, изотопы стронция являются надежным инструментом идентификации взаимодействия водных бассейнов и водоносных горизонтов в различных гидрологических системах (поверхностные, подземные воды) [Frost, Toner, 2004;Zieliński et al., 2018]. В экологических исследованиях изотопы стронция маркируют антропогенный вклад от минеральных удобрений, рудничных, промышленных сточных и муниципальных канализационных вод, а также жидкостей гидроразрыва [Zieliński et al., 2018]. Отношения 87 Sr/ 86 Sr позволяют подтверждать происхождение или выявлять контрафактную продукцию растительного и животного происхождения (сыр, вино, соки, кофе, оливковое масло), а также минеральную воду. ...
Sr/ ⁸⁶ Sr isotopic ratios are widely used to identify strontium sources and study strontium behaviour in(bio)geochemical cycles. ⁸⁷ Sr/ ⁸⁶ Sr in surface waters can reflect the average composition of bioavailable (i.e. available forfurther absorption by plants and animals) strontium in the catchment specific area. Based on those ⁸⁷ Sr/ ⁸⁶ Sr ratios, theregional maps of the bioavailable strontium distribution (strontium isoscapes) can be compiled. A complex block structurecharacterizes the Ural mountain system. Individual parts (blocks) are composed of rocks of various ages, genesis andgeochemical characteristics, which can radically change at a distance of several tens of kilometres. Such variability wouldbe reflected in strontium isotopic ratios, thus making it possible to determine the local isotopic signatures of bioavailablestrontium.
This work aimed to study ⁸⁷ Sr/ ⁸⁶ Sr in the water in the rivers of the Southern Urals. We determined the contents andisotopic ratios of strontium in river water samples collected from the territories of the Orenburg and Chelyabinsk regionsand the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2019–2020.
For the first time in the surface water of the rivers in the Southern Urals (Ural, Belaya, Tobol, Karagaily-Ayat, Sim, andothers), the ⁸⁷ Sr/ ⁸⁶ Sr isotopic ratios have been determined, and their variations have been analyzed. ⁸⁷ Sr/ ⁸⁶ Sr values varyin the range 0.70666–0.71063 (average 0.70908) for the rivers of the Urals basin, 0.70749–0.71058 (average 0.70924)for the Kama-Volga basin, 0.70946–0.71176 (average 0.71071) for the Tobol basin. Such features of the strontium isotopiccomposition may be due to the influence of underlying rocks of the catchment area drained by river water. The dataobtained can be used to identify the sources of strontium input into the water system during hydrological and environmentalstudies; to confirm the authenticity of food products of plant and animal origin; to carry out comparisons in thestudies of the migration of ancient people and animals, as well as to determine the raw material areas for the productionof vegetable and woollen textiles and wooden products in antiquity.
... The presence of the salinity-indicating taxon Hydrobia trochulus, as known from the saline Ries crater lake, therefore appears questionable. In any case, hydrobiid gastropods are not abundant or characteristic components of the (Ufrecht & H€ olzl, 2006), pond water on Braunjura claystone of the Steinheim crater (T€ utken et al., 2006), and modern river water on Saxothuringian bedrock (Zieli nski et al., 2018). Georgensgm€ und Formation. ...
... The presence of the salinity-indicating taxon Hydrobia trochulus, as known from the saline Ries crater lake, therefore appears questionable. In any case, hydrobiid gastropods are not abundant or characteristic components of the (Ufrecht & H€ olzl, 2006), pond water on Braunjura claystone of the Steinheim crater (T€ utken et al., 2006), and modern river water on Saxothuringian bedrock (Zieli nski et al., 2018). Georgensgm€ und Formation. ...
The identification and distinction of fluvial from lacustrine deposits and the recognition of catchment changes are crucial for the reconstruction of climate changes in terrestrial environments. The investigated drill core succession shows a general evolution from red–brown claystones to white–grey marlstones and microcrystalline limestones, which all have previously been considered as relict deposits of an impact ejecta‐dammed lake, falling within the mid‐Miocene Climate Transition. However, recent mammal biostratigraphic dating, suggests a likely pre‐impact age. Indeed, no pebbles from impact ejecta have been detected, only local clasts of Mesozoic formations, in addition to rare Palaeozoic lydites, have been found outside of the study area. Lithofacies analysis demonstrates only the absence of lacustrine criteria, except for one charophyte‐bearing mudstone. Instead, the succession is characterized by less diagnostic floodplain fines with palaeosols, palustrine limestones with root voids and intercalated thin sandstone beds. Carbonate isotope signatures of the mottled marlstones, palustrine limestones and mud‐supported conglomerates substantiate the interpretation of a fluvial setting: Low, invariant δ¹⁸Ocarb reflects a short water residence time and highly variable δ¹³Ccarb indicates a variable degree of pedogenesis. Carbonate ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the entire succession show a unidirectional trend from 0.7103 to 0.7112, indicating a change of the source of solutes from Triassic to Jurassic rocks, identical to the provenance trend from extraclasts. The increase in carbonate along the succession is therefore independent from climate changes but reflects a base‐level rise from the level of the siliciclastic Upper Triassic to the carbonate‐bearing Lower to Middle Jurassic bedrocks. This study demonstrates that, when information on sedimentary architecture is limited, a combination of facies criteria (i.e. presence or absence of specific sedimentary structures and diagnostic organisms), component provenance, and stable and radiogenic isotopes is required to unequivocally distinguish between lacustrine and fluvial sediments, and to disentangle regional geological effects in the catchment and climate influences.
... During the last few decades, strontium isotope ratios ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) have proven to be a powerful tracer of provenance not only for geological applications but also in a wide variety of studies including archaeology (e.g., Bentley et al., 2003;Evans et al., 2006;Montgomery, 2010;Rich et al., 2015;Szczepanek et al., 2018), hydrology (e.g., Christian et al., 2011;Hogan et al., 2000;Négrel et al., 2004;Zieliński et al., 2018), forensics (Beard and Johnson, 2000;West et al., 2009), ecology (e.g., Chamberlain et al., 1996;Hegg et al., 2013;Hoppe and Koch, 2007;Sillen et al., 1998), water supply (Chesson et al., 2012;Leung and Jiao, 2006), and food authenticity (e.g., Crittenden et al., 2007;Rodrigues et al., 2011;Rossmann et al., 2000;Voerkelius et al., 2010). Regardless of the purpose of research, the usage of Sr isotopes as a provenance tracer requires knowledge of spatial variations in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values within the environment at a local and regional scale, preferably in the form of accurate reference maps. ...
... The published dataset has been supplemented by isotopic measurements of additional 48 samples of water, sediments, and plants collected in 2018 to 2020. The water samples were collected following the protocol described by Zieliński et al. (2018). ...
... Watersheds of two rivers, the Vistula and the Oder, occupy about 85% of Poland's territory. The Sr isotope composition of the riverine water of the Oder and its main tributaries, the Warta and the Noteć, was recently systematically investigated by Zieliński et al. (2016Zieliński et al. ( , 2017Zieliński et al. ( , 2018. These data, supplemented by new isotopic signatures obtained during this study, complement a very detailed Sr isotope survey of riverine water in the Oder River basin (Fig. 7). ...
This study presents first isoscape maps of strontium isotope signatures and their spatial variation in Poland, based on ~900 samples of rocks, sediments, surface water, and flora. This dataset is supplemented by ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios predicted for several carbonate rock units. High, radiogenic Sr isotope ratios (>0.72), related to the Pleistocene glacial deposits, are omnipresent throughout the country and are also found in the Sudetes and the Holy Cross Mountains, where igneous and clastic Palaeozoic rocks are widely exposed. The lowest Sr signatures (<0.71) occur predominantly in the Silesian-Małopolska and Lublin uplands and are related to exposures of Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and Neogene carbonate rocks. The large variation of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios in the environment across the country is chiefly driven by the diversity in the geological substrate, and locally, it is also influenced by anthropogenic contamination. Strontium isoscapes for the geological substrate and surface waters differ from each other, in terms of the range of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values and their distributional pattern. The differences result primarily from mixing processes in the geosphere (weathering), hydrosphere, and biosphere that control Sr inputs from various natural sources present in the environment. On the other side, they are also created by anthropogenic contamination of surface water and presumably of soils. This situation has important implications for future archaeological provenance and migration studies, as isoscapes for surface water and vegetation cannot be directly used to estimate the local ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr baselines for past human populations. Therefore, caution is required when modern Sr data of surface water and plants are used in archaeological research. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of the geological substrate, which may be affected by anthropogenic contamination to a lesser extent than water, soil, and vegetation, are favoured for the baseline estimation for historical times.
... Минералы в породе имеют различные отношения Rb/Sr, а, следовательно, различные изотопные отношения стронция (Lee et al., 2011). Поскольку изотопное фракционирование стронция при геохимических процессах можно считать пренебрежимо малым, отношения 87 Sr/ 86 Sr широко используются для исследования взаимодействия вода-порода в подземных, термальных и речных водах (Shand et al., 2009;Lee et al., 2011;Loges et al., 2012;Zieliński et al., 2018). Изотопный состав стронция в воде зависит только от растворения минералов и ионообменных реакций: при течении через водоносный горизонт вода постепенно приобретает 87 Sr/ 86 Sr отношение пород, с которыми взаимодействует (Frost, Toner, 2004). ...
