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3 Schematic irrigation map of Turkestan, depicting the state of 1913 entitled "Skhematiceskaya irrigatsionnaya karta Turkestana". It shows the linkages between the Fergana Valley and the Khanates of Bokhara and Khiva. The grand plan of future irrigation ( red colour ) is outlined here starting from a reservoir in Toktogul via Fergana to the oasis of Tashkent. A scientifi c approach is shown with several measurement stations (Source: Glavnoe Upravlenie Zemleustroistva i Zemledeliya, Otdel Zemel'nykh Uluchshenii 1914 )
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The Fergana Valley is regarded as one of the most fertile irrigated oases in Asia. The genesis of these highly productive agricultural lands is the result of a lengthy process that originated long before the Kokand Khanate controlled most of the valley. Major transformations occurred during Tsarist Russian rule when the upscaling of this irrigated...
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This study on a large irrigation scheme in Morocco addressed a twofold question: (a) does the local water management authority adapt water releases to atmospheric water demand ET 0-P? and (b) does crop actual evapotranspiration respond to inter-and intra-annual variability in water releases? We have evaluated the inter-annual variability of ET 0-P...
This study on a large irrigation scheme in Morocco addressed a twofold question: (a) does the local water management authority adapt water releases to atmospheric water demand ET 0-P? and (b) does crop actual evapotranspiration respond to inter-and intra-annual variability in water releases? We have evaluated the inter-annual variability of ET 0-P...
Citations
... River channels and valleys appear green while the steppe, desert, and mountainous areas appear as varying shades of red. The distinction between these microenvironments is clearer on the north side of the Amu Darya river, where the ongoing effects of Soviet irrigation projects clearly differentiate the historical legacies on both sides of the border (Kreutzmann 2016;Pravilova 2009). We therefore employ NDVI as a measure of agricultural suitability due to the effectiveness with which it highlights these environmental differences and because of its clear association with areas that are today agriculturally productive. ...
This paper explores the concept of suitability within applications of Ideal Distribution Models (IDMs). Specifically, we investigate the effectiveness of single measures of suitability in contexts where diverse local populations practised a range of subsistence strategies with different environmental requirements and sociocultural consequences. To do so, we draw on legacy survey data from northern Afghanistan, within the historic region of Bactria. This region of Central Asia has a rich history of nomadic pastoralism as well as dense urban settlement, with these two lifeways often occurring concurrently with complex social and economic interdependencies developing between pastoral and agricultural societies. Conceptually, we predict that such diversity should be difficult to model by conventional IDMs, as what may be defined as a low ranked habitat by one definition of suitability may be highly ranked in another. On the other hand, identifying strong deviations from IDMs may in fact indicate shifts in subsistence strategies and settlement patterns occurring across various periods of sociopolitical and cultural change. Based on our analysis, we conclude that single measures of suitability do not sufficiently model settlement patterns as predicted by IDMs but do in fact help highlight long-term processes of ecological engineering and inheritance.
... Perry's study [8] also indicated that 20 % of total cropland (irrigated agriculture) produces more than 40 % of the world's total agricultural output. Therefore, expansion of irrigated agricultural areas is essential in nation-building processes [9]. Attempts to reuse domestic wastewater for diverse purposes, such as for agricultural irrigation, have proven to be successful in many parts of the world already [10]. ...
Because of the greenhouse effect, global climate considerably changes and will worsen the water supply situations in future. Also, as can be seen in traditional reservoir, the crisis of water lacking will exacerbate due to the reservoir sedimentation. In order to widen the storage of water resources, a design of portable rain-collecting system used for irritation and daily use for people is presented. To facilitate the monitoring and manipulating, a rainwater collecting and storing system with green energy/automation /monitoring/control function is established. Considering the electricity shortage in remote island/mountain regions, two kinds of green energy generators (wind electrical generator and solar-board electrical device) are built and linked with the system. Here, a rain detector installed onto the roof can actuate the rainwater collecting board to raise and to collect water when raining event occurs. For the purpose of water purity, water filter is also set at the entrance of the water tank. In order to efficiently store/use the rainwater, several water storage tanks in conjunction with ecological pool are preset and adjusted via the water level gauge sensors and the pipe‘s solenoid valve. To meet the weather-proof ability, PLC is adopted as the controller. Moreover, a human-machine-interface is login on the internet and remotely communicated with the cell phone.Consequently, a prototype of the cell-phone base automatic rainwater collecting and storing system is established.
Irrigation canals played an essential role in the Soviet conquest of Central Asia in the 20th century. From the time of Lenin onwards, Soviet authorities invested significant human and material capital to dig new irrigation channels in Central Asia's arid deserts, in an effort to subdue native peoples and integrate the region into a command economy. While the Soviet Union's great success with environmental transformation in Central Asia was indeed extraordinary (and notorious), too little attention has been given to the ways that this transformation was assembled. In this contribution to the special issue on Archaeologies of Empire and Environment, I explore an archaeology of the contemporary past of Soviet irrigation in Central Asia, utilizing the insights of new materialism theory. Rather than conceiving of the Soviet imperial project as exclusively human-driven, I consider the multiple other non-human agents that exerted forces on irrigation development and drove its emergence within Central Asia's desert environments. The example of the region's largest irrigation canal is examined. Using a critically-informed, animated GIS, I show how this canal emerged through negotiations between human and non-human agents. In this process, a hydrosocial object – the Karakum River – was produced that continues to promote the imperial agenda even after the Soviet Union's collapse. The implications for 21st century discourses on environmental degradation and post-Sovietism, and the methodological possibilities of a theoretically-informed, animated GIS for symmetrical, contemporary archaeologies, are also explored.
This chapter represents the summary of the common analysis within the Interdisciplinary Research Group Society – Water – Technology. Lessons learnt, research gaps and recommendations are presented as the outcome of the analysis of the two case studies Fergana Valley and Lower Jordan Basin and as a conclusion from the cross-analysis based on the evaluation framework and the considerations outlined in Chap. 3 (Bismuth et al., Research in two cases studies: (1) Irrigation and land use in the Fergana Valley and (2) Water management in the Lower Jordan Valley. In: Huettl RF, Bens O, Bismuth C, Hoechstetter S (eds) Society water technology: a critical appraisal of major water engineering projects. Springer, Dordrecht, 2015, in this volume).
This chapter aims to present an overview of the two case studies “Irrigation and land use in the Fergana Valley” and “Water management in the Lower Jordan Valley”. It names the main criteria and reasons for their selection as cases in the study of implications of major water engineering projects. The political and cultural conditions in these regions and the major issues and problems concerning water management are outlined in broad terms.
This chapter investigates the role of water users associations (WUAs) in managing the Fergana Valley’s irrigation system at a local level. WUAs were established in the Uzbek section of the Fergana Valley only from the early 2000s onwards and are generally not regarded as having been effective to date, although individual instances of modestly successful WUAs indicate their future potential as viable
entities for collective modes of water management. This chapter begins by explaining the origins, purpose and structure of WUAs in the Fergana Valley as set out in policy guidelines and then contrasts this with a study of how they are working in practice. In the concluding section, the effectiveness of WUAs in the Uzbek section of the Fergana Valley is assessed in terms of criteria derived from the literature
