Fig 5 - uploaded by Kurt Buchmann
Content may be subject to copyright.
Schematic illustration of the hypothetical network of cellular and humoral interactions involved in the response of the fish epithelium against infections with monogeneans. Abbreviations: Mo – monogenean parasite, E – epithelial cell, M – mucous cell, Leu – leucocyte, T – T-lymphocyte, B – B-lymphocyte.
Source publication
Host responses against skin inhabiting monogeneans are commonly observed but the responsible immune mechanisms in the fish skin are sufficiently described. Based on recent knowledge of fish immunity and skin response mechanisms in mammals a model for the skin immunity in fish to monogenean infections is proposed. Important cellular components of th...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... demonstration of strong anti-monogenean factors in the activated fish skin has prompted a hypothetical model for the skin immune system in fish (Fig. 5). This is based on the present knowledge of the anatomy of the fish skin, the findings of inflammatory cells in the skin, the demonstration of cytokines, complement, immuno-globulin and peptides in the skin and mucus. Research in mammalian systems has established links between several factors in the skin and some parallels seem to exist ...
Similar publications
Specimens of a capsalid collected from the gill arches of 2 roundscale spearfish, Tetrapturus georgii Lowe, 1840, (Perciformes: Istiophoridae), captured in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean were identified as Capsala laevis (Verrill, 1875) Johnston, 1929 by having the combination of papillae on the ventral surface of haptor, dorsomarginal body scleri...
Citations
... However, patterns in host age and parasite infection are not universal and younger individuals may possess more parasites than their older counterparts (Wunderlich et al. 2022). In parasitic interactions, the immune system of the host is an important factor, and this is not an exception for monogeneans infesting either the skin or gills (Buchmann 1999;Buchmann and Lindenstrøm 2002). Testosterone is often considered to suppress immune function (Foo et al. 2016;Roved et al. 2017), and as male teleosts have higher levels of testosterone than females (Borg 1994), it is possible that more males will be infested with monogeneans and have higher intensities of infestation. ...
A number of studies have been conducted on monogenean seasonality, though primarily in continental regions with wide annual temperatures ranges. We investigated seasonal changes in the prevalence and intensity of Salsuginus seculus infesting sexually dimorphic western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) in New Zealand. This represents the first examination of seasonality for this species globally, and the first seasonal assessment of any monogenean population in New Zealand, a temperate country with a mild oceanic climate. Prevalence and intensity of S. seculus with respect to fish size and sex was also examined. Prevalence of S. seculus changed temporally, peaking in summer, and was strongly positively correlated with algal concentrations. This relationship may be associated with increasing food levels, leading to an increase in fish courting and mating, resulting in high numbers and close physical associations of G. affinis individuals, facilitating transmission of the monogeneans. Thus, biotic factors may be important in determining temporal changes in S. seculus prevalence in New Zealand. Female G. affinis had a significantly higher prevalence and mean intensity of S. seculus than males. Longer fish had a higher mean intensity and prevalence of S. seculus. Female G. affinis likely host disproportionately more monogeneans as they are larger than males. Alternatively, females may have a compromised immune response during reproductive periods. Overall, seasonal change was observed in S. seculus prevalence and intensity under New Zealand’s mild climatic conditions, and the larger female G. affinis in this dimorphic species supported a greater prevalence and intensity of infestation than males.
... Lester & Adams, 1974;Scott, 1982;Cusack, 1986;Cone & Cusack, 1988;Bakke et al., 1992;Richards & Chubb, 1996;Buchmann & Bresciani, 1998;Lindenstrøm & Buchmann, 1998). Several studies have indicated the crucial importance of epidermal mucous cells in the response against gyrodactylid infections, and both the quantity of these cells (Lester, 1972;Heggberget & Johnsen, 1982;Cusack, 1986;Wells & Cone, 1990;Lindenstrøm & Buchmann, 1998;Sterud et al., 1998), as well as various humoral and cellular factors (Buchmann & Bresciani, 1998, 1999Harris et al., 1997Harris et al., , 1998 seem to play a role in these skin reactions. The present study was conducted in order to characterize parasite population dynamics in trials, where naive fish were introduced into responding host populations and to correlate epidermal changes with infection intensities. ...
... During heavy and/or prolonged/ sustained infections, depletion of mucous cells in epidermis could be an effect of the continuing discharge of mucus from these cells as a means to combat infection. Buchmann (1999) has suggested the involvement of interleukin-like factors (especially IL-1) in this process, as IL-1 is known to have a pronounced effect on fish epidermis (Balm et al., 1995) and in mammals evidently serves as a mucus secretagogue (Cohan et al., 1991). If so, the exhaustion of the epidermis could be related to the magnitude of the injury exerted by the gyrodactylidsand thus to the infection intensity. ...
... Although it cannot be excluded that the transferred components had a too short survival time in the recipients to affect infection, the findings seem to suggest that the elimination of G. derjavini is not primarily attributed to a systemic humoral component. Combined with the quantitative and qualitative (Buchmann, 1999) alterations seen in the epidermis of Gyrodactylus-infected fish, these observations further strengthen the viewpoint that localized epidermal responses play a crucial role in the elimination of gyrodactylid infections. The emerging knowledge from in vitro studies, showing the extreme sensitivity of Gyrodactylus to killing by the alternative complement pathway (Buchmann, 1998b;Harris et al., 1998), the colonization of G. derjavini by macrophages and subsequent killing of the parasite by macrophage-derived complement and ROMs (Buchmann & Bresciani, 1999), strongly suggest the involvement of the non-specific effector arm of the fish immune system against Gyrodactylus infections. ...
Investigations were conducted on the host response in rainbow trout and the associated changes in mucous cell density during infection with the skin monogenean Gyrodactylus derjavini. Parasite populations increased on all naive hosts and peaked 4–5 weeks p.i. after which infection levels decreased. Introduction of naive fish into responding host populations resulted in heavy infections of the naive fish, whereas parasite expulsion continued in the responding host groups showing an acquired, non-sterile immunity. This non-sterile immunity lasted at least a month as these hosts were refractory to reinfection despite being exposed to a high infection pressure. Mucous cell hyperplasia was seen in some groups during the intermediary phase of infection, but at the termination of the study a significant depletion was evident. Passive immunization of naive host (with sera from immune hosts) did not confer protection. This indicates differences between host responses to G. derjavini compared to responses against other pathogens where such a passive immunity has been described.
... Gyrodactylus spp. are small, viviparous ectoparasites that can spread by jumping from one host to another during close contact [59] and feed on host mucus and epithelial tissue. Infections can be fatal for guppies due to excessive skin damage or secondary bacterial infections [60]. ...
Behavioural plasticity allows organisms to respond to environmental challenges on short time scales. But what are the ecological and evolutionary processes that underlie behavioural plasticity? The answer to this question is complex and requires experimental dissection of the physiological, neural and molecular mechanisms contributing to behavioural plasticity as well as an understanding of the ecological and evolutionary contexts under which behavioural plasticity is adaptive. Here, we discuss key insights that research with Trinidadian guppies has provided on the underpinnings of adaptive behavioural plasticity. First, we present evidence that guppies exhibit contextual, developmental and transgenerational behavioural plasticity. Next, we review work on behavioural plasticity in guppies spanning three ecological contexts (predation, parasitism and turbidity) and three underlying mechanisms (endocrinological, neurobiological and genetic). Finally, we provide three outstanding questions that could leverage guppies further as a study system and give suggestions for how this research could be done. Research on behavioural plasticity in guppies has provided, and will continue to provide, a valuable opportunity to improve understanding of the ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences of behavioural plasticity.
... Зазвичай риби з добре розвиненим лускатим покривом виділяють слизу набагато менше (лососеві, окуневі). Роль слизу для риби є однією з ключових: вона зменшує тертя тіла риби об воду (механічний захист), запобігає потраплянню в організм паразитів та бактерій (бактерицидний захист) (Buchmann, 1999;Jones, 2001;Komatsu et al., 2009;Urquhart et al., 2009;Kumari et al., 2011), прискорює згортання крові за пошкоджень, сприяє виведенню речовин з організму, регулює проникнення води і різних солей. З бактерицидними властивостями слизу, наприклад у лина (Tinca tinca), пов'язана підвищена стійкість до ураження паразитами, тимчасом як інші представники родини коропових такою стійкістю не володіють. ...
Morphological methods of fish research provide an opportunity to study their biological systems – cells, tissues, and organs in normal and pathological conditions – in depth at all levels of structural organization. The work aimed to investigate the morphological features of localization of skin pigment cells in scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) of different ages. The study was conducted in the laboratory of complex ichthyopathological studies at the Department of Ichthyology and Zoology of the Belotserkiv National Agrarian University. One-, two-, and three-year-old scaly carp from the feeding ponds of PJSC “Chernigivrybhosp” were used. From which the scales were removed, skin samples of scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) were used as material for research. Tissue samples were taken from freshly caught fish for the research. Our study established that pigment cells in carp of different ages were localized in the upper and lower layers of the dermis and hypodermis and in the lateral connective tissue septum at the level of the lateral line that divides the lateral muscles. In addition, in the carp of the same age, in contrast to the older age groups, isolated clusters of pigment cells were observed in the loose connective tissue between the muscle fibers of the superficial lateral muscle. During the histological examination, we also discovered the presence of pigment cells in the skin, particularly melanophores. Thus, the skin of peers of scaly carp was located in single clusters and had a rounded shape and a concentrated distribution of melanin pigment. Many melanophores were observed in the lower layer of the dermis at the border with the hypodermis. In the area of the lateral line, in the connective tissue septum, at the level of the deep lateral muscle, large strands of melanophores were detected.
... This includes the case of infestations by monogeneans that frequently affect fish cultures of fresh and marine water species. Buchmann (1999) proposed a conceptual model of the immunological response in the skin against monogeneans Section Editor: Shokoofeh Shamsi * Felipe Ascencio ascencio@cibnor.mx infestations, in which the production of cytokines activate an inflammatory reaction, that will result in the elimination of the parasites. ...
... The skin healing process can avoid entrance for other pathogens present in the culture systems such as viruses and bacteria that could lead to a secondary infection (Leong and Colorni 2002). Based on this we considered that the immune response mediated by the IL-1β is a generalized response of fish against ectoparasites, that supports the conceptual model proposed by Buchmann (1999). It is notable that the IL-1β response was strongest at day 20 (Fig. 3), when parasite burdens were also highest. ...
The Almaco jack (Seriola rivoliana) is a marine fish maintained in mariculture systems and frequently infested by monogenean parasites like Neobenedenia sp. Severe infestations can lead to high mortalities and economic losses for farmers. This study evaluated the effects of temperature on the immune response on Almaco jack infested with Neobenedenia sp. We exposed infested fishes at temperatures of 20 °C, 24 °C, and 30 °C for 20 days and took samples of different tissues at the beginning of the experiment, and after 3 and 20 days. The tissues considered were the skin, thymus, cephalic kidney, and spleen to evaluate the relative gene expression of different genes: Hsp70, IgM, IL-1β, IL-10, and MyD88. Our results showed an increase in IL-1β gene expression in the skin after 20 days of infestation but no significant effect of temperature on gene expression, despite increases in infestation rates with temperature. Therefore, relative genetic expression was controlled by the number of parasites and the days post-infestation. These results show that the parasite infestation induced a local response in the skin, but that temperature has an indirect effect on the immune system of Almaco jack.
... When reaching the host, the larvae lose their ciliature, some larvae remain on the skin but most migrate from the skin to the gills of the fish to develop in adults. Several studies propose that the specificity of monogeneans is governed by factors present in the external mucus [35][36][37][38]. However, the mechanisms of establishment and the determinants of the specificity and attraction of monogeneans to their hosts remain poorly known [39]. ...
Background
Animal-associated microbial communities appear to be key factors in host physiology, ecology, evolution and its interactions with the surrounding environment. Teleost fish have received relatively little attention in the study of surface-associated microbiota. Besides the important role of microbiota in homeostasis and infection prevention, a few recent studies have shown that fish mucus microbiota may interact with and attract some specific parasitic species. However, our understanding of external microbial assemblages, in particular regarding the factors that determine their composition and potential interactions with parasites, is still limited. This is the objective of the present study that focuses on a well-known fish-parasite interaction, involving the Sparidae (Teleostei), and their specific monogenean ectoparasites of the Lamellodiscus genus. We characterized the skin and gill mucus bacterial communities using a 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, tested how fish ecological traits and host evolutionary history are related to external microbiota, and assessed if some microbial taxa are related to some Lamellodiscus species.
Results
Our results revealed significant differences between skin and gill microbiota in terms of diversity and structure, and that sparids establish and maintain tissue and species-specific bacterial communities despite continuous exposure to water. No phylosymbiosis pattern was detected for either gill or skin microbiota, suggesting that other host-related and environmental factors are a better regulator of host-microbiota interactions. Diversity and structure of external microbiota were explained by host traits: host species, diet and body part. Numerous correlations between the abundance of given bacterial genera and the abundance of given Lamellodiscus species have been found in gill mucus, including species-specific associations. We also found that the external microbiota of the only unparasitized sparid species in this study, Boops boops, harbored significantly more Fusobacteria and three genera, Shewenella, Cetobacterium and Vibrio, compared to the other sparid species, suggesting their potential involvement in preventing monogenean infection.
Conclusions
This study is the first to explore the diversity and structure of skin and gill microbiota from a wild fish family and present novel evidence on the links between gill microbiota and monogenean species in diversity and abundance, paving the way for further studies on understanding host-microbiota-parasite interactions.
... Previous studies have shown that fish are able to mount an immune response against parasite infections to inhibit the biological activity of parasites [8][9][10]. The fish skin is the first line of defense of the immune system and plays various vital functions especially in immunity and defense against invading pathogens and environmental stressors [11,12]. And the gill is not only involved in gas exchange, but also are major sites for osmoregulation, pH regulation and hormone production [13]. ...
Background
Cryptocaryonosis caused by Cryptocaryon irritans is one of the major diseases of large yellow croaker ( Larimichthys crocea ), which lead to massive economic losses annually to the aquaculture industry of L. crocea . Although there have been some studies on the pathogenesis for cryptocaryonosis, little is known about the innate defense mechanism of different immune organs of large yellow croaker.
Results
In order to analyze the roles of long non-coding RNAs and genes specifically expressed between immune organs during the infection of C. irritans , in this study, by comparing transcriptome data from different tissues of L. crocea , we identified tissue-specific transcripts in the gills and skin, including 507 DE lncRNAs and 1592 DEGs identified in the gills, and 110 DE lncRNAs and 1160 DEGs identified in the skin. Furthermore, we constructed transcriptome co-expression profiles of L. crocea gill and skin, including 7,503 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 23,172 protein-coding genes. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses showed that the DEGs and the target genes of the DE lncRNAs in the gill were specifically enriched in several pathways related to immune such as HIF-1 signaling pathway. The target genes of DE lncRNAs and DEGs in the skin are specifically enriched in the complement and coagulation cascade pathways. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified 3 hub genes including NFKBIA , TNFAIP3 and CEBPB , and 5 important DE lncRNAs including MSTRG.24134.4, MSTRG.3038.5, MSTRG.27019.3, MSTRG.26559.1, and MSTRG.10983.1. The expression patterns of 6 randomly selected differentially expressed immune-related genes were validated using the quantitative real-time PCR method.
Conclusions
In short, our study is helpful to explore the potential interplay between lncRNAs and protein coding genes in different tissues of L. crocea post C. irritans and the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis for cryptocaryonosis.
Highlights
Skin and gills are important sources of pro-inflammatory molecules, and their gene expression patterns are tissue-specific after C. irritans infection.
15 DEGs and 5 DE lncRNAs were identified as hub regulatory elements after C. irritans infection
The HIF-1 signaling pathway and the complement and coagulation cascade pathway may be key tissue-specific regulatory pathways in gills and skin, respectively.
... Poulin, 1992;Whittington et al., 2000;Sasal et al., 2004). Host specificity is considered to be the result of various processes and ecological (Poulin, 1992;Sasal et al., 1998aSasal et al., , 1999, evolutionary (Adamson and Caira, 1994;Sasal and Morand, 1998b), physiological (Desdevises et al., 2002) or immunological (Buchmann, 1999) factors have been suggested to act on the observed host specificity of different parasite species (Whittington et al., 2000). In this study, we defined host specificity (or host range) as the number of known host species in/on which a parasite species may occur (Poulin, 1998). ...
... Several studies demonstrated that the attraction and specificity of monogeneans are governed by factors present within the host surface mucus (Kearn, 1974;Du Preez and Kok, 1997;Buchmann, 1999;Yoshinaga et al., 2002). Since the 1960s, it has been shown that monogenean larvae are able to distinguish their specific hosts https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.02.001 0020-7519/Ó 2022 Australian Society for Parasitology. ...
Monogeneans are highly diverse fish ectoparasites with a direct life cycle, widely distributed and are known to generally display strict host specificity. Factors related to the hosts and the parasite have been suggested to explain this high specificity. Monogeneans have also been observed to colonize fish species not in their natural host range under experimental conditions. We developed a specific metabarcoding protocol and applied it on the Sparidae-Lamellodiscus host-parasite system, to assess parasite diversity on skin and gills of several sparid host species. We first demonstrated that the use of a metabarcoding approach provided a better understanding of the diversity of monogeneans associated with teleost skin and gills than traditional approaches based on morphological identification. We identified a high diversity of both expected and unexpected (never observed on this host species) Lamellodiscus spp. on each host species and on skin and gills. No significant difference in parasite diversity was found between skin and gills. These results suggest that the establishment of the observed host specificity in monogeneans relies on multiple levels of regulation, involving the survival capacity of the larvae and host recognition mechanisms.
... Parasitic attachment to host cells initiates mucus cell and macrophage activation, and in turn releases complement C3 and IL-1β (Buchmann, 1999). IL-1β is expressed in macrophage and neutrophilic granulocytes which activate T cells (Mathew et al., 2002). ...
We studied the ectoparasite, Ergasilus extensus or gill lice in gills from farmed grey mullet, Mugil cephalus. Streptococcus agalactiae and Enterococcus faecalis were also studied and isolated from infected fish. We identified these pathogens using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our analyses revealed high homology percentages with identical sequences in GenBank. Moreover, phylogenetic tree analysis confirmed S. agalactiae and E. faecalis from other close related pathogens. We also used quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) to investigate cell‐mediated immunity in infected fish with this co‐infection. Enhanced cell‐mediated immunity was observed as a function of increased interleukin 1 β (IL‐1β) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) levels. Histopathological examinations revealed the presence of haemorrhaging and many parts of the parasite near infected gill lamellae. Also, bacteria aggregated as multiple cocci close to areas of parasite attachment, together with eosinophilic granular cell infiltration. Hepatic tissue showed haemorrhaging and melanophore aggregation with vacuolar degeneration observed in hepatocytes.
... Extensive proliferation and hyperplasia of gill epithelia reduced parasite burdens Wunder (1929) [44] Tench D. macracanthus Proliferation of gill epithelia reduced parasite burdens Wilde (1935) [43] Oncorhynchus mykiss Gyrodactylus derjavini Release of cytokines leading to decrease of the ectoparasite population Buchmann (1999) [4] Carp Gyrodactylus sp Production of IL-1 like factors which inturn induces hyperplasia Singel (1986) Japanese flounder Neobenedenia girellae Growth suppression of N. girellae Bondad-Reantaso (1995) [2] Rainbow trout Gyrodactylus Production of IL-1 like factors Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) [3] Prophylactic and therapeutic measures for disease prevention in fishes caused by parasites ...
... Extensive proliferation and hyperplasia of gill epithelia reduced parasite burdens Wunder (1929) [44] Tench D. macracanthus Proliferation of gill epithelia reduced parasite burdens Wilde (1935) [43] Oncorhynchus mykiss Gyrodactylus derjavini Release of cytokines leading to decrease of the ectoparasite population Buchmann (1999) [4] Carp Gyrodactylus sp Production of IL-1 like factors which inturn induces hyperplasia Singel (1986) Japanese flounder Neobenedenia girellae Growth suppression of N. girellae Bondad-Reantaso (1995) [2] Rainbow trout Gyrodactylus Production of IL-1 like factors Buchmann and Bresciani (1998) [3] Prophylactic and therapeutic measures for disease prevention in fishes caused by parasites ...
Parasites are the opportunist organisms that attack on varied number of fish species and lead to various
physiological and anatomical changes in them. It is well documented that fish parasites are associated
with the alterations in haematological, biochemical and histopathological changes in fish communities all
over the world. By acing as secondary pathogens, they have been linked with the imunomodulation in
fishes. This review presents a thorough literature citing the various instances of immunomodulations in
fishes against parasites.
